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A Synopsis of the Marine Prosobranch Gastropod and Bivalve Mollusks in Alaskan Waters

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A synopsis of the marine prosobranch gastropod and bivalve mollusks in Alaskan waters Item Type Thesis Authors Foster, Nora Rakestraw Download date 10/10/2021 02:40:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5221 A SYNOPSIS OF THE MARINE PROSOBRANCH GASTROPOD AND BIVALVE MOLLUSKS IN ALAbRAN ’-.ArLRS RECOMMENDED: Chairman, Advisory Committee Program Head Director of Division of Marine Science APPROVED: Dean of the College of Environmental Sciences Date Vice Chancellor for Research and Advanced Stud A SYNOPSIS OF THE NARINE PROSOBRANCH GASTROPOD AND BIVALVE MOLLUSKS IN ALASKAN WATERS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Decree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Nora Rakestraw Foster, B.S. V- > • Fairbanks, Alaska December, 197 9 Abstract This studv presents information on the tnxonomv and distribution of the marine prosobranch gastropod and bivalve mollusks from the waters surrounding Alaska. Three hundred fifty-two species of prosobranch gastropods and 202 species of bivalves are reported from these waters. Over 3,000 lots of specimens, representing 330 species and literature sources form the basis of this study. References, synonymy, geographic and bathymetric ranges are provided for each species. Characteristics used to identify the species of 66 genera are presented in tabular form. The greatest number of species is reported from the southern Bering Sea, <-ite fewest from the Beaufort Sea. Most of the species have wide ranges in the eastern or western Pacific. New collecting records reported here extend the known ranges of 27 species. Eight species were previously unknown from Alaskan waters. i ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I appreciate all the help I have received in this study. My major professor, Dr. Howard M. Feder, and committee, Mr. George Mueller, Dr. Richard Allison, and Dr. Henry J. Niebauer, provided advice and helpful criticism. Special thanks are due Mr. George Mueller for encouraging my interest in the taxonomy and biogeography of marine mollusks, suggesting the need for this study, and furnishing office and laboratory space at the University of Alaska Aquatic Collections. Advic and suggestions by Mr. Rae Baxter, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and Dr. Ronald Shimek, University of Alaska, Anchorage are also much appreciated. As part of this project, I was able to visit some of the major collections of mollusks. I thank Dr. Joseph Rosewater, of the Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Dr. Barry Roth, of the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. James McLean, of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, and Dr. Louie Marincovich of the U. S. Geological Survey, for Lhej_r interest in my research and for permission to study collections at these institutions. I also thank Mr. Robert Talmadge and Mr. Rae Baxter for use of specimens in their private collections. Approximately 2,000 lots of specimens were supplied by Dr. Howard M. Feder from several sources: (1) Outer Continental Shelf Environ­ mental Assessment Program cruises in the southeast Bering Sea, lower Cook Inlet, and northeast Gulf of Alaska, (2) Alyeska - sponsored sampling in Port Valdez, and (3) Sea Grant - sponsored cruises in Prince William Sound. Dr. Sam Stoker, Universitv of Alaska donated a collection of about 1,000 lots of mollusks from the Bering and Chukchi Seas. An approx­ imately equal number were supplied by Ms. Kathy Frost and Mr. Lloyd Lowry, Alaska Department of Fish and Game. My thanks also r? the many others who have collected and donated specimens. I am also grateful to Dr. David Hopkins, U. S. Geological Survey, for supplying the maps used in this thesis. The help of the Institute of Marine Science por~ounel is also appreciated. Mr. Kenneth Coyle and Dr. Tsuneo Nishiyama translated Russian and Jauanese texts rebj-.c:. I L_ . M.? . J advice and provided assistance in preparing maps. I especially thank the staff or tne Publications Department who, faced with the difficult task of typing the taxonomic section, completed it efficiently and accurately. My thanks also to Dr. J. Robert Moore, corner Director, for making the typing possible. Ms. / l u ,. ' ’wu a lia_ I--. ^ t^t Le typed several drafts of the general section. In correcting the taxonomi section, I was assisted by Ms. Janet Trettner, Seward Marine Station. Financial Support of this research by Union Oil and the Institute of Marine Science is most gratefully acknowledged. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page. ABSTRACT............................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................. iv LIST OF F I G U R E S .................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES.................................................. xiv GENERAL SECTION .................................................. 1 Introduction.................................................... 1 Purpose ......................................................... 1 Historical Background and Literature........................... 1 Future W o r k .................................................... 4 Materials and Methods .......................................... 6 Discussion...................................................... 9 TAXONOMIC SECTION ................................................ 45 Prosobranch Gastropods.......................................... 45 Family Haliotidae ............................................ 45 Haliotis.................................................... 45 Family Scissurellidae ........................................ 46 Soissurslla................................................ 46 Family Fissurellidae.......................................... 49 Dr /'?/''■' •vj/~f h O Megatebennus................................................ 50 Puncturella (Cranopsis) .................................... 51 Scelidotoma................................................ 59 Family Acmaeidae.............................................. 60 Acmaea...................................................... 60 A n s a i e s .................................................... 68 z . ................ 69 Family Lepetidae.............................................. 86 Cvyptobranckia.............................................. 86 Lepeta...................................................... 88 Family Trochidae.............................................. 92 Batkybcrrfcyx................................................ 92 Calliostoma................................................ -H Cidavina.................................................... 98 Ha.li.ity In ........................... ...... • 99 L irulcvia.....................................................100 Mavgai'ibcs (■■'.'ivjavlic.:)................................. 104 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Page Margarites (Pupillarza)............................. 113 T e g u u a ........................................................ 134 Family Turbinidae................................................135 Homalopoma.................................................... 135 Moellaria...................................................... 137 Family Cocculinidae............................................. 141 Coooulina...................................................... 141 Family Littorinidae............................................. 142 Littorina...................................................... 142 Family Lacunidae .............................................. 147 Aauilonaria................ 147 Halocon-ka.....................................................148 L a c u n a ........................................................ 149 Family Rissoidae .............................................. 155 Alvania........................................................ 155 Anabathrcn . ................................................169 B a v l e e i a ...................................................... 170 C-ingula (Cingula)............................................. 171 CvnouXa (Nodulus) ............................................. 177 Family Rissoinidae.......... 183 R i s s o i n a ........................... 183 Family Caeciaae..................................................184 F a r t n U i m .............................................................................................. 1 8 4 U'7. .•''9 V3 O'v? £? j /,? <JV}_ »»•*,«•♦••• .LB *5 7 am Ilv SV" ct''.v? r>s i dao < - ............................. 1 8^ Family Vitrinellidae .......................................... 187 Levtogyra................. 187 V-itvinella.................................................... 188 Family Turritellidae.................. 189 Tachvrhvncnus.................................................. 189 T l l 7. 7 O'C-Cl 'Z-.'1 . 1 9 5 Family Vermetidae............................... 196 Dendropoma.................................................... 196 Family Cerithiidae ............................................ 197 Bittiwn................................................ ....197 Ceviihicvr.i.- ................................................ 200 T r i p h o v a ...................................................... 203 Family Epitoniidae ............................................ 204 ........................................................ 2 0 4 O p a l i a ........................................................ 207 11-t ^’jlitnidae 20 ° 214 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED p^n-p Family Asterophilidae........................................... 215 A.si-svovhzlo......................... 215 Family Calyptraeidae .........................................
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