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New Occurrences of Fortipecten Hallae (Dall, 1921) (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the Pliocene of the North Pacific

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New Occurrences of Fortipecten Hallae (Dall, 1921) (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the Pliocene of the North Pacific Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (2005) 162–171 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo New occurrences of Fortipecten hallae (Dall, 1921) (Mollusca, Bivalvia) in the Pliocene of the North Pacific Konstantin B. Barinova, Anton E. Oleinikb,T, Louie Marincovich Jr.c aRussian Academy of Sciences, Geological Institute, Pyzhevsky per. 7, Moscow, Russia 109017 bFlorida Atlantic University, Department of Geography and Geology, United States cDepartment of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 875 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94103, United States Received 25 August 2004; received in revised form 22 March 2005; accepted 31 March 2005 Abstract The large North Pacific bivalve mollusk index-fossil Fortipecten hallae (Dall, 1921) is present in a well-dated stratigraphic section of the Milky River Formation, Alaska Peninsula, southwestern Alaska. Co-occurring marine diatoms belong to the upper part of the subzone B of the Neodenticula kamtschatica diatom zone of the North Pacific diatom chronostratigraphy, with an age range of 4.8–5.1 Ma (early Pliocene). Based on coeval occurrences in northeastern Kamchatka, Russia, and synchronous changes in the two molluscan assemblages, F. hallae is a useful indicator of early Pliocene climatic warming along the high- latitude North Pacific margin. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Neogene; North Pacific; Stratigraphy; Fortipecten; Early Pliocene 1. Introduction known in the North Pacific (Table 1)(Kafanov, 1986; Barinov, 2001; Nakashima, 2002). Three of these The pectinid bivalve mollusk Fortipecten (Yabe species, F. takahashii (Yokoyama, 1930), F. kenyosh- and Hatai, 1940), with a thick shell resistant to iensis Chinzei, 1960, and F. hallae Dall, 1921, have abrasion and breakage, and its wide geographic the widest biogeographic distribution in circum-North distribution (northern Japan to Alaska) is a well- Pacific Neogene faunas. Of these three, F. takahashii recognized Neogene shallow-marine index fossil in and F. kenyoshiensis have been found in Honshu, the North Pacific. Eight species of Fortipecten are Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka (northwestern Pacific). The third species, F. hallae, is the one species that occurs in both Kamchatka and Alaska T Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.E. Oleinik), (Fig. 1). [email protected] (K.B. Barinov), Fortipecten hallae has been found in Pliocene [email protected] (L. Marincovich). deposits of Karaginskiy Island (northeastern Kam- 0031-0182/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.003 K.B. Barinov et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (2005) 162–171 163 Table 1 Presently known valid species of Fortipecten, their type localities, and distribution in the North Pacific Species of the genus Fortipecten Type locality and age Distribution in the (Yabe and Hatai, 1940) North Pacific F. Hallae (Dall, 1921) One mile from the Delta of Solomon River, Nome Region, Seward Alaska and northeastern Peninsula, Alaska, bSubmarine BeachQ, Beringian beds, upper Pliocene Kamchatka F. takahashii (Yokoyama, 1930) Southeastern Sakhalin, Makarov district, vicinity of Tumanovo, Honshu, Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Maruyama formation, lower Pliocene and Kamchatka F. mironovi (Khomenko, 1934) To the North of the mouth of Vengeri River, Schmidt Peninsula, Northern Sakhalin northern Sakhalin, Pomyrskaya Formation, lower Pliocene F. sachalinensis (Ilyina, 1954) Pobedinka (Koton) River, Poronaisk Region, southern Sakhalin, Southern Sakhalin, Maruyama Formation, lower Pliocene western Kamchatka(?) F. kenyoshiensis Chinzei, 1960 0.5 km to the West of Kenyoshi, Nagawa, Sannohe distict, Aomori Honshu, western Kamchatka, Prefecture, northern Honshu, Togawa Formation, lower Pliocene Sakhalin(?) F. makarovi L. Gornaya river, Makarov Region, southeastern Sakhalin, Maruyama Southeastern Sakhalin Krishtofovich, 1964 Formation, lower Pliocene F. kuroishienesis Vicinity of the Karasuzawa dam on the Nakano River, Kuroishi, Aomori Honshu Kotaka and Noda, 1967 Prefecture, northern Honshu, Ogawara Formation, middle Miocene F. maruyamensis Barinov, 2001 Southeastern Sakhalin, Makarov district, Kormovaya River, lower Southeastern Sakhalin member of the Maruyama Formation, upper Miocene chatka) (Gladenkov, 1972; Sinelnikova, 1975; disagreement about the exact age of F. hallae Basilyan et al., 1991; Gladenkov et al., 1992), western occurrences (MacNeil, 1967) in Alaska. Hopkins Alaska (the Solomon and Kivalina areas) (Hopkins (1967) conditionally assigned F. hallae to faunal and MacNeil, 1960; MacNeil et al., 1943; MacNeil, assemblages of the bBeringian transgression.Q The 1967), and northern Alaska (lower Colville River) stratotype of these deposits was cited by MacNeil et (Marincovich and Powell, 1991)(Fig. 1). Until al. (1943) as a submarine (i.e., buried) beach deposit recently, only the northeastern Kamchatka occurrence on the Seward Peninsula near Nome, northwestern of F. hallae (in the lower part of the Limimtevayam- Alaska but they did report occurrence of F. hallae skaya Formation on the Karaginskiy Island) had been there as buncertainQ. The occurrence of F. hallae has dated from independent evidence (diatoms and been confirmed for two localities in northwestern paleomagnetic data), as early Pliocene (Basilyan et Alaska: (1) near Solomon village, and (2) along the al., 1991; Gladenkov et al., 1991, 1992). There was coast of Kotzebue Sound near Kivalina village (Hopkins and MacNeil, 1960; MacNeil, 1967)(Fig. 1). We refer to these two localities as Solomon and Kivalina, respectively. Hopkins (1967) assigned deposits at Kivalina and Solomon (Fig. 1) to the late Pliocene Beringian transgression, based on their molluscan faunal composition and stratigraphic rela- tionships. Deposits at the Nome (stratotype) and Solomon localities are subsurface beach deposits and overlie Mesozoic basement rocks hypsometrically below present-day sea level. F. hallae is abundant at Solomon, but the molluscan assemblage there (Fig. 1) has no other species in common with Nome (MacNeil, 1967). At Kivalina, in contrast, F. hallae co-occurs with several mollusk species that also are found at Nome (Hopkins and MacNeil, 1960). MacNeil (1967) Fig. 1. Fortipecten hallae localities in the North Pacific mentioned observed that thick-shelled fragments of F. hallae at in the text. Kivalina were more worn than co-occurring thin- 164 K.B. Barinov et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (2005) 162–171 shelled bivalves, and inferred that F. hallae could 2. Geologic setting have been reworked from deposits of greater age. The exact geographic and stratigraphic placement The specimens of F. hallae that are the focus of this of F. hallae localities have not always been accurately study come from the Sandy Ridge stratigraphic sec- known. For example, MacNeil et al. (1943) cited one tion of the Milky River Formation (Figs. 1-3: 2–4; locality as: bBuried Pliocene beach, 20 feet below Fig. 4: 2–3). The geological setting, a general strati- surface, near Solomon River, Nome District, Alaska, graphic description of this section, and a geological Collector, Otto HallaQ. According to Dr. P.S. Smith, map of the Sandy Ridge area are given in Marinco- Chief Alaskan Geologist, bOtto Halla was a miner vich et al. (2002) and Gladenkov et al. (2002). The who mainly worked near Nome in deposits of Sandy Ridge section consists entirely of shallow- submarine (i.e., buried) beaches and not on Solomon marine sediments with abundant fossils, which make RiverQ (MacNeil et al., 1943). This information it the only known Milky River Formation section that suggests that evidence for bin situQ occurrences of is not largely of non-marine aspect. Our measured the F. hallae in Beringian transgression deposits is stratigraphic section of the Milky River Formation at ambiguous at best. However, several specimens of F. Sandy Ridge consists of 276 m of shallow-marine hallae that we collected from the Milky River sediments. These marine beds are inferred to be Formation, on the distal part of the Alaska Peninsula, overlain by approximately 200 m of non-marine southwestern Alaska, at 56870V N 159892V W(Fig. 1), volcaniclastic sediments and basalt flows that crop shed new light on the geographic occurrences and age out to the west along Sandy Ridge and are identical to of F. hallae. nonmarine lithologies elsewhere in the Milky River Fig. 2. Measured stratigraphic section of the Milky River Formation at Sandy Ridge, with plotted occurrences of F. hallae, A.(T.) borealis and available numeric ages. K.B. Barinov et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (2005) 162–171 165 Fig. 3. Fortipecten hallae (Dall, 1921): 1,5—Specimen GIN 8719/2, NE Kamchatka, Karaginskiy Island, lower part of the Limimtevayamskaya Formation. 1—right valveÂ0.7; 5—side viewÂ0.7; 2–4—right valves: 2—Specimen CAS LM16/1, latex cast, Alaska Peninsula, Sandy Ridge, Â0.9; 3—Specimen CAS LM16/2, latex cast, Alaska Peninsula, Sandy Ridge Â0.8; 4—Specimen CAS LM46/1, latex cast, Alaska Peninsula, Sandy Ridge Â0.8. 166 K.B. Barinov et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 223 (2005) 162–171 Fig. 4. Fortipecten hallae (Dall, 1921) left valves: 1— Specimen GIN 8731/83, NE Kamchatka, Karaginskiy Island, base of the upper part of the Limimtevayamskaya Formation Â0.9; 2—Specimen CAS LM46/2, latex cast, Alaska Peninsula, Sandy RidgeÂ0.9; 3—Specimen CAS LM16/3, Alaska Peninsula, Sandy Ridge
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