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Dissertação Eraldo Melo Da Silva.Pdf INSTITUTO BRASILIENSE DE DIREITO PÚBLICO MESTRADO ACADÊMICO EM DIREITO CONSTITUCIONAL ERALDO MELO DA SILVA O PERSISTENTE PROBLEMA RACIAL: QUEM É NEGRO NO BRASIL? A inconstitucionalidade das ações afirmativas de viés racial em face da ausência de critérios objetivos de discrímen BRASÍLIA 2014 0 ERALDO MELO DA SILVA O PERSISTENTE PROBLEMA RACIAL: QUEM É NEGRO NO BRASIL? A inconstitucionalidade das ações afirmativas de viés racial em face da ausência de critérios objetivos de discrímen Dissertação submetida ao Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Direito Constitucional. Orientador: Professor Doutor Marcus Firmino Santiago. BRASÍLIA 2014 1 ERALDO MELO DA SILVA O PERSISTENTE PROBLEMA RACIAL: QUEM É NEGRO NO BRASIL? A inconstitucionalidade das ações afirmativas de viés racial em face da ausência de critérios objetivos de discrímen Esta dissertação foi julgada adequada para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Direito Constitucional e aprovada em sua forma final pela Coordenação do Curso de Mestrado do Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público, na área de Direito Constitucional. Data de defesa: ________________________. Resultado: ____________________________ BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente: Professor Doutor ___________________________ Membro: Professor Doutor _____________________________ Membro: Professor Doutor _____________________________ Coordenador do curso: Professor Doutor __________________ 2 RESUMO O presente trabalho discute a validade das ações afirmativas baseadas no fator racial, instituídas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, à luz do princípio da igualdade estampado no caput do artigo 5º da Constituição Federal de 1988, tendo em vista que a sociedade brasileira é caracterizada por um alto grau de miscigenação, em que as barreiras entre grupos étnico-raciais mostram-se imprecisas e, ainda, considerando-se que os critérios de discrímen utilizados – ancestralidade ou cultural –, são essencialmente subjetivos. Palavras-chave: ações afirmativas – fator racial – princípio da igualdade. 3 ABSTRACT The present work discusses the validity of affirmative actions based on the racial factor, established in the Brazilian legal system, from the equality principle printed on the caput of the 1988 Federal Constitution 5th article, given thatBrazilian societyis characterized bya highmiscegenation, in whichthe barriers betweenethnic and racialgroups showupinaccurate, and also considering thatthecriteriauseddiscrimen – ancestryorcultural– areessentially subjective. Keywords: affirmative actions – racial factor – equality principle. 4 Ao meu criador, a Quem tudo devo. Aos meus pais Francisco e Nair, que mesmo na escuridão sempre me incentivaram a trilhar o caminho das luzes. À Janaína, meu amor, por sua (quase) inesgotável paciência. Ao Heitor, meu filho, lembrança constante de que um futuro melhor é possível. 5 Embora solitário, o trabalho de elaboração de uma dissertação de mestrado não seria possível sem o apoio, direto ou indireto, de muitas pessoas. Nesse sentido, nas pessoas dos Professores Paulo Gustavo Gonet Branco e Júlia Maurmann Ximenes, agradeço a todos os professores do Instituto Brasiliense de Direito Público que, com paciência, se dedicam à formação e ao aperfeiçoamento das novas gerações de profissionais. Não posso deixar de agradecer ao assistente do mestrado, Fernando Rios, pela atenção dispensada em todos os momentos do curso. De forma muitíssimo especial, agradeço ao recentemente aposentado Ministro Arnaldo Esteves Lima, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, com o qual tive a honra e o prazer de conviver nos últimos dez anos, e cuja forma sempre ponderada de pensar as questões do Direito foram essenciais para meu processo pessoal de maturação profissional. 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................... 9 O PERSISTENTE PROBLEMA DAS RAÇAS: QUEM É NEGRO NO 1. BRASIL? 1.1. Considerações iniciais .................................................................. 13 1.2. A fragilidade do critério biológico .................................................. 13 1.3. A tentativa de construção de uma identidade negra no Brasil ...... 17 A identidade do sujeito constitucional segundo Michel 1.3.1. 20 Rosenfeld .......................................................................... 1.4. O negritude como manifestação cultural ....................................... 30 2. O PRINCÍPIO DA IGUALDADE 2.1. Considerações iniciais................................................................... 37 2.2. Escorço histórico ........................................................................... 38 2.3. A igualdade e suas dimensões ..................................................... 49 2.4. Parâmetros de controle dos critérios legais de discriminação 2.4.1. Considerações iniciais ...................................................... 57 2.4.2. A proibição de excesso .................................................... 59 2.4.3. A razoabilidade ................................................................. 60 2.4.4. A proporcionalidade .......................................................... 65 3. AS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS 3.1. Considerações iniciais .................................................................. 73 3.2. Conceito, objetivos e base filosófica ............................................. 73 3.3. Experiências internacionais 3.3.1. Considerações iniciais ...................................................... 80 3.3.2. Índia .................................................................................. 80 3.3.3. Malásia ............................................................................. 90 3.3.4. Sri Lanka .......................................................................... 94 3.3.5. Estados Unidos da América ............................................. 101 3.3.5.1. Uma nação dividida ......................................... 102 3.3.5.2. A luta pela cidadania plena ............................. 107 A Suprema Corte e a 14ª emenda: 1879 a 3.3.5.3. 110 1967 ................................................................. 3.3.5.4. As ações afirmativas: 1935 a 2003 ................. 113 7 3.3.5.5. As ações afirmativas e a Suprema Corte ........ 116 3.3.5.5.1. Griffs v. Duke Power Company .... 117 Regents of the University of 3.3.5.5.2. 118 California v. Bakke ……………….. Grutter v. Bollinger et al eGratz et 3.3.5.5.3. 123 al v. Bolinger et al ………………... Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District 3.3.5.5.4. 124 n. 01 et Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education ……… 3.3.5.6. A regra da gota de sangue e a miscigenação.. 127 3.4. Implicações das açõesafirmativas ………………………………… 131 4. AS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS DE VIÉS RACIAL NO BRASIL 4.1. Considerações iniciais .................................................................. 134 A Arguição de Descumpriemento de Preceito Fundamental – 4.2. 137 ADPF n. 186/DF ............................................................................ 4.2.1. Onde o STF acertou na ADPF n. 186/DF? ....................... 139 4.2.2. Onde o STF errou na ADPF n. 186/DF? ........................... 141 A inconstitucionalidade das ações afirmativas de viés racial em 4.3. 149 virtude da ausência de critérios objetivos de discrímen ................ CONCLUSÃO ................................................................................................ 162 BIBLIOGRAFIA .............................................................................................. 165 8 INTRODUÇÃO O Brasil é um país cheio de contrastes. Embora tal afirmação tenha se tornado um lugar-comum, os dados da realidade não deixam dúvidas acerca de sua veracidade. Maior e mais rico país da América Latina, encontra-se entre as 10 maiores economias mundiais. Ocupa, entretanto, a 84ª posição entre os 187 países classificados no Relatório do Desenvolvimento Humano de 2011 elaborado pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento – PNUD, destinado a avaliar a expectativa de vida da população e os indicadores de educação, saúde e renda1. Um movimento lento, porém contínuo, surgido inicialmente na academia, entre sociólogos na década de 1950, ganhou corpo nas últimas décadas, tentando explicar grande parte dos problemas nacionais a partir de uma perspectiva baseada na origem racial da população2. Políticas públicas que adotam essa visão trazem, ainda que implicitamente, afirmações que partem de determinadas representações da realidade. A primeira delas é que a sociedade brasileira é racista, e que a parcela negra3 de sua população, ainda que de forma velada, é continuamente vítima de segregação. A segunda afirmação é que se faz necessária a construção de uma consciência, uma identidade negra, como forma valorizar e unir aqueles de ascendência africana – daí a importância de se adotarem termos de conotação étnico-racial, surgindo então as expressões afrodescendentes e afro-brasileiros, em contraposição a outros grupos étnicos: brancos, amarelos e indígenas. Por fim, tem-se a defesa de que somente por meio de políticas públicas específicas, não universalistas, voltadas para a população negra, seria possível reparar, no presente, as consequências sociais dos maus tratos historicamente impostos pelos brancos, mesmo nos dias atuais. 1 Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Relatório do Desenvolvimento Humano 2011. Sustentabilidade e Equidade: Um Futuro Melhor para Todos. Tabela n. 10, p. 169. Disponível in <http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_PT_Complete.pdf>,
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