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Fara Nantenaina RAHARIMALALA N° d’Ordre : 215 ‐ 2011 Année : 2011 THESE EN COTUTELLE ENTRE L’UNIVERSITE DE LYON (FRANCE) ET L’UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO (MADAGASCAR) Délivrée par L’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD LYON I ET L’UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLES DOCTORALES DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT (Arrêté du 6 janvier 2005 relatif à la cotutelle internationale de thèse.) (Arrêté du 7 août 2006 relatif à la formation doctorale) Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 8 novembre 2011 Par Fara Nantenaina RAHARIMALALA ROLE DES MOUSTIQUES CULICIDAE, DE LEURS COMMUNAUTES MICROBIENNES, ET DES RESERVOIRS VERTEBRES, DANS LA TRANSMISSION D’ARBOVIRUS A MADAGASCAR Directeur de Thèse : Monsieur Patrick MAVINGUI Co‐Directeur de Thèse : Madame Bakoly Olga RALISOA JURY : PRESIDENT : Monsieur Victor JEANNODA, Professeur, Université d’Antananarivo RAPPORTEUR : Madame Anna‐Bella FAILLOUX, Directrice de recherche, Institut Pasteur, Paris RAPPORTEUR : Monsieur A. RASAMINDRAKOTROKA, Professeur Titulaire, Université d’Antananarivo RAPPORTEUR : Monsieur Henri Jonah RATSIMBAZAFY, Professeur HDR, Université d’Antananarivo EXAMINATEUR : Monsieur Marc LEMAIRE, Professeur, Université de Lyon 1 EXAMINATEUR : Madame Bakoly Olga RALISOA, Professeur Titulaire, Université d’Antananarivo EXAMINATEUR : Monsieur Patrick MAVINGUI, Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, Lyon 1 UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD ‐ LYON 1 Président de l’Université M. A. Bonmartin Vice‐président du Conseil d’Administration M. le Professeur G. Annat Vice‐président du Conseil des Etudes et de la Vie Universitaire M. le Professeur D. Simon Vice‐président du Conseil Scientifique M. le Professeur J‐F. Mornex Secrétaire Général M. G. Gay COMPOSANTES SANTE Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est – Claude Bernard Directeur : M. le Professeur J. Etienne Faculté de Médecine et de Maïeutique Lyon Sud – Charles Mérieux Directeur : M. le Professeur F‐N. Gilly UFR d’Odontologie Directeur : M. le Professeur D. Bourgeois Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques Directeur : M. le Professeur F. Locher Institut des Sciences et Techniques de la Réadaptation Directeur : M. le Professeur Y. Matillon Département de formation et Centre de Recherche en Biologie Directeur : M. le Professeur P. Farge Humaine COMPOSANTES ET DEPARTEMENTS DE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Directeur : M. le Professeur F. Gieres Département Biologie Directeur : M. le Professeur F. Fleury Département Chimie Biochimie Directeur : Mme le Professeur H. Parrot Département GEP Directeur : M. N. Siauve Département Informatique Directeur : M. le Professeur S. Akkouche Département Mathématiques Directeur : M. le Professeur A. Goldman Département Mécanique Directeur : M. le Professeur H. Ben Hadid Département Physique Directeur : Mme S. Fleck Département Sciences de la Terre Directeur : Mme le Professeur I. Daniel UFR Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives Directeur : M. C. Collignon Observatoire de Lyon Directeur : M. B. Guiderdoni Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Lyon 1 Directeur : M. P. Fournier Ecole Supérieur de Chimie Physique Electronique Directeur : M. G. Pignault Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Lyon 1 Directeur : M. le Professeur C. Coulet Institut de Science Financière et d'Assurances Directeur : M. le Professeur J‐C. Augros Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres Directeur : M. R. Bernard 1 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO Président de l’Université M. le Pr. ANDRIANTSIMAHAVANDY Abel Vice‐Président chargé de la Formation, de la Recherche et des Mme le Pr. ANDRIAMIHAJA Bakolinirina Relations Internationales Vice‐Président chargé des Ressources M. le Pr. RAKOTOARISOA Jean Eric Vice‐Président chargé du Partenariat et des TIC M. le Dr. HARIJAONA Jean‐Jules COMPOSANTES DE L’UNIVERSITE Faculté de Médecine M. leDoyen le Pr RAPELANORO RABENJA F. Faculté des Sciences M. le Doyen ANDRIANANTENAINA Bruno Faculté de Droit, d’Economie, de Gestion et de Sociologie M. le Doyen RANOVONA Andriamaro Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines M. le Doyen RANARIVONY Richard Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques M. le Directeur RASOARAHONA Jean Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo M. le Directeur le Pr ANDRIANARY Philippe Ecole Normale Supérieure M. le Directeur : Pr. d’ESR ANDRIANARIMANANA J. C. 2 REMERCIEMENTS Faire une thèse est parmi les plus grandes décisions de la vie qu’il ne faut jamais prendre à la légère. Je remercie Dieu Tout Puissant pour la force et la santé qu’Il m’a données tout au long de ma vie. Ce travail de thèse n’aurait pas pu être effectué sans l’aide technique et morale de nombreuses personnes. Je tiens à remercier de tout mon cœur toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à sa réalisation. En premier lieu : ‐ Aux Dirigeants des deux Universités de cotutelle : Université Claude Bernard et Université d’Antananarivo, sans votre autorisation de partenariat, cette thèse n’aurait pas eu lieu, je vous en remercie. ‐ A mes deux Directeurs de thèse : Madame Ralisoa Bakoly Olga et Monsieur Mavingui Patrick. Sans l’aide inconditionnelle de votre part, je ne serai pas capable d’arriver au bout de ces quatre années de thèse. Toutes mes reconnaissances vous seront à jamais dues. ‐ Madame Ralisoa, merci d’avoir cru en moi et d’avoir accepté d’être mon « modèle scientifique », vous êtes l’une des personnes les plus strictes mais de plus grand cœur que Dieu m’a permis de côtoyer. ‐ Monsieur Patrick Mavingui, former une pure entomologiste pour devenir un « expert » en microbiologie n’a pas été une chose facile à faire. Mais votre grande générosité et votre patience ont été la force qui me poussait à persévérer jusqu’au bout. ‐ A Monsieur Jeannoda qui a accepté de Présider le jury. A Madame Failloux, Monsieur Rasamindrakotroka, Monsieur Ratsimbazafy et Monsieur Lemaire, membres de jury de cette thèse. C’est un grand honneur et un grand privilège pour moi de vous avoir comme juges dans l’examen de ce travail. Merci pour votre temps précieux. ‐ A tous les enseignants de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, je vous remercie de tout cœur de m’avoir formé pour devenir « une relève » digne de votre rang. ‐ Mes plus profondes gratitudes s’adressent aussi à tous les enseignants, techniciens et étudiants du Département d’Entomologie. ‐ Merci à tous mes collègues du laboratoire d’Ecologie Microbienne de Lyon. Sans votre soutien et votre aide, je n’aurai jamais pu finir tous les travaux que j’ai effectués là‐bas. 3 ‐ Je tiens aussi à remercier tout particulièrement tous mes amis : Claire, Karima, Vincent, Amélie, Maria Pia, Amel, Lamia, Florence, Bonnie, Paule, Rondro, Sasa (Sahondra), Doria. Sans votre soutien et amitié ce travail de thèse aurait été encore plus dur à effectuer. ‐ Merci à Van, Tahiana et Aina pour les aides techniques qu’ils m’ont apporté, quelque fois au‐ dessus de leur force !!! ‐ Je voudrai aussi remercier tout particulièrement la famille Ratefiarivony (Mamisoa, Hianja, Misetra et Tsatsangy) pour m’avoir si généreusement prêté leur ordinateur quand j’avais eu la plus grosse frayeur de ma vie !! Un grand merci pour « La Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB, ancien IFB)» qui a financé cette thèse. Ce travail a été subventionné par le contrat FRB‐CD‐AOOI‐07‐012, et mené à bien dans le cadre du GDRI “Biodiversité et Développement Durable à Madagascar” et du COST action F0701 “Arthropod Symbioses: from fundamental to pest disease management”. Je tiens à remercier en particulier Madame Raveloson, notre Chef de Département d’Entomologie, et Monsieur Ravelonandro, Directeur du CNRE, tous deux co‐coordonnateurs du projet IFB à Madagascar, qui m’ont apporté un grand soutien lors des difficultés que j’ai rencontrées au cours de cette thèse. Et pour finir, ma plus profonde gratitude est pour toute ma famille. Merci d’avoir été toujours là pour moi, dans toutes les épreuves. Maman, tu as fait beaucoup de sacrifices pour que je sois là aujourd’hui, je n’ai qu’un seul mot à dire « merci !». 4 TABLE DES MATIERES UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD ‐ LYON 1 ........................................................................................ 1 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ..................................................................................................... 2 Remerciements .............................................................................................................................. 3 TABLE DES MATIERES ..................................................................................................................... 5 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... 8 LISTE DES FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ET OBJECTIFS ..................................................................................... 12 PREMIERE PARTIE ........................................................................................................................ 15 Synthèse Bibliographique ............................................................................................................ 15 Chapitre 1. ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Les moustiques vecteurs majeurs d’arbovirus ................................................................................. 16 A‐ Etat des connaissances antérieures ......................................................................................
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