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Effects of Pyrazosulfuron-Ethyl and Imazaquin on the Tuber Formation and Shoot Tillering of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus Esculentus L.)

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Effects of Pyrazosulfuron-Ethyl and Imazaquin on the Tuber Formation and Shoot Tillering of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus Esculentus L.) Weed Research, Japan Vol. 40 (3) 215～217 (1995) 雑 草 研 究 Short Report Effects of Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and Imazaquin on the Tuber Formation and Shoot Tillering of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) Masaru Ogasawara*, Shin-ya Kitamura*, Koichi Yoneyama*, Yasutomo Takeuchi* and Makoto Konnai* Key words: pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imaza- ment at lower doses than that needed for quin, tuber formation, tillering, Cyperus es- perfect weed control. Similar inductive culentus L. effects have also been reported for other ALS キ ー ワ ー ド: ピ ラ ゾ ス ル フ ロ ン エ チ ル, イ マ ザ キ inhibiting herbicides, e. g., prolific tillering ン, 塊 茎 形 成, 分 げ つ, シ ョ ク ヨ ウ ガ ヤ ツ リ was observed in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) treated with sublethal doses of imazameth- Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl [ethyl 5- [[[[(4, 6- abenz [(+)-2-[4, 5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1- dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl] methyethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]- amino] sulf onyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4- 4(and 5)-methylbenzoic acid (3:2)] 4). It is carboxylate] and imazaquin [2-(4-isopropyl- not clear whether the inhibition of the bran- 4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3- ched chain amino acid biosynthesis gives rise quinolinecarboxylic acid] have recently been to these phenomena observed after low dose introduced for selective weed control in application of ALS inhibiting herbicides. Zoysia turf grasses in Japan. The primary Therefore, the effects of such herbicides mode of action of both herbicides is the in- against various weed species should be hibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS)8,10), examined both at their normal and low doses the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of bran- to understand their mode of action and to ched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and improve the practical use of the herbicides. isoleucine. Although these herbicides usu- Yellow nutsedge was used in this study ally provide an excellent weed control at because we have only limited information on recommended field doses, various growth yellow nutsedge control by pyrazosulfuron- abnormalities in weeds are often observed at ethyl and imazaquin; in addition, this weed sublethal doses2). As reported earlier6,7), lat- seems to proliferate in turf fields since its eral bud sprouting in Cyperus serotinus Rottb. seeds may contaminate in turf grass seeds tubers and flowering of Cyperus brevifolius and top dressing sands. The objective of this (Rottb.) Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. et study was to examine the effects of Savat. T. Koyama were enhanced with pyrazosulf uron-ethyl and imazaquin applied pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazaquin treat- at various rates on the tuber formation and shoot tillering of yellow nutsedge. ＊Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321, Japan. Materials and Methods 小 笠 原 勝 ・北村 信 也 ・米山 弘 一 ・竹内 安 智 ・近内 誠 登: キ ハ マ ス ゲ の 魂 茎 形 成 お よ び 分 げ つ に 及 ぼ す ピ ラ ゾ Tubers of yellow nutsedge were collected ス ル フ ロ ン エ チ ル お よ び イ マ ザ キ ン の 作 用. 宇 都 宮 大 学 雑 草 科 学 研 究 セ ン タ ー from upland fields of Utsunomiya University (Received March 6, 1995) in February 1994 and stored at 5°C in the dark 216 Weed Research, Japan Vol. 40 (1995) for 2 months. The tubers, 0.45g in average significantly inhibited even at lower concen- fresh weight, were grown in vermiculite at tration. The growth of additional shoots 30C in the dark for 3 days. Each seedling produced in herbicide-treated plants was with one plumule (about 5mm long) was very limited and some of them were etiolated planted in a 0.5 liter ceramic pot filled with (data not shown). These results indicate Utsunomiya loam soil containing 3g of com- that the two ALS inhibiting herbicides inter- pound fertilizer (N:P:K, 10:10:10). At fere with the formation of tubers and growth the 2.5 leaf stage without tillers, pyrazosul- of just emerging leaves, but promote tillering furon-ethyl at 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 or 30ppm (w/ of shoots (new shoot development) in yellow v) and imazaquin at 0, 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100ppm nutsedge. Cessation or stunting of emerging (w/v) were applied to the foliage of the yel- leaves implies that pyrazosulf uron-ethyl and low nutsedge plants. All of these herbicide imazaquin disturb the cell division at the solutions contained 200ppm (v/v) of a growing point, and this may result in the nonionic surfactant NeoestrinR and the spray promotion of tiller bud initiation (sink). In volume was equivalent to 150 liter/ha. Prior general, ALS inhibiting herbicides have no to the herbicide application, the soil surface direct effects on photosynthesis9); however, was covered with a layer of sawdust to pre- imazamethabenz, for example, inhibits the vent root absorption of the herbicides. The phloem transport of photosynthates sawdust was removed 2 hrs after application. All plants were grown in a greenhouse maintained at 20 to 30C under natural day- light conditions. The number and fresh weight of newly formed tubers and the num- ber of shoots were recorded 90 days after application. There were five replicates at each application rate. Results and Discussion Fig. 1. Effect of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl on the tuber In pyrazosulf uron-ethyl treatment, the yields and shoot number of yellow nutsedge. Number and fresh weight of tubers, and shoot num- number and the total and average fresh ber were recorded 90 days after pyrazosulfuron-ethyl weight of tubers were decreased with the application. increase in herbicide concentration, and no tubers were formed at 30ppm; in contrast, the number of shoots was increased at 1 to 30 ppm (Fig. 1). Imazaquin showed similar effects; it decreased the total and fresh weight, and the number of tubers at 1 to 100 ppm, but increased the number of shoots at 100 to 300ppm (Fig. 2). In plants treated with the herbicides, the growth of mature leaves which had already emerged at the time Fig. 2. Effect of imazaquin on the tuber yields and shoot number of yellow nutsedge. of application was hardly interrupted, while Number and fresh weight of tubers, and shoot number emergence or elongation of new leaves was were recorded 90 days after imazaquin application. M. Ogasawara et at.: Promotion of Shoot Tillering 217 (source)1,3). Such enhanced tillering may References therefore be due, in part, to changes in sink- 1) Bestman, H. O., M.D. Devine and W. H. Vanden- source balance in yellow nutsedge caused by Born 1990. Herbicide chlorsulfuron reduces pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazaquin. assimilate transport out of treated leaves of Furthermore, it is well known that auxins field pennycress seedlings. Plant Physiol. 93, 1441-1448. such as IAA [3-indoleacetic acid], 2, 4-D [2, 2) Bhalla, P. and S.M. Shehata 1991. Imid- 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid] and NA [1, 8- azolinones as plant growth regulators. In naphthalic anhydride] act as antagonists of "The Imidazolinone Herbicides" ed. by Shaner, ALS inhibiting herbicides5). We also found D. L. and O'Connor, CRC Press, Inc., Boca that promotive effects of pyrazosulfuron- Raton Florida, pp. 257-259. ethyl and bensulfuron-methyl [methyl 2- [3- 3) Chao, J. F., W. A. QuiK, Al. Hsiao, and H. S. Xie (4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) ureidosul- 1994. Effect of imazamethabenz on histology fonylmethyl] benzoate] on sprouting of lat- and histochemistry of polysaccharides in the main shoot of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). eral buds in Cyperus serotinus tubers were Weed Sci. 42, 345-352. canceled by tank-mixing with IAA and 4) Chao, J. F., Al. Hsiao and W. A. Quick 1993. MCPA [4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic Effects of imazanethabenz on the main shoot acid] (unpublished). Although the effects of growth and tillering of wild oat (Avena fatua ALS inhibiting herbicides on endogenous L.). J. Plant Growth Regul. 12, 141-147. auxin level have not been fully identified, it 5) Kriton, K. Hatzios and H. R. Robert 1989. was found that imazaquin inhibited the Crop safeners for herbicides, Academic Press, release of auxin-induced ethylene from Inc., San Diego, California 92101, pp. 204-217. 6) Ogasawara, M., K. Takahashi, K. Yoneyama, Xanthium strumarium and soybean leaf Y. Takeuchi and M. Konnai 1993. Aceto- discs. These studies suggest that enhanced lactate synthase inhibiting herbicides promote tillering in pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imaza- lateral bud sprouting. in Cyperus serotinus quin-treated yellow nutsedge plants may be tubers. Weed Res. Japan 38, 253-258. closely related to changes in endogenous 7) Ogasawara, M., K. Takahashi, Y. Takeuchi hormone balance, presumably auxin which and M. Konnai 1993. Physiological effects of plays an important role in apical dominance. ALS inhibiting herbicides on perennial weeds. As mentioned above, growth abnormalities in Weed Res., Japan 38 (Suppl.), 30-32. (in ALS inhibiting herbicide-treated plants may Japanese) 8) Ray, T.B. 1984. The mode of action of chlor- result from not only depletion of branched sulfuron: Inhibition of valine and isoleucine amino acids but also changes in endogenous biosynthesis in plants. Plant Physiol. 75, 827- hormone balance and sink-source balance. 831. Proliferated shoots in yellow nutsedge treat- 9) Ray, T. B. 1982. The mode of action of chlor- ed with pyrazosulf uron-ethyl and imazaquin sulfuron: A new herbicide for cereals. Pestic. would not grow normally. However, they Biochem. Physiol. 17, 10-17. will grow normally when they are detached 10) Shaner, D. L., P. C. Anderson and M. A. Stidham from the mother plant by mowing and placed 1984.
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