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Lownes Johnny Joãozinho Reb FINAL DISSERTATION MANUSCRIPT

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Lownes Johnny Joãozinho Reb FINAL DISSERTATION MANUSCRIPT “Johnny ‘Joãozinho’ Reb: The Creation and Evolution of Confederate Identity in Brazil” Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Steven Phillip Lownes, M.A. Spanish, M.A. Public Policy and Management Graduate Program in Spanish & Portuguese The Ohio State University 2018 Dissertation Committee Pedro Pereira, Advisor Rebecca Haidt Eugenia Romero 1 Copyrighted by Steven Phillip Lownes 2018 2 Abstract “Johnny Joãozinho Reb: The Creation and Evolution of Confederate Identity in Brazil” traces the cultural history of a group of Confederate émigrés, now known as Os Confederados, that moved to Brazil after the Civil War to start a series of Confederate colonies in the land of the Southern Cross. While many of the emigrants returned to the United States after unsuccessfully attempting “pioneer” life in one of the last slave- holding societies in the western world, the few Confederates that remained joined together in an area near Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, São Paulo. In Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, they added new agricultural techniques and technology to the economy, and created educational reforms based upon their protestant religion, which impacted the country for years after. In the dissertation, I explore the impact that Confederate ideologies have had on the development of identity characteristics of the Confederados, and how these identity markers manifest themselves during various points over the course of more than 150 years. Due to the twenty-first century Confederados’ denial that their ancestors were racist and that they came to Brazil due to the existence of slavery, I explore the validity of these claims by analyzing the role of intercultural and interracial relations throughout the history of the Confederate community in Brazil. I use the case study of the Confederados to explore similar processes in the United States and Brazil in their denial of racism and ii the way that this denial has manifested itself in different ways. Building on historian Jeffrey Lesser’s work on immigrant communities in Brazil and Patrick Hogan’s cognitive identity research on nationalism, I identify strategies and choices that have helped a small group of immigrant descendants to curate and recreate a Confederate sub-identity that at times contrasts with the dominant Brazilian identity, while referencing and performing for Confederate descendants in the U.S. South. I begin the exploration in chapter 2 by reviewing the history in both the United States and Brazil that led to thousands of ex-Confederates to move to Brazil. In this chapter, I analyze two Confederate scouts’ narratives as they explore the possibility of emigrating. In chapter 3, I use two female Confederate émigrés’ narratives to understand the trials and tribulations of the first-generation Confederates in the land of the Southern Cross. In these two chapter, I investigate the role of community-building and the desire of the first-generation to recreate an Old South economy and society in Brazil, and how this idea inevitably failed. In chapter 4, I begin to look at the twentieth and twenty-first century Confederados through the definitive history of Confederate migration written by Judith MacKnight Jones, a descendant. Throughout her book, we see the way that the Confederate community developed in Santa Bárbara d’Oeste and how the community began to dissolve due to opportunities presenting themselves outside of the region. In this same chapter, I analyze the way that the Confederados come together to perform Confederate identity during the Festa Confederada, an annual party and fundraiser. In the final chapter, I review physical and digital presences of Confederado identity in the presentation of themselves to the outside world. iii Dedication To Adrienne and Sam without whose love this project would have never been possible. iv Acknowledgments I first wish to acknowledge the contributions that my advisor Dr. Pedro Pereira has provided me during this process. Starting with the first class I took with him on Pensadores Ibéricos, he has motivated me to add the Lusophone world to my research and professional interests, which has without a doubt changed my life. His encouragement and friendship have helped me get through a very difficult task while working the entire time while I wrote. Thank you, Pedro, for not giving up on me. I also would like to personally thank Dr. Rebecca Haidt and Dr. Eugenia Romero for encouraging me during my time at Ohio State and after. Y’all were wonderful professors, and this project would not have been possible without y’all’s assistance as second readers. Also, I wish to give a huge thank you to all of my wonderful professors that I had at Ohio State including Dr. Stephen Summerhill, Dr. Ana del Sarto, Dr. Rob Robison, Dr. Guisela Latorre, Dr. Lúcia Costigan, and the late Dr. Samuel Amell. Second, I would like to recognize all of the wonderful professors and colleagues that touched my life at the University of South Carolina. While all of you have been inspirational and helped me in so many different ways, I would be remiss without specifically thanking Dr. María Cristina Mabrey at the University of South Carolina. You were my first advisor and you encouraged me constantly to work towards the Ph.D. Without your initial guidance, friendship, and support this would have not been possible. v I would also like to thank Dr. Maria Angelica Lopes, who was my very first Portuguese professor and was the first person to tell me about the existence of Os Confederados. To Dr. David Hill, I honestly do not think my life would have taken so many interesting turns without your guidance and modeling. You helped me realize that Spanish and Portuguese could be part of a bigger journey, allowing me to help people. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Isis Sadek, formerly of the University of South Carolina. Without your encouragement and friendship, again, this would not be possible. To my colleagues at the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Institute at the University of Georgia, I am truly indebted to your kindness and encouragement as well. I especially wish to thank Dr. Richard Gordon, Dr. Robert Moser, Dr. Frans Weiser, Dr. Cecilia Rodrigues, and Kathleen Schmaltz. Without the opportunities that I had at LACSI, the research trip to Brazil would have never been possible. To my friends in Ohio, South Carolina, Georgia, and elsewhere, thank you. There are too many of you to list, but I need to especially recognize Dennis Ming Nichols, who accompanied me on the trip to Santa Bárbara d’Oeste and Jessica Rutherford, who provided me with feedback and a sounding board. To Dave McLaughlin, Samuel Cruz, Laura Navarro Morón, Paij Lintz, Carmelo Bazaco, Omar Salinas, Patricia Arroyo Calderón, Karen Laponzo, Araceli Hernandez-Laroche, María Francisco Montesó, George Williams, Dave Marlow, Laura Barbas Rhoden, Brant Bynum, Rachel Ward, Jonathan Baillehache, Alejandra Calva, Alicia Mercado Harvey, Julie Cook, Jeff Tudgay, Andrew Shipes, Alissa Ritzo, Chris Duncan, Leah Lindsey, and so many more, thank you vi for your friendship, constant encouragement, and allowing me to complain and whine when I needed to. Finally, to my family, I owe everything to you. To my parents (Mark and Mary Lownes), my in-laws (Danny and Becky Smith; Patrick and Jodi Smith; Mark, Emily, Grady, and Murray Miller; Lauren and Matthew Silver), and most especially my wife and son (Adrienne and Sam), y’all make life worth living and I’m so happy to be part of y’all’s lives. Nothing I am or will be matters without your love and support. Thank you! vii Vita 2005…………………………………………..B.A. Spanish, University of South Carolina 2007………………………………………….M.A. Spanish, University of South Carolina 2013………………………………………….M.A. Public Policy and Management, The Ohio State University 2013-2014…………………………………….Instructor of Spanish, University of South Carolina, Upstate 2014-2017……………………………………..Assistant Director of Latin American Studies, University of Georgia Fields of Study Major Field: Spanish & Portuguese Primary Concentration: Iberian Studies Secondary Concentration: Studies of the Portuguese-Speaking World viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... v Vita ................................................................................................................................ viiiiii Chapter 1. Introduction: Confederates, From South Carolina, USA to Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Brazil…………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 2. Johnny Reb Scouting a Home in Brazil: Community Inclusion, Exclusion, and Southern Greatness………………………………………………………………………32 The "South" Looks South, Brazil Looks North, and Race-Relations as the Cause............36 Inherited Immigrant Status, Emigration Societies, and Social Identity Theory ............... 46 Dunn: The Case for Emigration, Southern Greatness, and Yankee Condemnation ......... 53 Gaston: Community Building, Opening In-group Definitions, and two Brazils ............... 79 The Implementation Phase: Successes and Failures ...................................................... 108 Chapter 3. Jane Reb's Writings on Setting up a Home Abroad: The Dichotomy of Southern and Confederate Identities ..............................................................................
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