Shell Microstructure of the Patellid Gastropod Collisella Scabra (Gould): Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Shell Microstructure of the Patellid Gastropod Collisella Scabra (Gould): Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications THE VELIGER The Veliger 48(4):235-242(January 25,2007) O CMS, Inc.,2005 Shell Microstructure of the Patellid Gastropod Collisella scabra (Gould): Ecological and Phylogenetic Implications SARAH E. GILMAN* Section of Evolution and Ecology, and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, cA 95616-8755 Abstract. Shell microstructure has a long history of use in both taxonomic and ecological research on molluscs. I report here on a study of the microstructure of Collisella scabra, also known as Macclintockia scabra and Lottia scabra. I used a combination of SEM and light microscopy of acetate peels, whole shells, and shell fragments to examine the shell layers and microstructure. Regular growth bands were not present in most shells examined. Several shells showed multiple bands of myostracum, which indicate periods of extreme rates of size change, and may be evidence of abiotic stress. This study also suggests that shell layers previously described as "modified foliated" are "irregular complex crossed lamellar," with both fibrous and foliated second order structures. The presence of fibrous shell structures, in addition to other shared morphological characters noted by previous authors, suggests an affinity with the Lottiidae rather than the Nacellidae. INTRODUCTION scabra shells, and 2) to verify the earlier shell microstructure descriptions, including phylogenetic Shell microstructure has a long history of use in both implications. taxonomic and ecological research on molluscs. Shell growth bands are commonly used as records of individual growth (Frank, 1975; Hughes, 1986; Arnold MATERIALS AND METHODS et al., 1998) and for reconstructing environmental conditions (Rhoads &LuIz,l980; Jones, 1981;Kirby et Collection and Preparation of Shells al., 1998). Shell microstructure has also been used for taxonomic identification (Kennish et al., 1998) and as I collected 10-20 snails from each of the three field evidence of shared ancestry in systematic work (Kool, sites listed in Table 1. All three sites are rocky intertidal (sensu 1993; Schneider & Carter, 2001). In revising the benches on semi-protected outer coast Ricketts systematics of the patellogastropod genus Collisella, et &1., 1985). At each site, I collected snails from primarily Lindberg (1986) used shell microstructure characters wave sheltered areas, such as surge channels protected described by MacClintock (1967) to place Collisella or the wave sides of outcrops or ridges. I specifically scabra in a separate family from the rest of the species searched for snails with a minimum of shell erosion in the genus. Although Lindberg never formally and collected a range of sizes at each site. In the lab, I dissected each from its published a new taxonomy for this species (see snail shell. Lindberg, 1986), Kozloff (1987, 1996) contains Lind- berg's intended systematics and the name Macclin- Whole Shells tockia scabra has appeared in the published literature (e.g., Smith et a1., 1993). More recently, Fuchigami & To examine the muscle scar and adjacent layers on Sasaki (2005) re-examined the shell microstructure of the inner surface of the shell, I soaked several shells in 44 patellogastropod species, and updated several of 57a sodium hypochlorite for one hour and then rinsed MacClintock's (1967) original descriptions, including them under running water. I then examined the inner C. scabra.In this study I reexamined the microstructure surface of these shells under a dissecting microscope. of C. scabra with two goals: 1) to explore the use of To determine the mineral structure of the shell layers shell growth patterns as a way to age individual C. exposed on the inner surface, I treated two shells with Feigl Stain (Feigl, 1937; Freidman,1959), which stains * PresentAddress: Friday Harbor Laboratories, IJniversity of aragonitic areas black, but leaves calcitic areas un- Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, e-mail: gilmans@ changed. I also used three of these bleached shells in u.washington.edu scanning electron microscopy (see below). 4 Page 236 The Veliger, Vol. 48, No. Iable I Location of samples collected for analysis. of snails Protocol Collection Site Location Collection Date Number l0 Acetate Fort Bragg, California (MFB) 39.282'N,123.803"W 05107l0l 0610610r l2 Feigl Stain. SEM l2 Acetate Shelter Cove. California (SCV) 40.022'N. 124.074"W 05/06/01 l5 Acetate, SEM Devil's Gate. California (DVG) 40.407"N.124.390"W 06109101 follow the definitions rn Acetate Peels describing shell structures Carter et al. (1990). Shells for acetate peels were embedded in clear epoxy The myostracum is a narrow band of irregular - resin (EPON 828 resin and DTA hardener, Miller simple prismatic structure (Figure 2)' Adjacent and the Stephenson, Danbury CT), and sectioned through exterior to the myostracum is the m + I layer apex along the midsagittal plane using an Isomet low (Figure 2), a very narrow band of branching crossed I ground and speed saw (Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL). lamellar structure. This layer is rarely visible in acetate Carter & etched the sections and made peels following peels, and much more visible in the SEMs or by direct mm thick acetate for the Ambrose (1989). I used 2 examination of the interior surface of bleached shells problems with curling and tearing peels, which reduces under a dissecting microscoPe. with much thinner acetate (Carter commonly reported The majority of the shell consists of the m + 2 and 1989). After 12-24 hr' I examined peels & Ambrose, m 1 layers, which contain a similar first order a compound microscope at 25x to 250x. under structure (Figures 2-5), best described as irregular Photographs of specimens were made with a 35 mm complex crossed lamellar (Carter et al., 1990). SEM body mounted onto the microscope. camera revealed the second order structure to be highly variable, consisting of long fibers (i.e., "fibrous Electron Microscopy prismatic," Figure 5) of varying width that grade into foliated sheets (i.e., "regularly foliated," Figure 4). I examined whole shells, shell fragments, and epoxy MacClintock (1967) indicated a possible m + 3 layer, embedded sections with scanning electron microscopy not describe it. In general, the shells examined (SEM). Whole shells and shell fragments were pre- but did viously bleached as described above and air dried for several days before use. Shell fragments were generated by gently tapping a whole shell with a hammer. Three APICAL from those used for embedded specimens were selected EXTERIOR the acetate peels. These were polished with aluminum oxide and re-etched in 57o HCI for 15 sec before SEM' All samples were prepared for SEM following Carter & Ambrose (1989). Once thoroughly air-dried, they were INTERIOR mounted onto specimen support stubs using silver m m-1 MARGINAL suspension paste (Ted Pella Inc., Redding' CA) and mf1 sputter-coated with gold (Pelco Model SC-7, Pelco International, Redding CA). Samples were viewed in ANTERIOR a Philips XL 30 Scanning Electron Microscope (FEI Co., Hilsboro OR) oPerated at 10 KV' RESULTS I identified four layers in the shell of C. scabra (Figure I ). Feigl staining revealed the muscle scar (myostracum) to be aragonite and the remaining shell POSTERIOR layers, calcite. Following MacClintock ( 1961), I iden- layers by their position relative to the tify these Figure l. Diagram of shell layers in C. sc'qbra. (A) Cross- are myostracum. Layers interior to the myostracum section of shell along sagittal axis, after MacClintock (1967' labeled with negative numbers, and shell layers exterior Figure l).(B) Shell layers as viewed on the ventral surface of to the myostracum are labeled with positive numbers the shell. after MacClintock (1967, Figure 82)' The shaded by "m" is the myostracum (muscle scar)' (Figure I ). Unless otherwise indicted all terms used in area indicated S. E. Gilnran.2005 Page 237 yi' FigLrre2. SEM of'sa-tlittalsection ctl-siutrplcDVG 2A. Thc sllell rvas cntbcc'lcleclin epoxy apcl sectic-rleclbcli re crossecllantellar. Scale bar is l0 micron for this study were too hi-ehlyeroclecl to cletermineif an DISCUSSION m+3layerexisted. Becauseof the irre_qularityof the The -soalsol- this str"rclywere two-fblcl: I ) to explore the nt + " und nt I layers, it is difflcLrlt to see consistent growth lines. luseof sl-rellgrowth patterns its erwuy to age individual Growtl-r discontinuities (i.e.. "growtl'r bands") are Colli.sallu.s't'uhru sl-rells. arnd 2) to verify earlier occasionally observed in acetate peels ( Fi-cLrre6). clescriptions and tlteir tuxonon-ric in-rplicatior-rs.Shell althougl-rthey were ilpparellt only in portions of shell growth berncisarc colllt-ron in other r-nollusksand are cross-sectionsand ltever consistently across the entire ofien usecl in flshcries research to er-qeindividuals shell.Other shellshad no banclsat al (e.g.. tri_uure7). (Rlroacls& Lutz. 1980).Banclin_s is occasictnallyevident The banding appears to be causeclby chan_eesin the in C. .st'tthru,but generally only in larger individr"rals orientation of tl-rehigher orcler structures (e.-q..m - | runclnot throughout the entire shell.Most shellsshowed layer of Figlrres 2 ancl 9). no growth banclsat all. The bands appear to be fbrmed Irregr-rlaritieswere also present in the myostrircLn-n. by chan-eesin tl-reorientatior-r of the tnd order-eler-nents In most shells. the myostralcLln-lcor-rsistecl of a sir-rgle of the m l ar-rclnt + t luyers. It is unclear how such band that expancleclwith the growth of thc- shell; orientartior-rclttrr-rgcs ntigltt relatc to annunl or seasonal
Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1 Table A1
    OIK-00806 Kordas, R. L., Dudgeon, S., Storey, S., and Harley, C. D. G. 2014. Intertidal community responses to field-based experimental warming. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.00806 Appendix 1 Table A1. Thermal information for invertebrate species observed on Salt Spring Island, BC. Species name refers to the species identified in Salt Spring plots. If thermal information was unavailable for that species, information for a congeneric from same region is provided (species in parentheses). Response types were defined as; optimum - the temperature where a functional trait is maximized; critical - the mean temperature at which individuals lose some essential function (e.g. growth); lethal - temperature where a predefined percentage of individuals die after a fixed duration of exposure (e.g., LT50). Population refers to the location where individuals were collected for temperature experiments in the referenced study. Distribution and zonation information retrieved from (Invertebrates of the Salish Sea, EOL) or reference listed in entry below. Other abbreviations are: n/g - not given in paper, n/d - no data for this species (or congeneric from the same geographic region). Invertebrate species Response Type Temp. Medium Exposure Population Zone NE Pacific Distribution Reference (°C) time Amphipods n/d for NE low- many spp. worldwide (Gammaridea) Pacific spp high Balanus glandula max HSP critical 33 air 8.5 hrs Charleston, OR high N. Baja – Aleutian Is, Berger and Emlet 2007 production AK survival lethal 44 air 3 hrs Vancouver, BC Liao & Harley unpub Chthamalus dalli cirri beating optimum 28 water 1hr/ 5°C Puget Sound, WA high S. CA – S. Alaska Southward and Southward 1967 cirri beating lethal 35 water 1hr/ 5°C survival lethal 46 air 3 hrs Vancouver, BC Liao & Harley unpub Emplectonema gracile n/d low- Chile – Aleutian Islands, mid AK Littorina plena n/d high Baja – S.
    [Show full text]
  • ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS of TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana Testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING on the ROCKY SHORE of OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA
    Journal of Coastal Deveolpment ISSN : 1410-5217 Volume 11, Number 2, February 2008 : 89-96 ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF TROPICAL LIMPET Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) LIVING ON THE ROCKY SHORE OF OHOIWAIT, SOUTHEAST MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA Abraham Seumel Khouw Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Pattimura University, Ambon Indonesia Received : November, 2, 2007 ; Accepted :January,4, 2008 ABSTRACT Study on ecological energetics of tropical limpet C. testudinaria has been carried out at approximately one year from October 2001 to September 2002. Population energy budgets estimated on the assumption of steady state conditions for C. testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) on the rocky shore of Ohoiwait, are presented. Large difference in population structure, and hence energetics, occurred at different localities along the rocky shore. Relatively high proportions (98 %) of the assimilated energy was lost via metabolism. Assimilation efficiency is 39 %, net growth efficiency is 1.8 %, and ecological efficiency 0.3 %. Production (P), energy flow (A) and total energy consumption (C) were expressed as functions of animal size, in order to facilitate gross estimations of the energy component for which data on size frequency and density are available. Key words: ecological energetics, cellana testudinaria, energy components Correspondence: Phone : +6281343044295, e-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellana testudinaria is intertidal, grazing Little has been published on the gastropod abundant on medium to very ecology of C. testudinaria. Khouw (2002) exposed rocky shores of Ohoiwait. The discussed their growth pattern and shell species shows marked zonation, with only a shape variation in relation to zonal little overlap between zones. C. testudinaria distribution. Distribution, abundance, and occurs at several spatial and temporal scales biomass were investigated by Khouw from the extreme low water spring tide (2006a) and presented evidence for the (ELWST) to the extreme high water spring effects of drying.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Biogeography in Cellana (Patellogastropoda, Nacellidae) with Special Emphasis on the Relationships of Southern Hemisphere
    Biogeography in Cellana (Patellogastropoda, Nacellidae) with Title Special Emphasis on the Relationships of Southern Hemisphere Oceanic Island Species González-Wevar, Claudio A.; Nakano, Tomoyuki; Palma, Author(s) Alvaro; Poulin, Elie Citation PLOS ONE (2017), 12(1) Issue Date 2017-01-18 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/218484 © 2017 González-Wevar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Right Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University RESEARCH ARTICLE Biogeography in Cellana (Patellogastropoda, Nacellidae) with Special Emphasis on the Relationships of Southern Hemisphere Oceanic Island Species Claudio A. GonzaÂlez-Wevar1,2*, Tomoyuki Nakano3, Alvaro Palma4, Elie Poulin1 1 GAIA-AntaÂrtica, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile, 2 Instituto de EcologõÂa y Biodiversidad Ä a1111111111 (IEB), Departamento de Ciencias EcoloÂgicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile, 3 Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Centre, Kyoto University, a1111111111 Nishimuro, Wakayama, Japan, 4 Universidad Gabriela Mistral, Facultad de IngenierõÂa y Negocios, a1111111111 Providencia, Santiago, Chile a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Oceanic islands lacking connections to other land are extremely isolated from sources of Citation: GonzaÂlez-Wevar CA, Nakano T, Palma A, potential colonists and have acquired their biota mainly through dispersal from geographi- Poulin E (2017) Biogeography in Cellana cally distant areas. Hence, isolated island biota constitutes interesting models to infer bio- (Patellogastropoda, Nacellidae) with Special geographical mechanisms of dispersal, colonization, differentiation, and speciation. Limpets Emphasis on the Relationships of Southern Hemisphere Oceanic Island Species.
    [Show full text]
  • JMS 70 1 031-041 Eyh003 FINAL
    PHYLOGENY AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LIMPETS OF THE ORDER PATELLOGASTROPODA BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES TOMOYUKI NAKANO AND TOMOWO OZAWA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602,Japan (Received 29 March 2003; accepted 6June 2003) ABSTRACT Using new and previously published sequences of two mitochondrial genes (fragments of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA; total 700 sites), we constructed a molecular phylogeny for 86 extant species, covering a major part of the order Patellogastropoda. There were 35 lottiid, one acmaeid, five nacellid and two patellid species from the western and northern Pacific; and 34 patellid, six nacellid and three lottiid species from the Atlantic, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Emarginula foveolata fujitai (Fissurellidae) was used as the outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the species fall into two major clades with high bootstrap support, designated here as (A) a clade of southern Tethyan origin consisting of superfamily Patelloidea and (B) a clade of tropical Tethyan origin consisting of the Acmaeoidea. Clades A and B were further divided into three and six subclades, respectively, which correspond with geographical distributions of species in the following genus or genera: (AÍ) north­ eastern Atlantic (Patella ); (A2) southern Africa and Australasia ( Scutellastra , Cymbula-and Helcion)', (A3) Antarctic, western Pacific, Australasia ( Nacella and Cellana); (BÍ) western to northwestern Pacific (.Patelloida); (B2) northern Pacific and northeastern Atlantic ( Lottia); (B3) northern Pacific (Lottia and Yayoiacmea); (B4) northwestern Pacific ( Nipponacmea); (B5) northern Pacific (Acmaea-’ânà Niveotectura) and (B6) northeastern Atlantic ( Tectura). Approximate divergence times were estimated using geo­ logical events and the fossil record to determine a reference date.
    [Show full text]
  • Xoimi AMERICAN COXCIIOLOGY
    S31ITnS0NIAN MISCEllANEOUS COLLECTIOXS. BIBLIOGIIAPHY XOimi AMERICAN COXCIIOLOGY TREVIOUS TO THE YEAR 18G0. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY . W. G. BINNEY. PART II. FOKEIGN AUTHORS. WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. JUNE, 1864. : ADYERTISEMENT, The first part of the Bibliography of American Conchology, prepared for the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Binuey, was published in March, 1863, and embraced the references to de- scriptions of shells by American authors. The second part of the same work is herewith presented to the public, and relates to species of North American shells referred to by European authors. In foreign works binomial authors alone have been quoted, and no species mentioned which is not referred to North America or some specified locality of it. The third part (in an advanced stage of preparation) will in- clude the General Index of Authors, the Index of Generic and Specific names, and a History of American Conchology, together with any additional references belonging to Part I and II, that may be met with. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. Washington, June, 1864. (" ) PHILADELPHIA COLLINS, PRINTER. CO]^TENTS. Advertisement ii 4 PART II.—FOREIGN AUTHORS. Titles of Works and Articles published by Foreign Authors . 1 Appendix II to Part I, Section A 271 Appendix III to Part I, Section C 281 287 Appendix IV .......... • Index of Authors in Part II 295 Errata ' 306 (iii ) PART II. FOEEIGN AUTHORS. ( V ) BIBLIOGRxVPHY NOETH AMERICAN CONCHOLOGY. PART II. Pllipps.—A Voyage towards the North Pole, &c. : by CON- STANTiNE John Phipps. Loudou, ITTJc. Pa. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF [part II. FaliricillS.—Fauna Grcenlandica—systematice sistens ani- malia GrcEulandite occidentalis liactenus iudagata, &c., secun dum proprias observatioues Othonis Fabricii.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Marine Gastropods Around Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), West Coast of India Ambekar AA1*, Priti Kubal1, Sivaperumal P2 and Chandra Prakash1
    www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com ISSN Online: 2475-4706 Research Article International Journal of Marine Biology and Research Open Access Checklist of Marine Gastropods around Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), West Coast of India Ambekar AA1*, Priti Kubal1, Sivaperumal P2 and Chandra Prakash1 1ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai - 400061 2Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203 Received: July 30, 2018; Accepted: August 10, 2018; Published: September 04, 2018 *Corresponding author: Ambekar AA, Senior Research Fellow, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai-400061, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: [email protected] The change in spatial scale often supposed to alter the Abstract The present study was carried out to assess the marine gastropods checklist around ecologically importance area of Tarapur atomic diversity pattern, in the sense that an increased in scale could power station intertidal area. In three tidal zone areas, quadrate provide more resources to species and that promote an increased sampling method was adopted and the intertidal marine gastropods arein diversity interlinks [9]. for Inthe case study of invertebratesof morphological the secondand ecological largest group on earth is Mollusc [7]. Intertidal molluscan communities parameters of water and sediments are also done. A total of 51 were collected and identified up to species level. Physico chemical convergence between geographically and temporally isolated family dominant it composed 20% followed by Neritidae (12%), intertidal gastropods species were identified; among them Muricidae communities [13].
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Heller a Natural History Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz
    Joseph Heller Sea Snails A natural history Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz Sea Snails Joseph Heller Sea Snails A natural history Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz Joseph Heller Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem , Israel ISBN 978-3-319-15451-0 ISBN 978-3-319-15452-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941284 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Part I A Background 1 What Is a Mollusc? ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seashore Beaty Box #007) Adaptations Lesson Plan and Specimen Information
    Table of Contents (Seashore Beaty Box #007) Adaptations lesson plan and specimen information ..................................................................... 27 Welcome to the Seashore Beaty Box (007)! .................................................................................. 28 Theme ................................................................................................................................................... 28 How can I integrate the Beaty Box into my curriculum? .......................................................... 28 Curriculum Links to the Adaptations Lesson Plan ......................................................................... 29 Science Curriculum (K-9) ................................................................................................................ 29 Science Curriculum (10-12 Drafts 2017) ...................................................................................... 30 Photos: Unpacking Your Beaty Box .................................................................................................... 31 Tray 1: ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 Tray 2: .................................................................................................................................................... 31 Tray 3: ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Ecology and Territoriality of the Owl Limpet, Lottia Gigantea
    THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND TERRITORIALITY OF THE OWL LIMPET, LOTTIA GIGANTEA by STEPHANIE LYNN SCHROEDER A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Biology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2011 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Stephanie Lynn Schroeder Title: The Behavioral Ecology and Territoriality of the Owl Limpet, Lottia gigantea This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Biology by: Barbara (“Bitty”) Roy Chairperson Alan Shanks Advisor Craig Young Member Mark Hixon Member Frances White Outside Member and Richard Linton Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2011 ii © 2011 Stephanie Lynn Schroeder iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Stephanie Lynn Schroeder Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology March 2011 Title: The Behavioral Ecology and Territoriality of the Owl Limpet, Lottia gigantea Approved: _______________________________________________ Dr. Alan Shanks Territoriality, defined as an animal or group of animals defending an area, is thought to have evolved as a means to acquire limited resources such as food, nest sites, or mates. Most studies of territoriality have focused on vertebrates, which have large territories and even larger home ranges. While there are many models used to examine territories and territorial interactions, testing the models is limited by the logistics of working with the typical model organisms, vertebrates, and their large territories. An ideal organism for the experimental examination of territoriality would exhibit clear territorial behavior in the field and laboratory, would be easy to maintain in the laboratory, defend a small territory, and have movements and social interactions that were easily followed.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Middle Miocene of Paratethys
    Acta Geologica Polonica, Vol. 57 (2007), No. 3, pp. 343-376 Minute patellogastropods (Mollusca, Lottiidae) from the Middle Miocene of Paratethys OLGA ANISTRATENKO1, 3 & VITALIY ANISTRATENKO2, 3 1Institute of Geological Sciences of National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, O. Gontchara Str., 55-b, UA-01601, Kiev, Ukraine 2I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky Str., 15, UA-01601, Kiev, Ukraine 3Institute of Geological Sciences of Polish Academy of Sciences, Geological Museum, Senacka Str., 1, PL-32-002, Kraków, Poland. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: ANISTRATENKO O. & ANISTRATENKO, V. 2007. Minute patellogastropods (Mollusca, Lottiidae) from the Middle Miocene of Paratethys. Acta Geologica Polonica, 57 (3), 343-376. Warszawa. The protoconch and teleoconch morphology of lottiid patellogastropods that inhabited the Central and Eastern Paratethys in the Badenian and Sarmatian are described and illustrated. Eleven species belong- ing to the genera Tectura, Blinia, Flexitectura and Squamitectura are considered as valid: Tectura laeviga- ta (EICHWALD, 1830), T. compressiuscula (EICHWALD, 1830), T. zboroviensis FRIEDBERG, 1928, T. incogni- ta FRIEDBERG, 1928, Blinia angulata (D’ORBIGNY, 1844), B. pseudolaevigata (SINZOV, 1892), B. reussi (SINZOV, 1892), B. sinzovi (KOLESNIKOV, 1935), Flexitectura subcostata (SINZOV, 1892), F. tenuissima (SINZOV, 1892), and Squamitectura squamata (O. ANISTRATENKO, 2001). The type material of species introduced by W. FRIEDBERG (1928) is revised and lectotypes are designated for T. zboroviensis and T. incognita. The taxonomic status and position of this group of species is discussed. Data on palaeogeo- graphic and stratigraphic distribution, variability and the relationships of Middle Miocene Lottiidae GRAY, 1840 are presented.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Version of the Manuscript
    Accepted Manuscript Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary charac- teristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda Juan D. Gaitán-Espitia, Claudio A. González-Wevar, Elie Poulin, Leyla Cardenas PII: S1055-7903(17)30583-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.036 Reference: YMPEV 6324 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 15 August 2017 Revised Date: 23 July 2018 Accepted Date: 30 October 2018 Please cite this article as: Gaitán-Espitia, J.D., González-Wevar, C.A., Poulin, E., Cardenas, L., Antarctic and sub- Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary characteristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.036 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Version: 23-07-2018 SHORT COMMUNICATION Running head: mitogenomes Nacella limpets Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Nacella limpets reveal novel evolutionary characteristics of mitochondrial genomes in Patellogastropoda Juan D. Gaitán-Espitia1,2,3*; Claudio A. González-Wevar4,5; Elie Poulin5 & Leyla Cardenas3 1 The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China 2 CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia.
    [Show full text]