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Joseph Heller a Natural History Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz Joseph Heller Sea Snails A natural history Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz Sea Snails Joseph Heller Sea Snails A natural history Illustrator: Tuvia Kurz Joseph Heller Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem , Israel ISBN 978-3-319-15451-0 ISBN 978-3-319-15452-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941284 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Part I A Background 1 What Is a Mollusc? ................................................................................. 3 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 10 2 What Is a Snail? ...................................................................................... 11 2.1 Defence: Shell and Operculum ...................................................... 12 2.2 Attachment and Locomotion .......................................................... 17 2.3 Respiration ..................................................................................... 19 2.4 Feeding ........................................................................................... 23 2.5 Reproduction and Embryonic Development .................................. 26 2.6 Metamorphosis to Adult Form ....................................................... 30 2.7 General Classifi cation .................................................................... 31 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 33 Part II Primitive Sea Snails 3 Patellogastropoda: Limpets ................................................................... 37 3.1 Holding on, Moving About and Resisting Desiccation ................. 40 3.2 Respiration ..................................................................................... 43 3.3 Feeding ........................................................................................... 44 3.4 Reproduction .................................................................................. 50 3.5 Predation and Competition ............................................................ 50 3.6 Evolutionary Aspects and Classifi cation ........................................ 52 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 53 4 Vetigastropda: Brush Snails ................................................................... 55 4.1 Functional Morphology in Evolutionary Perspective .................... 55 4.2 Fissurelloidea: Keyhole Limpets, Slit Limpets and Relatives ............................................................. 61 v vi Contents 4.3 Lepetodriloidea and Neomphaloidea: Deep-Sea Brush-Snails .................................................................. 63 4.4 Pleurotomarioidea: Slit-Whorls ..................................................... 65 4.5 Haliotoidea: Abalones .................................................................... 66 4.6 Trochoidea: Top Shells, Turbans and Allies ................................... 68 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 77 5 Neritimorpha: Nerites ............................................................................ 79 5.1 Sea-Dwelling Nerites ..................................................................... 81 5.2 Out of the Sea ................................................................................. 83 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 85 Part III Advanced Sea Snails 6 Functional Morphology: An Evolutionary Perspective ....................... 89 6.1 Reproductive System ..................................................................... 90 6.2 Embryonic Development ............................................................... 93 6.3 Shell Structure ................................................................................ 94 6.4 Feeding ........................................................................................... 95 6.5 Breathing ........................................................................................ 96 6.6 Classifi cation .................................................................................. 96 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 98 7 Grazers and Filter Feeders ..................................................................... 99 7.1 Cerithioidea: Creepers, Ceriths and Cracked-Pipes ....................... 99 7.2 Vermetoidea: Worm Snails ............................................................. 104 7.3 Stromboidea: Pelican’s-Foots, Conchs and Relatives .................... 108 7.4 Calyptraeoidea: Cup-and-Saucers, Bonnets and Slippers .............. 116 7.5 Gill Filter Feeding: General Comments ......................................... 122 7.6 Littorinoidea: Winkles, Periwinkles and Their Allies .................... 125 7.6.1 Feeding ............................................................................... 133 7.6.2 Reproduction ...................................................................... 134 7.7 Cypraeoidea: Cowries, False-Cowries, Smallips and Relatives ................................................................... 138 7.7.1 Mantle Flaps ....................................................................... 140 7.7.2 Breathing and Feeding ........................................................ 141 7.7.3 Reproduction ...................................................................... 142 7.7.4 Cowry Predators ................................................................. 143 7.7.5 Ovulidae, False Cowries ..................................................... 144 7.7.6 Triviidae, Smallips .............................................................. 145 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 146 8 Predators .................................................................................................. 149 8.1 Predator Functional Morphology from an Evolutionary Perspective .................................................. 149 8.2 Tonnoidea: Tuns, Helmet Shells and Trumpets ............................. 154 8.3 Naticoidea: Moon Shells ................................................................ 159 Contents vii 8.4 Heteropoda: Hoverers .................................................................... 161 8.5 Epitonioidea: Wentletraps and Violet Shells .................................. 164 8.5.1 Epitoniidae, Wentletraps ..................................................... 164 8.5.2 Janthinidae, Violet Shells .................................................... 166 8.6 Eulimoidea: Parasitic Snails .......................................................... 169 8.7 Buccinoidea: Whelks and Nutmegs ............................................... 174 8.8 Muricoidea: Murexes ..................................................................... 181 8.9 Conoidea: Turrids, Cones and Augers ........................................... 191 8.9.1 Terebridae, Augers .............................................................. 197 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 198 Part IV Away from the Basic Lifestyle 9 Shell Degeneration: Sea Slugs and Relatives ........................................ 203 9.1 Functional Morphology from an Evolutionary Perspective ........... 204 9.1.1 Life Cycles .......................................................................... 208 9.2 Cephalaspidea: Shield Slugs and Bubble Shells ............................ 209 9.3 Anaspidea: Sea Hares .................................................................... 215 9.3.1 Feeding ............................................................................... 216 9.3.2 Life Cycle ........................................................................... 218 9.3.3 Movement ........................................................................... 220 9.4 Thecosomata: Sea Butterfl ies ......................................................... 222 9.5 Gymnosomata:
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