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A Preliminary Study of Malayan Filariasis in Puding Village, Jamb1 Province (Sumatera), Indonesia

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A Preliminary Study of Malayan Filariasis in Puding Village, Jamb1 Province (Sumatera), Indonesia Bulletin Penelitian Kesehatan Vol. XI1 No. 1 (Health Studies in Indonesia] 1984 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MALAYAN FILARIASIS IN PUDING VILLAGE, JAMB1 PROVINCE (SUMATERA), INDONESIA Sudomo, M'., E. 0swari2, ~asnodihardjo', ~uwarto' , and Lim Boo ~iat~ ABSTRA CT Beberapa daerah di Propinsi Jambi akan dikembangkan menjadi daerah transmigrasi, satu di antara- nya adalah daerah Kumpeh yang terletak berdekatan dengan daerah endemik filariasis mahyi. Desa yang paling dekat dengan lokasi transmigrasi tersebut adalah desa Puding. Penelitian pendahuluan ten tang penyakit filariasis telah dikerjakan di desa Puding un tuk mengetahui tingkat endemisitas, periodisitas --B. malayi, fauna nyamuk, jenis nyamuk yang potensial menjadi vektor filariasis, hospes reservoir dun keadaan sosial-ekonomi-budaya penduduk setempat. Mf rate pada penduduk desa Puding adalah 18,7% dun dari B. malayi jenis subpenodiknokturna Nyamuk yang tertangkap terdin dari enam genera yaitu genus Anopheles, Aedes, CuZex, Coquilletidia, Mansonia dun Tripteroides. Dan enam genera tersebut yang potensial un tuk menjadi vektor filariasis adalah genus Mansonia dan ini didukung dengan diketemukannya larva stadium L (infektifl Brugia sp di tubuh nyamuk tersebut. Keadaan sosial-ekonomi-budaya, khususnya menyangkut adat istiadat- dun kebiasaan penduduk setempat, telah dipelajan. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS According to information obtained from the Study Area Director of Provincial Health Services, Jambi Pro- vince; malayan filariasis is quite prevalent in the Puding village situated 40 km east of Jambi rural areas. The parasite strain involved was not was surveyed (Fig. 1). It has a population of 364 known, and Mansonia mosquitoes were generally (177 males and 187 females) people in 77 incriminated as vectors in the transmission of households. About 28.9 % of the population are the disease. A multidisciplinary longitudinal study children under the age of 10 years. The sex ratio has been started in an area that is being develop- of males and females is 1 : 1.05. The village is cut ed for settlement of transmigrants. One of the off from the transmigration . re3 by a river villages surrounding the transmigration area is the (Kumpeh river) about 10 int~eiswide, which is village of Puding. The work has been started in the main source of water supply to the people. this village to determine the parasite strains, Mf The village is surrounded by wasteland, swamp, rate and density of the vector mosquitoes and scrub and secondary forest. Small scale plantings their bionomics, and the socio-economic status of rice, cassava, bananas, coffee and palm trees of the villagers. (Arenga pinata) for extracting brown sugar exist. Within the village, coconut trees, orchard plants 1. Health Ecdogy Research Centre, National Institute and small patches of secondary forest and old of Health Research and Development, Jakarta In- rubber trees are common. The village has 26 donesia. goats, 52 cows, 2 buffaloes, 42 cats, and 2. Provincial Health Services, Jambi Indonesia. 3. W.H.O. Vector Biology Control Research Unit-2, chickens. Dogs are rare, wild animals like leaf NIHRD, Jakarta Indonesia. monkeys (Presbytis cristata) are common, and PRELIMINARY STUDY OF MALAYAN FILARIASIS IN PUDING ,JAMB1 Fig. 1. Study area at Puding village. some small troups of them rest in tall trees near to collect landing mosquitoes (3 each for indoor the village. The common macaques (Macaca and outdoor collections) from 1800 to 2200 fascicularis) are present in the forests, but they hours four times a month from November 1982 seldom intrude the village. to January 1983, making a total of 232 man; Beyond the river, about 500 meters away, a hours per month for each indoor and outdoor large patch of forest has been felled for a trans- collection. The procedure of processing mos- migration scheme. The scheme is still in its quitoes obtained was in accordance with that development stage, and it is envisaged that trans- applied by Sudomo et al. (1982). migrants from Java will be migrated to the area beginning from 1984. Parasitological Survey Blood survey were carried out on 61.8 % of Entomological Survey the population, using 40 Cu mm thick peripheral Six local mosquito collectors were employed blood smears taken between 19.00 to 24.00 SUDOMO. hi. ET.AL. hours. Blood smears were dehaemoglobinized the Table 1. Landing mosquitoes collected per man following morning, and then stained with hours from indoors and outdoors at Giemsa. The periodicity of the parasite was Puding village, Jambi, Sumatera, Indo- studied on 3 microfdaraernic patients using 40 nesia. Cumm thickblood smears taken at 2 hourly Mosquito species indoor 1 outdoor intervals over a period of 24 hours. I Blood samples were taken from 35.7 % of I Mansonia uniformis 42 cats in the village. 1.9 Mansonia indiana Survey on the socioeconomic status of the Mansonia annulata I 0.2 0.6 villagers was carried out by two social science Mansonia dives i 1.7 1 1.8 anthropologists, who obtained feed-back infor- Mansonia bonneae i 0.5 8.3 mation of the villagers through questionnaires. Anopheles subpictus 1 0.01 Anopheles nigerrimus 1 0.3 1 00.5 Anopheles peditaenuatus 1 0.04 0.07 RESULTS Anopheles baezai 0.0 1 0.05 Anopheles barbirostris 0.02 0.1 Coquilletidia nigrosignata 0.1 0.02 Entomological Surveys Culex gelidus 31.5 86.3 During the three months period, a total of Culex vishnui 1.2 3.2 15 840 mosquitoes landing indoors and out- Culex pseudovishnui 0.5 Culex bitaeniorhynchus j ::; 0.8 doors were collected, which comprised 23 Culex tritaeniorhynchus 1 7.2 33.7 species identified, and of which the mean num- Aedes albopictus 0.02 0.1 bers of mosquitoes per man-hours collection a/e Aedes poecilius 0.3 shown in Table 1. There were more mosquitoes Aedes lineatopennis i ::; 0.8 for each of the species collected outdoors than Aedes vexan 0.1 0.3 Aedes spp. 0.5 1.3 'indoors. Of 15 840,landing mosquitoes Tripternides spp 1 1.1 1.4 collected, 6.7 % were Mansonia spp, 0.6 % Ano- Armigeres sp. 0 0.0 1 pheles spp. and 92.7 % belonged to five other genera (Culex spp., Aedes spp., Coquilletidia Total 41 82 11.658 sp., Tripteroides sp. and Armigeres sp.); Culex spp. alone constituted 89.3 % of the total catch. density of Anopheles spp. was exceptionally Among the five Mansonia spp. the lowest density low, and among the five species examined, An. was observed i* Ma. annulata, nigenimus appeared to be predominant. whde the density of each of the other four Four Mansonia spp. and An. nigerrimus species was approximately equally high. The were infected with filarial larvae (Table 2). There Table 2. Filarial infections in mosquitoes in Puding village, Jambi, Sumatera OUTDOORS INDOORS Mosquito species I 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Mansonia unifonnis 52 3.8 3.5 1.5 158 1.9 4 1.3 Mansonia indiana 49 4.0 5.0 1.5 131 0.76 3 - Mansonia dives 142 - - - 151 0.66 3" - Mansonia bonneae 53 1.9 4' 1 * 259 1.5 53 2.3 Anopheles nigerrimus 22 - - - 39 2.5 4 * 1 -- a 1 = Number mosquitoes examined. 2 = %positive with Brugia infection. 3 = Mean number of all stages of Brugia larvae per infected mosquito. 4 = Mean number of infective stage Brugia larvae per infected mosquito. * = Single mosquito infected. pRELlhiINARY STUDY OF MALAYAN FILARIASIS IN PUDING ,JAMB1 were more outdoor mosquitoes infected than Following Aikat and Das's modified statisti- indoor ones. The mean numbers of all stages cal method (1976), the results of 3 microfila- and infective of Brugia larvae were found higher raemic patients are presented in table 4. The F; in Ma. uniformis, Ma. indiana and Ma. bonneae, value in each of these patients was greater than than in Ma. dives. One An. nigem.mus from out- 4.26, which determined that the relationship door collection was infected with Brugia larvae. between the microfilaria count and hour is of the harmonic wave type. The test of significance Parasitological Survey for amplitude between them showed an F:~va- lue of 1.84, which was below the critical signi- In the village 61.8 % of the inhabitants (98 ficance level of 3.16. The combined results males and 127 females) were examined. The of the 3 patients together showed the F; was microfilarial rate for males was 26.5 % compared 7.8, while the periodicity index @)was 37.95 % to 12.6 % in females, and 18.7 % in both sexes. and the peak hour (K) was 0038 hr. As such, All the microfilariae were identified as B, malayi they are of the nocturnally subperiodic type (Table 3). Higher microfilarial rates were ob- (Fig. 2). The microfilariae in the blood sample served in the adult population, and more so were mostly sheathed (1.9 % exsheathment). among older people of the age-group above 55 years. The youngest male infected was a six- Filariasis in Animals year old child with 2 rnf, and the oldest male and female were 70 and 75 years old with 47 Thirty-six percent of 42 cats (Felis cattus) and 5 Mf per 40 Cu rnrn blood. The MfDSOfor in the village were examined; 33.3 % of 15 cats the whole population was 4.20 per 40 Cu mm examined had microfilariae infection with Bru- blood. Seven elephantiasis cases, afflicting 4 gia sp. Morphological studies of these Mf show females and 3 males, were found in the village. they resemble to B. malayi; however, expe- rimental infection will be carried out to confm the species. Table 3. Microfilarial rates by age-group in Pu- Socioeconomic Survey ding village, Jambi Province, North- The survey revealed that the population in east Sumatera, Indonesia. this village is a rural community with close in- teraction among the people.
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