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Masking Moments the Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia Ing-Marie Back Danielsson

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Masking Moments the Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia Ing-Marie Back Danielsson Masking Moments The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia Ing-Marie Back Danielsson Masking Moments The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia Ing-Marie Back Danielsson Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation 2007 Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies Stockholm University 106 91 STOCKHOLM MASKING MOMENTS The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia Ing-Marie Back Danielsson BA in Archaeology and BSc in Economics and Business Administration Maskerade ögonblick. Förvandlingar av kroppar och väsen i skandinavisk yngre järnålder. (Med en svensk sammanfattning). Abstract This thesis explores bodily representations in Late Iron Age Scandinavia (400–1050 AD). Non-human bodies, such as gold foil figures, and human bodies are analysed. The work starts with an examination and deconstruction of the sex/gender catego- ries to the effect that they are considered to be of minor value for the purposes of the thesis. Three analytical concepts – masks, miniature, and metaphor – are de- ployed in order to interpret how and why the chosen bodies worked within their prehistoric contexts. The manipulations the figures sometimes have undergone are referred to as mask- ing practices, discussed in Part One. It is shown that masks work and are powerful by being paradoxical; that they are vehicles for communication; and that they are, in effect, transitional objects bridging gaps that arise in continuity as a result of events such as symbolic or actual deaths. In Part Two miniaturization is discussed. Miniaturization contributes to making worlds intelligible, negotiable and communicative. Bodies in miniatures in compari- son to other miniature objects are particularly potent. Taking gold foil figures under special scrutiny, it is claimed that gold, its allusions as well as its inherent properties conveyed numinosity. Consequently gold foil figures, regardless of the context, must be understood as extremely forceful agents. Part Three examines metaphorical thinking and how human and animal body parts were used in pro-creational acts, resulting in the birth of persons. However, these need not have been human, but could have been the outcomes of turning a de- ceased into an ancestor, iron into a steel sword, or clay into a ceramic urn, hence expanding and transforming the members of the family/household. Thus, bone in certain contexts acted as a transitional object or as a generative substance. It is concluded that the bodies of research are connected to transitions, and that the theme of transformation was one fundamental characteristic of the societies of study. Key words: Masking practices, masks, transitions, Iron Age, Scandinavia, kuml, body, metaphorical thinking, miniaturization, queer theory, feminism, sex, gender, personhood, rune stones, gold foil figures, oral literacy, food preparation, burials. ©Ing-Marie Back Danielsson, Stockholm 2007 ISSN 0349-4128 ISBN 91-7155-330-4 Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Vällingby 2007 Distributor: Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University Contents List of Illustrations ...........................................................................................9 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................12 PART ONE – FOUNDATION........................................................................15 Levelling ........................................................................................................16 Buto dance, quantum physics and the absence of disorderly archaeologies...............16 Purported purposes.......................................................................................................17 How the thesis works ....................................................................................................18 The moving needle in the seamless web ......................................................................19 Scientific reproaches and approaches..........................................................................25 Queer theory – not quite as queer as the queer of the normal................................26 Oral communities, medieval texts and interpretations of Iron Age bodies ..............29 Images and representations of bodies.....................................................................43 Images and sex........................................................................................................46 Categorisation and Variability – the Control of Gender and Sex and the Resistance of Material culture.......................................................................49 The discursive limits of sex – especially in archaeology...............................................50 The constraining order of gender dualisms...................................................................51 The sorting of bodies through centuries........................................................................52 The sorting of bodies within archaeology......................................................................59 The never-ending story with manly swords and female jewellery – the not-so- hardcore sexing........................................................................................................60 The hardcore sexing: skeletons and genes.............................................................63 Example one: gold foil figures..................................................................................70 Example two: the serving and waiting .....................................................................81 Example three: sexing as educating and self-explanatory ......................................85 Slamming doors to other worlds....................................................................................87 Conclusive thoughts on “sex”........................................................................................88 Good riddance, sex! ......................................................................................................89 Essential Engagements ................................................................................91 Introduction....................................................................................................................91 Persons and personhoods ............................................................................................91 Essential disembodiments.............................................................................................93 Examples of disembodiments – sejd and shamanism.............................................94 Masking and Performance – Bodily Metamorphoses ...................................99 Masking and performance as socio-cultural practices................................................100 Introduction ............................................................................................................100 The complex of masking........................................................................................100 Masks in transitional situations ..............................................................................104 Masks – events – deaths .......................................................................................107 Masks and reversals ..............................................................................................107 Creating acts of revelation: the mask and its wearer.............................................108 The importance of the audience ............................................................................114 The purposes of masking.......................................................................................115 Masking practices during the Iron Age in Scandinavia ...............................................117 Make up and doll up – figures of speech...............................................................117 Representations of facial masks............................................................................131 The mask – a favoured concept already in the Late Iron Age...............................148 Rune stones, mounds and masks, or the meanings of transitional events and objects....................................................................................................................150 Kuml – the guiding marks and masks for body passages and transformations....152 Rune stones – directing dwellers on thresholds ....................................................156 Bridging gaps between different worlds.................................................................163 Mounds and colourful rune stones.........................................................................164 Conclusions: kuml .......................................................................................................167 Concluding remarks: Masking and Performance ........................................................168 PART TWO – DIRECTING MICROCOSMIC BODIES ...............................170 The Workings of Miniaturization..................................................................171 Introduction..................................................................................................................171 Miniaturization – to make the world and other worlds intelligible, negotiable and communicative.............................................................................................................171 Miniaturization, manipulation
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