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Dissertação Completa UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE DIREITO A (IN)CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DO MODELO DE COTAS PARA NEGROS: QUEM SOMOS NÓS, OS BRASILEIROS? Horizonte da questão da desigualdade racial no Brasil, depois do entendimento proclamado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – STF JOÃO ALBERTO MENDES BEZERRA JÚNIOR Mestrado Acadêmico em Direito Constitucional LISBOA 2016 JOÃO ALBERTO MENDES BEZERRA JÚNIOR A (IN)CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DO MODELO DE COTAS PARA NEGROS: QUEM SOMOS NÓS, OS BRASILEIROS? Horizonte da questão da desigualdade racial no Brasil, depois do entendimento proclamado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – STF Dissertação de mestrado acadêmico, no âmbito do Direito Constitucional, realizado na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa – FDUL, em cooperação com a Escola Superior da Magistratura do Estado de Pernambuco – ESMAPE, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor Rui Guerra da Fonseca. Palmas/Recife/Lisboa, outubro de 2016. JOÃO ALBERTO MENDES BEZERRA JÚNIOR A (IN)CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DO MODELO DE COTAS PARA NEGROS: QUEM SOMOS NÓS, OS BRASILEIROS? Horizonte da questão da desigualdade racial no Brasil, depois do entendimento proclamado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – STF Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa – FDUL, no âmbito do Direito Constitucional. Banca Examinadora: PROF . DOUTOR ........................................................ INSTITUIÇÃO : ............................................................ JULGAMENTO : ......... ASSINATURA : ........................... PROF . DOUTOR ........................................................ INSTITUIÇÃO : ............................................................ JULGAMENTO : ......... ASSINATURA : ........................... PROF . DOUTOR ........................................................ INSTITUIÇÃO : ............................................................ JULGAMENTO : ......... ASSINATURA : ........................... RESUMO O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o modelo de cotas para negros no Brasil, à luz do princípio da igualdade insculpido na Constituição da República, passando em revista a evolução do instituto da ação afirmativa, em matéria racial, oriundo da Índia –, mas plenamente desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos da América, o que serviu de inspiração para que fosse aqui praticado –, e discutindo a questão precípua sobre ser juridicamente possível a adoção de critério exclusivamente étnico-racial para tal modelo, em um país onde o povo é profundamente miscigenado (forjado a partir da conjugação das matrizes branco-europeia, indígeno-nativa e negro-africana), sobretudo depois do entendimento proclamado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal – STF ao julgar a ADPF nº 186, contribuindo-se, assim, em alguma medida, para o debate promocional da igualdade material no país. Palavras-chave : ação afirmativa – cotas raciais – princípio da igualdade – ADPF 186. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the model of quotas for blacks in Brazil under the principle of equality inserted in the Constitution, by reviewing the evolution of the institute of affirmative action for racial matter, originating in India - but fully developed in the United States, which was the inspiration for how it was practiced here -, and discussing the fundamental question if is legally possible to adopt purely racial criterion for such a model in a country where the people are deeply interbred (forged from the combination of the white matrix, amerindian and black), especially after the understanding proclaimed by the Supreme Court - STF on judgment the ADPF No. 186, hence the contribution to a certain extent in the debate on the material equality in the country. Keywords : affirmative action – racial quotas – the principle of equality – ADPF 186. LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS a.C. – Antes de Cristo ADI – Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade ADPF – Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental AgR – Agravo Regimental AI – Agravo de Instrumento CESPE – Centro de Seleção e Promoção de Eventos (da UnB) CF – Constituição Federal CRFB – Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil DEM – Partido Democratas DIDH – Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos DJ – Diário da Justiça DJe – Diário da Justiça eletrônico DL – Decreto-Lei DUDH – Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos EC – Emenda constitucional EUA – Estados Unidos da América FF – Fundação Ford HC – Habeas corpus IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IPEA – Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada LDB – Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional ONGS – Organizações não governamentais ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas PROUNI – Programa Universidade para Todos RE – Recurso Extraordinário STF – Supremo Tribunal Federal TITH – Tratados internacionais de direitos humanos UERJ – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UFRS – Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul UnB – Universidade de Brasília UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, Ciência e Cultura) WCAR – World Conference against Racism (Conferência Mundial contra o Racismo) SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1. PREVISÃO E LOCUS DAS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS EM MATÉRIA RACIAL NO BRASIL, NO CONTEXTO DO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS ................................. 14 1.1. AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS EM MATÉRIA RACIAL E DIREITOS HUMANOS ................................................. 14 1.1.1. Generalidades ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.2. Status normativo da Convenção Internacional sobre a Eliminação de todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial e eficácia da norma veiculadora das discriminações positivas ........................................................................................................................................... 24 1.2. O EXPERIMENTO INDIANO ............................................................................................................... 39 1.3. O CONTRIBUTO NORTE -AMERICANO ............................................................................................... 46 1.3.1. Aspectos preliminares ......................................................................................................... 46 1.3.2. Perscrutando a questão racial nos EUA ............................................................................ 48 1.3.2.1. O sistema “Jim Crow” de segregação institucionalizada ........................................................... 55 1.3.2.2. O ocaso de “Jim Crow” e o segregacionismo ............................................................................. 61 1.3.2.3. Um passo a frente ......................................................................................................................... 69 2. A SOLUÇÃO COTISTA COMO UM PROBLEMA DE IGUALDADE ......................................... 89 2.1. DA DIMENSÃO FORMAL À DIMENSÃO MATERIAL DO PRINCÍPIO DA IGUALDADE ................................ 89 2.2. CONTROLE DA IGUALDADE : INSUFICIÊNCIA DO PRINCÍPIO DA PROIBIÇÃO DO ARBÍTRIO .................. 95 2.3. A JURISPRUDÊNCIA DA SUPREMA CORTE BRASILEIRA ACERCA DAS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS EM MATÉRIA RACIAL , À LUZ DO PRINCÍPIO DA IGUALDADE ............................................................................ 99 2.3.1. Considerações iniciais ......................................................................................................... 99 2.3.2. Os casos submetidos à apreciação do STF ................................................................... 103 2.3.3. Visão crítica à decisão do STF, na ADPF nº 186, autorizando o estabelecimento de cotas em face de critério exclusivamente racial ........................................................................ 107 3. AFINAL, QUEM SÃO OS BRASILEIROS? ............................................................................... 124 3.1. NOTAS PRÉVIAS ........................................................................................................................... 124 3.2. BRASIL MISCIGENADO .................................................................................................................. 127 3.2.1. Começos ............................................................................................................................. 128 3.2.2. Protobrasileiros .................................................................................................................. 130 3.2.3. Influência negro-africana .................................................................................................. 133 3.2.4. Neopovo .............................................................................................................................. 137 3.2.5. Incremento europeu tardio ............................................................................................... 140 3.3. BRASIL EM CORES : UM POVO ÚNICO ............................................................................................ 142 3.4. OPÇÃO POLÍTICA CASUÍSTICA ?! ................................................................................................... 145 3.5. ONE DROP RULE .......................................................................................................................... 150 3.6. TRIBUNAIS RACIAIS .....................................................................................................................
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