NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh is senior lecturer at the Department of Archaeology, Goteborg University, Sweden. Her research is focused on a gender and feminist perspective on the prehistory of the Scandinavian late and on the history of archaeology. Her doctoral dissertation Constructions of Gender in Nordic : Past and Present was published in 1998. lng-Marie Back Danielsson currently has a post at Stockholm University in Sweden and is writing a thesis on shamanships and genders in Iron Age . Her research interests also include museum studies and exploring the interface between archaeological pasts and presents.

Jos Bazelmans studied social anthropology at the universities of Leiden and Amsterdam. He finished his PhD on ceremonial exchange in Boewulf in 1996. His most recent publications include By Weapons made worthy: Lords, retainers and their relationship in Boewulf (1999, Amsterdam University Press) and 'Beyond Power: Ceremonial Exchange in Boewulf (in F. Theuws and J. Nelson 2000: Rituals and Power Leid~n: Brill). Bazelmans is founder of the Dutch annual symposium on archaeology and theory (since 1990) and founder and former editor of the journal Archaeological Dialogues (since 1994). From 1996 until recently he was lecturer at the University of Leiden and Fellow of the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research. Currently he is working at the Netherlands State Service for Archaeological Investigations at Amersfoort as head of research for the Roman period.

Brian Boyd is a lecturer in archaeology at the University of Wales, Lampeter. His research interests are the later Levant, archaeological theory, social technologies, and the integration of worked bone and faunal analyses. He is currently writing a book entitled People and Animals in Levantine Prehistory 20,000-8,000 Be. He co-directs a field project in the West Bank.

Chris Fowler completed his doctoral thesis at Southampton University in 1999. Since then he has been lecturing on the late and of Europe, archaeological theory, and the theory and practice of archaeology in its social and political context at New College (Southampton University), and at the Department of Archaeology. Research interests include the use of anthropological analogy, phenomenology and hermeneutics, gender theory, 249 250 Notes on Contributors and the contextual interpretation of bodies (including depictions of bodies) in prehistory. He has recently taken up a Leverhulme Special Research Fellowship at the School of Art History and Archaeology, University of Manchester.

Yannis Hamilakis is a lecturer at the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, which he joined in September 2000 from the University of Wales Lampeter, where he taught since January 1996. His main research interests are the archaeology of the consuming body, the socio-politics of the past, and prehistoric Greece.

Christine Morris is Leventis Lecturer in Greek Archaeology and History in the School of Classics, Trinity College Dublin. She is co-director of the Atsipadhes peak sanctuary project. She edited Klados (1995) and Ancient Goddesses (with Lucy Goodison, 1998), and has published articles on Aegean art, especially Mycenaean pictorial vase painting, and religion.

Alan Peatfield is a lecturer in the Dept of Classics, University College Dublin. He held the position of Knossos Curator at the British School at Athens from 1984-1990. He is director of the Atsipadhes peak sanctuary project. He has published articles on Minoan religion, especially peak sanctuaries, and on martial aspects of Aegean society.

Mark Pluciennik is a lecturer in archaeology at the Department of Archaeology, University of Wales, Lampeter. His research interests and publications include the mesolithic-neolithic transition in the Mediterranean, the construction of narratives, and cultural politics and ethics in European archaeology.

Paul Rainbird is a lecturer in archaeology at the University of Wales, Lampeter. He has conducted fieldwork in the Federated States of Micronesia, Australia and Europe. Other components of his research focus on the archaeology and anthropology of island societies and the archaeology of colonial encounters in Australia and the Pacific.

John Robb is lecturer at the University of Southampton. He has completed a doctorate in anthropology on Italian prehistory at the University of Michigan, and is currently researching human skeletons, the social prehistory of Southern Italy and the Central Mediterranean in general, and archaeological theories of agency. Notes on Contributors 251

Sarah Tarlow is a lecturer in archaeology at the University of Leicester. Her current research interests are the idea of Improvement, archaeological ethics, emotion, and utopia. Her publications include Bereavement and Commemoration (Blackwell 1999) and several papers on the archaeology of death and archaeological theory.

Julian Thomas has recently moved from Southampton University to take up a chair of archaeology at Manchester University. His current research interests include the Neolithic of Britain and north-west Europe, monuments and landscapes, human embodiment and the relationship between archaeology and modernity. He is presently directing a campaign of excavations on prehistoric monuments in Dumfries and Galloway. His publications include Time, Culture and Identity (Routledge 1996) and Understanding the Neolithic (Routledge 1999). INDEX

Action, and performativity, 106 Arau,A.123 Addaura, See Grotta Addaura Archaeology Age 'affective archaeology', 126 and culture 160-1, 160 as oral history, 101 conceptual structures, 153 biography and 102, 159-60, 159 stages, 158, 159-60 childhood and 159-60, 159 statuses. 158 classical, 121 Agency,3,4,8, 15, 16,24,26,27,34,35,36, body and 37,43,47,48,49,50,54,57,59,64,65, art historical, 173 66,67,121,137,141,154,158,170,229, metaphorical, 173 231 and socialized space, 173 and individuality, 26 'embodied archaeology', 105 and representation, 229 emotion and, 37, 126 Agriculture, origins of, debate, 138, 140 gender and, 5 Alleberg, Sweden, 181 10gocentricity and, 103 Altered states of consciousness, 100, 110, 111, methodological reconfiguration and, 102 112, 113, 114,115. New Archaeology, 4, 35 challenge to authority, 131 senses and, 5,17,101,121,126,132 physical action and, 106 privileging sight, 174 Western intellectual tradition and, 107 ArC' ArC people, Melanesia, 34 See also Eyes, Shamanism Art. See Cave art, Petroglyphs, Representation Ancestors Asa, Queen, 207 and marking the land, 244 Ascott-Under-Wychwood, chambered tomb, Anthropomorphs. See figurines 39 (and Fig. 1) Anti-Humanism', 31 Asklepios, Greek god, 109 Aotearoa (New Zealand), 234 Atsipadhes Korakias, Crete, 108, 114, 118 253 254 Thinking Through the Body

Axe1,G.123 materiality and, 33

Axis mundi, 193 memory and, See ~emory Babette's Feast, (dir. G. Axel) 123 mind and, 7 See also Cartesian discoW"Se

~tin,~. 131, 132 orifices, as bowdaries, 125 Balder, Norse god, 185 society and, 1, 13, 15,21 Bali ontologica1limitations, 131-2, 217 Hindu funerary practice, 90 sacredness of, at birth (tapu), 236

Ballabana, Isle of~an 51, 52 (Fig, 4),53,55, symbolism and metaphor, 11 57,61,66 Taoist, 112, 119

Ba11ateare, Isle of~an 61, 62 (Figs. 9, 10),63, temporally situated, 153 See also Time 65 worth. body and, 78-80

Ballavany, Isle of~an, 55 (Fig. 7) BolmsO, Sweden, 183 Baptism, 75, 76, 77 Borg, , 183, 192 Bar-Vosef,o. 139, 140, 147 Bomholm, Denmark, 180, 183, 186, 188, 189, Batbampton, Somerset, 88 190,191,192,195 Baumann, Z. 86, 92 Bourdieu, P. 1,3,35, 123, 181-2 Becker, A. 125 Bradley, R. 154 Bede, 77, 82 'Brisingamen',jewel in Norse mythology, 187 Beowulf, 78, 79, 80 (Fig. 11), 82,192 Bmgger, A.W. 207, 208, 210 Berdaches, masturbation rituals and, 219 Burial, See Funerary practice, Graveyards, Bemart, L. 238 names of specific burials Biography. Butler, J, 1,3,23,32,33,37,48,50, 182 See and archaeologyI59-60, 159 also Performativity biographical narratives, 102, 155, 168 and the Etoro 156-8, 155 Ca:dwa1la, West Saxon king 77 See also Osteobiography Cala Colombo, Italy, 166 Biopolitics, 10, 11 Caroline Islands, East 234 Bird-David, N. 59 Cartesian discoW"SC, 43, 105, 112, 122, 126, Body, the See also Embodiment 217, as commodity, 11 Cashtal-yn-ard, Isle of~an 51, 53, 54 (Fig.6), as cultural project, 2, 25, 73, 74, 86 58 as text, 105 Catignano, Sicily, 162 Christian, 75 'Catignano 1',162 (Fig. 12) conceptual separation, 175 Cave art, Sicilian, 217-230 consumption and, 3, 10, 101, 123, 125, 126, idealised aesthetic 220-3 130, 132, 138 attitudes towards the body, 222 dead, See Funerary practice fluid cosmologies, 222 experiential, 5 contrast between epipaleolithic and feminist critique and, 3 neolithic 224, 228-9

gro~ue, 124,131, 132 'birth of metaphor', the 228 historicization of, 6 representation or manifestation 220-3 malleability of, 174 Ceramics. See Pottery Index 255

Ch'i-kung, 113 Eat. Drink. Man. Woman (dir. A.Lee), 123, Child burials. See funerary practice 136 Childhood Ecological functionalism, 35 and archaeology 159-60, 159 Ecstasy and ecstatic behaviour, 107, 110, 115, in Italian Neolithic, 163 181, 183, 187 See also Altered States of Christianity, 71-82. See also Body, the Consciousness, Shamanism Christian, Funerary practice, Graveyards Edda,192 Collars, Swedish gold Edmonds,M.103 shamanic instnunents, 181 Eketorp, Sweden, 183, 187, 188, 189 (Fig. 14), Connor, L. 90 191,195 Consciousness. See Altered States of Eliade, M. 111, 193 Consciousness Elias, N. 95,96, 124, 133 Corporeality, 121, 122 EI-Wad, Mount Carmel, 139, 141, 142, 143, and contestation of power in Bronze Age 145,146,148,149,152 Crete, 129 Embodiment Cranial defonnation, 145, 146 artefacts and, 50, 51, 59, 79, 227-8, See Crete, Bronze Age also Pottery figurines. See figurines combining human and non-human elements religion, 105 See also Peak sanctuaries 40,50,51,55,56,57,59,79,129,176 Cross-dressing defined by sensory experiences, 122 and medieval Scandinavian law, 185 different types of being, 63 and, 185 ontological fluidity 129, 176 Csonlas, T. 99, 122 and metaphor 60, 63, See also Body Daoyin, in modem Taoist rituals, 113 Emotion Dening, G. 236 and archaeology, 37, 126 Denida, J. 32 Endocannibalism, 128 Descartes, R. 6,29,43,73,84 See also Enlightenment, the 23, 24, 29, 73, 74, 81,182 Cartesian discourse Erik the Red, saga 185 Dierkens, A. 81, Erq EI-Ahmar, Judean Desert, 141, 146 Dividuality,58 Eskilstuna, Sweden, 183, 192, 193 Douglas, Mary 12, 123 Etoro people, New Guinea 156-8, 156, 157

~s, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,81,92,185 Eucharist, the 76 See also Cross-dressing Evans, Sir Arthur, 106, 113, 121 Drink, consumption of, 124 Experience Drugs, consumption of74, 111, 112, 115, 129, age-specific, 158 150 (Fig. 16), 186, 189 (Fig.l6) of embodiment, 49. See also Embodiment See also Ahered states of consciousness, Kava, Eye motifs Shamanism on Italian Neolithic pottery, 227 on Iron Age Scandinavian foils, 180 Earth, marking the, 227, 241-4 in modem Native American cultures, 181 256 Thinking Through the Body

FaJk, P. 124, 125 as bridge between kinds of time, 159 Fiiljestaden, Sweden, 181 child burial, 163 Fashion circulation of bones, 41 as a ''technique of self' 82 coffins, introduction (Britain), 85 Feeling corpse, adornment of, 25, 71, 81, 87, 88, Pain and marldng the land, 241 101, 142 Pain and tattooing, 241 viewing, 93 Fellatio, ritual, 200 individuality and, See Individuality See also Initiation, Semen, Sex curation and commemoration 166-7, 166 Feminist critique disarticulation, 39, 41,50,55,57, 141, 145, and the body, 3 163, 166, 167 and individuality, 31 early-medieval Germanic, 71 See also Gender Grave-robbery, 88, 205 Figuration, 90 Hindu, in Bali, 90 Figurines memento mori, 89 Cretan Bronze Age, 108 mnemonic artefacts, 91 votive limbs, 109 Natufian levant, 141, 143 aniconic heads, 114 neolithic, Italian, 161-8, 161 ecstatic body postures, 100 neolithic, Manx, 51 gestures 109-110, 109 objects, 81 Lapitan (Pacific), with tattooed buttocks, Romano-Christian rituals surrounding 233 dying and deadt, 76 Natufian (Levant), 146,7, 146 Sicilian cave burials, 223, 227 physicality of gestures, 105 Tho/os tombs, Crete, 128, 132 spatial distribution 114-5, 108 tombs as 'places oftransfonnation', 41 Fiji, 125 undertakers, rise of professional (Britain) Fischler, C. 126 89,93 Fluidity, ontological, See Embodiment wake, decline of (Britain), 85 Foils. See gold foils See also Graveyards, Osteobiography, names Food, consumption of, 3, 5, 13, 74,81,101, of individual burial sites 103, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129,130, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 156 Garrod, D. 141 as liminal substance, 126 Gell, A. 236, 241, 242 taboos and avoidances, 144 Gender Foucault, M. 1,3,7,10,11,23,25,37, 181 fluidity of, 174 Freud,S.32 gender studies, 3 Freyja, Norse goddess 184, 187 in Iron Age Scandinavia, 182 Funerary practice performance and, 203 academic analysis, aims of, 141 physical body and, 203 burial ritual, 72 relational, 203 aesthetics 85-97, 85 social construction of, 32, 202-4, 202 anomalous burials, 166 Genitals, 146, 183,219,220,224,238 Index 257

Gertrude, abbess ofNivelles, Belgium, 77 Grotta della Cala dei Genovesi. Levanzo. Giddens, A. 3, 35 Sicily. 218.221 (fig. 26) and 224 (fig. 27) Glossolalia (speaking in tongues), III Grotta di Molara. Sicily. 223 Goffman, E. 93, 124 Grotta di San Teodoro. Sicily. 223. 231 Gokstad, Norwegian ship-burial Grotta Patrizio Italy. 164 inauguration and re-burial, 209-12 Grotta Pavolella. Itay. 166. 169 Gold foils, Iron Age Scandinavian Grotta di Porto Badisco. Italy. 163. 169 humanoid figures on, 174, 179-199 Grotta Sca1oria, Italy. 166 description and dating, 186 Guild of Fanners Wives. VestfoldSee Vest/old distribution, 183 Bondelcvinnelag. gender and gendering, 182-3 Gustafsson, G. 204 (Fig. 21) shamanic acts, 186 paired, 'loving couples', 191 (Fig. 18) Haakon VII. King of Norway. 209 same-gender embraces, 193 Hakonardrapa. and hieros gamos myths. 192 sex and gender, 187 Haleygjatal. and hieros gamos myths 192

shape-shifting, 188 Hallucinogenic substances See Dru~ wamor elite and, 193 Hambruch. P. 238 Haraway. D. 180 Gallehus. Denmark, 180 H8ringe. Sweden (fig 17). 190 Goodman. F. III Hatula, southern Levant, 139. 145. 146 Goring-Morris. N. 144. 145 Hawaii, 234 Gosden, C. 154 Hawkey. D.E. 160 Gow,P.229 Hayonim Cave. Galilee. 139. 141, 143. 144. Graveyards 145. 146. 148. 149. 150

Kin~tonu~nTImmes.~er Hazleton North chambered tomb. England, 39 burial ground 88 Hearing .. St Nicholas Chmch, Sevenoaks. Kent, 87. and preparation of kava. 243 89 'sonic driving' and altered states. Ill. 112 St. Barnabas Chmch. West Kensington. soundscapes at Pohnpei. 241

London, 91 soundscapes. amon~t the Umeda. 241 St. Barnabas. London, 89 Hedeager, L. 185 St. Marylebone. London. 88 Heidegger,M. 9.30.31,59.142 St. Nicholas Chmch. Bathampton, 88 Helgenberger. A. 238, 239 Spitalfields. London 87. 91. 96, 170 Helgo. Sweden 191 (fig. 18). 192 See also Funerary practice Helmet plaques. from Torslunda,. 180 Gregory the Great, Pope, 78 Hermaphrodism, 174 Grotta Addaura II. Sicily hieros gamo (sacred wedding) 183,184. 192, cave art, description of218-9. (Fig. 25) 194.196 human-animal figures. 220 Hindu funerary practice. 90 Grotta Continenza, Italy. 166 Hodder. I. 35. 158 Grotta dell'Uzzo. Sicily, 223. 230 Homosexuality Etoro ritual. 156 258 Thinking Through the Body

Depiction: Pacific narcotic beverage, 176,242, 243, Sicilian Neolithic, 219 246 Swedish Iron Age, 189 (Fig. 14), 194 rhythms, in preparation of, 243 (Fig.l9), 195 (Fig.20) Kebara, Mount Carmel, 139, 140, 145, 147, Huichol people (Mexico), 221, 230 148 Hula, Lake, Upper Jordan Valley, 139 King Orry's Grave south-west, Isle of Man, 59, Humanism, 29, 31, 38, 43, 68 60 (Fig. 8) construction of individualism, 30 Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, Quaker burial 'human nature', 37 ground at, 88 liberalism, 30 Knapp, A.B. 36,154, politics, 38 Knossos, Crete, 106, 107, 134 Humanoid figures, See figurines Knowledge

Icono~hy,99,100,106,113, 168,179,185 secretive nature of Pohnpeian 239-40, 244 See also Art, Representation 'embodied', 240, 244 Identity, See Individuality Kosrae, Caroline Is. 242 India,34,125 Lacan,J.32 Individuality Lanciano, Italy, 166 agency and, 26 Lapita culture, Pacific, 233, 236, 239 archaeology and, 34 Lapone autonomy and, 34, 99 in Pohnpei myth, 238 'hirth of the individual', 39 Laqueur, T. 182 closure and, 34 Latour, B. 74 defined by another, 86 Laxd6ia, saga 185 feminism and, 31 Lee,A.123 humanism and, 30 Leeohardt, M. 99 identity and, 23 Lee-thorp, J.A. 140, 147 the dead and, 23-4 Levantine archaeology, 137, 138, 147 layered, 30, 36 Natufian (Epipalaeolithic) Levant, 101, the Enlightenment and, 24 137-152 Ingold, T. 7,8 absence of marine food 139-40, Initiation rituals, 100, 115, 156, 157, 159, 163, shells as body decoration, 140 181,188,195,219 Liberalism Jamon. Jamon (dir. B.Luna) 123, 136 and humanism, 30 Janaway, R. 88 Life-cycle transformations, 73, 74 John CIuysotom, 75 Lifespan Johnson,M.99 and childhood, ISS Kalabari people, Nigeria, 227 and industrial time, 156 Kanengamah. Like Water for Chocolate (Dir. A. Arau), 123, see Pohnpeian knowledge, 240 Litten, J. 88,90 Kant, E. 81 Logocentricity Kava and archaeology, 103 Loki, Norse god, 185 Index 259

London, graveyards in See Graveyards Micronesia, 236 Luna, B.1.1. 136 Micro-Polynesia, 237, 245 Lundeborg, Denmark, 192 Minoan archaeology social constnlction of, 121, 127 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 30 Mone, Sweden, 181 Madonna delle Grazie, (Rutigliano), Italy, 166 Moore, H. 27, 202

Marre,~orway,183, 192,193 Morphy, H. 221 Mallaha (Eynan), Upper Jordan Valley, 139, Mouth, the 90, 101, 124, 126 142, 145, 146 Mull Hill, Isle of Man 51, 52, 53 (Fig. 5), 55, Man, Isle of, 24, 47-69; map Fig. 3,49 56,57,60

Mandt, G. 207 ~ahal Oren, Mount Cannel, 145,146, 151

Mannering, U. 187 ~arcotics. See Drugs Marconi, B. 219 ~ational identity, creation of Marine shells, 143, 145, 148 and Oseberg, 207

Marking the land ~ational Museum, ~orway, 212

possibly analagous to tattooing, in Pompei ~ena, Madison 237

227,241-244 ~europhysiology,100, ll1,ll5

Marquesas Islands, 236 ~ew Caledonia, 99

Masking, 90,174,181,182, 195 ~ew Zealand (Aotearoa ), 234 associated with rituals marking change, Nibelungenlied, 79

181-2 ~ietzsche, F. 31,44

enabling embodiment of disembodied ~orsborg, Sweden. (fig 19), 194

states, 181 ~orse mythology, 180, 193

Masseria Candelaro, Italy, 166 ~orwegian national identity Masturbation rituals and Gokstad, 210 andberdaches,219 and Oseberg, 207

Materialisation, 33, 38, 127, 132 ~ussbawn, M. 31 Mauss, M. 3,7,26,72, 112 Meaning Polysemy 201-2, 201 O'Connell, J. 237

transference, between categories, 176 Odin, ~orse god, 174,180, 184,185, 192, 195, Melanesia, 34, 58, 125,233,234 199 processes of personification in , 34 and cross-dressing, 185

Memory, 93,94,101,124,129,131,155,158, Olav, ~orwegian Crown Prince, 211 159, 167,222, Olav Geirstadalv, Viking seafarer 209,210 Merleau-Ponty, M. 9, 10, 123, Olsipha and 01sopha Meskell, L. 36, 37, 38 legendary petroglyph artists, 237 Metaphor, I, 11, 13,41,51,54,57,60,63,89, Orality, 124, 125,132 90,93,94,99,103,122,123,153,154, archaeology as oral history , 10 I, 125

173,174,176,191,201,223,228,229 Oseberg grave, Vestfold, ~orway, 175,201- Metaphysics 16,204 (Fig. 21) and bodily understandings, 58 description, 204 260 Thinking Through the Body

100ted,205 Plant remains in burial contexts, 88 Norwegian national identity and, 207 Pohnpaid See Pohnpei osteology, 206 Pohnpei, Caroline Islands, "Queen Asa", 207 knowledge, secretive nature of Pohnpeian, reburial 239-40 contrasted with Gokstad, 212 petro glyphs 176,233-244 gender and, 207, 213-4, 213 description of site 234-5, 234 (Fig. 29) performance, adding new meanings ethnohistory 237-9 212-3,206 (Fig. 22), 211 (Fig.23), 212 forest environment, 242 See also Vestfold legends conceming petroglyph origins Osteobiography, 102,160-1, 160 237-239,244 motifs, 239 (Fig.30) Pain, See Feeling post-hole alignment on hill, 235 Parietal art, See Pohnpei rock-pile. possible altar, 235, 241 Passo di Corvo, Italy, 167 sound and petroglyph creation, 243 Paxton, Fred, 76 Ponape. See Pohnpei Peak sanctuaries, Bronze Age Cretan, 105-119 Pottery Performance, 202 anthropomorphic, 226 (Fig. 28), 227 See action and interpretation, 202 also Embodiment gender construction, 203 metaphor for the body, 173 in Sicilian neolithic, 227 Oceanic masking and, 174 decoration, relationship with human Perfonnativity, 48,50,56,95,180,195,197, body, 233 225 Power and action, 106 bio-politics and, 10 See also Butler, Judith Foucault on, 37 Personhood, 24, 40 in pre-industrial societies, 130 negotiation of, 55 power relations, 34, 64 See also Individuality, Embodiment Prophecy, See Sejd Petersen, G. 240 Proust, M. 123 Petraro di Melilli, Siracusa, Italy, 227 Psychotropic substances See Drugs Petroglyphs, 19, 176 and see Pohnpei

Petsophas, Cretan peak sanctuary, 109 ~,52,53,56,59 Phalli, 109, 128, 146 Queer theory, 3 Phenomenology, 4,5,8, 15,55,59,64, 103, and Nordic literature, 185 122, 123, 142 Pitt Rivers, A. L-F., 41, 44 RabebUs,F. 123, 131, 132 Place Rapa Nui (Easter Island), 234 cosmic order and, 188-90, 193 Red Sea, 143, 145 identity and, 65 Representation, 4, 5, 12,74,87,90,92,94,99, performance and, in Sicilian neolithic, 225, 100,101,103,121,122, 131, 138, 146, 227 161,173,174,180,188,217,218,220, Index 261

222,223,224,228,229 See also Agency, Shamanism, 58,110, Ill, 112, 113, 115, 174, Art, Body, Embodiment 181,183, 184, 186, 187,188,189 (Fig.15), Ripa Tetta, 167 190 (Fig. 17), 193, 195, 222 Ritual 'killing' of objects, 128 bird-shamans, 187, 189 (Figure 14) Ritual action gender liminality 183-4 and Minoan religion, 106 Scandinavian warrior elites, 193 Ritual behaviour, See Altered states of Spirit journeys, 115 consciousness See also Altered States of Consciousness, Rock art, See Petroglyphs Drugs Ronaldsway, Isle of Man, 55 (Fig.7) Shanks, M. 39, 153-4 Rorty, R. 174 Shells Ross, C. 192, 197 as bodily adornment, 101, 140 Roskilde, Denmark, 193, 195 Shelton, A, 221 Rude Eskildstrup, Denmark, 180, 187 Shetelig, H, 204, 205, 211, 212, 215 Shilling, C. 2, 86 Sakau.narcotic beverage. See Kava Shukba, southern Levant, 145 Sanctuaries, see Peak sanctuaries Sicily, cave art See Cave art Sartre, J-P. 31 Sillen, A. 139, 140,147 Saul, F.P. 160 Skimismai. Norse poem, 192 Saul, lM. 160 Sioinge, Sweden, 183, 192 Scarification, 227 See also Tattoing Smith, A. 29 Schipper, K. 113,119 Snorri Sturlason, 192, 207, 209 Schreiner, K.E. 206-7,206 Social time See Time Sejd, Swedish prophecy-making, 184 Sorte Muld. See Selthood. See Individuality Soundscapes. See Hearing Semen Speech: speaking in tongues, III as life-force, 156 Steinsland, G. 192 Senses Stoller, P. 124 'higher' or distant, 122 Stone, 59, 245 'lower' or close, 122 Strathern, M. 34, 58,125 'Sensuous scholarship', challenge of, 127 StrOmbiick, D. 185 Seremetakis, N. 124,127,132, Subjectivity, 24,49,60,63,64,107,122,127, Sergius, Pope, 77 158,203 Sevenoaks, Kent, 87, 89 Sudsee. 1910 German scientific expedition, Sex 238 as cultural construct, 32 Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, 180 sexual intercourse, 156 sexuality, 32, 146 Table manners, evolution of 124, 125

See also Fellatio, Gender, Homosexuality, T~on, P. 241 Masturbation Takai en Intolen, See Pohnpei Tamata, See Votive limbs Taoism, 112, 113, 116-9 262 Thinking Through the Body

Tapu. sacredness ofbody at birth, 176, 236, Trauma, 15, 102, 161, 164, 168,223 237,240,241 Trepanation, 19, 164 Tattooing, 12, 176,233,235,236,237,240, 241,244,245 Ueki, T. 237 childhood, 237 Umeda people, Papua New Guinea combs,236 forest soundscapes, 241 linguistics and, 235 Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Oslo, 208, 209, marking the land, and 241-2 210 skin removed after death, 236 Varela, F.G. 124, 132 Teeth,I63,I45 Vestfold, Notway 209 Tholos tombs, Crete, 128, 132 Vesifold Bondelevinnelag (Guild of Farmers Thor, Norse god, 185 Wives),175, 210, 211 Thorsbjerg, Denmark, 180 Oseberg rebwial, 210 Tilley, C. 39, 153-4 memorial stone 213-4,213 Time Vestfold Historical Society, 208-9 anthropologists and, 153 Votive limbs, 107, 109, 115 archaeologists and, 153 Wadi Hammeh 27, Iordan Valley, 141 Bradley on, 154 Wadi Khareitoun, Iudean desert, 146 cosmological 154-5, 154 Waghi people, Papua New Guinea experiential 154-5, 154 verbal secrecy amongst, 240 Gosden on, 154 Wa/ewijn ende Keye, 79 industrial time, 156 Warren, P.M, 106 Knapp on, 154 Warrior elites, Scandinavian lifespans. See lifespans and shamanism, 193 longue duree, 154 West Kennet long barrow, Wiltshire, England, memory. See Memory 40 (and Fig. 2) Shanks and Tilley on, 154 Witchcraft social time, 102, 128, 154, 155, 158, 159, as a bodily condition, 157 166, 167 in Iron Age Scandinavia, 188 the body and, 153, 155 See also Ageing Wor Barrow, Dorset, England, 41 Worth, concept of, 78-80 Tombs. See Funerary practice Wright, G.A, 141, 148 Tmring, Denmark, 187 Yggdrasil,193 Trance state, 110, 112, 114 See also Altered Ynglingasaga, 184,192 States of Consciousness Yolngu people, northern Australia, 222 Trasano, Italy, 164 Ynglingatal, and hieros gamos myths, 192