In Vitro Biological Investigations on Syzygium Polyanthum Cultivars

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 19–1069/2019/22–6–1399–1406 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1214 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article In Vitro Biological Investigations on Syzygium polyanthum Cultivars Mahmoud Dogara Abdulrahman1,3, Hasan Nudin Nur Fatihah1, Mohammed Moneruzzaman Khandaker1†, Abdul Manaf Ali1,2 and Nashriyah Mat1† 1School of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Natural Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Islam Malaysia, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, P.M.B 2339, Kaduna state, Nigeria *For correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] †These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) popularly known as Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan is consumed in Peninsular Malaysia as Ulam and as a remedy to hypertension, diabetes, endometriosis, cancer and postpartum. The medicinal property of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan was highlighted by the local traditional healers but not yet ascertained scientifically. Radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), α-glucosidase inhibition and antimicrobial assays were used to evaluates their biological activity. The ethanolic leaves extract of Serai Kayu Hutan showed a high antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging activities, reducing power and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity at 2.34 µg/mL, 37.32 mmol/g and 19.6 µg/mL, respectively. All the tested parts of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan exhibited activity against all the tested microorganisms with a moderate of zone inhibition of (4–28 mm) similar to the ampicillin used excepts in Listeria monocytogen no inhibition. Both the Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan exhibited the potentials to be utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries and proved claim of traditional medical practitioners. © 2019 Friends Science Publishers Keywords: Antioxidant; α-glucosidase; Radical scavenging; Medicinal use Introduction Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been considered as the main producer of free radicals electron Plants produced natural substance or chemical as secondary through oxygen metabolism as a byproduct (Knezevic et al., metabolites which are very important in prevention, 2016). Pathogenic microorganisms are becoming resistance pollination and adaptation (Jaberian et al., 2013; Yang et al., to present conventional antibiotics which is very alarming 2018). The secondary metabolites produced by the plant’s (Gowri and Vasantha, 2010; Ali et al., 2015). parts are generally utilized in many aspects of day to day life Today pathogenic microorganisms are constantly of a man. These chemical produces are known to have wide developing drug resistance against numerous drugs that are biological application either processed or not processed constantly used in order to overcome their challenges in (Abdulrahman et al., 2018a; Mostafa et al., 2018). human body (Ramli et al., 2017). Utilization of the whole Nature has design systems of human to contain great plants and plant parts to treat diverse ailments has long variety of cells, which involve different molecules within being in practice all over the world both in developing and them. The molecules are made up of different atoms linked developed countries through traditional medicinal system through a chemical bonding. Under normal circumstances (Jaberian et al., 2013). Due to many problem associated the bonds between the atoms does not split in a situation with the resistance of microbes toward the antibiotics, the whereby it leaves the molecules only with an odd unpaired present day medicine have led to the much interest on plants electron. But the free radicals are formed as a result of the with promising traditional history (Abdulrahman et al., splitting of weak bond. These unpaired free radicals electron 2018a). Medicinal plants constituents thousands of valuable is quite unstable, there nature makes them to look for any compounds with therapeutic potentials. The usefulness of compound within to react in other to gain stability (Floegel ethnobotany cannot be overemphasized if standardized in et al., 2011; Javadi et al., 2014). Usually they attack the vitro methods that can validate traditional herbalist claim. closest stable compound, which make it to lose it electrons Therefore, standard method must be establish for extraction and become free radicals in the body system resulting in the and exploration of biological activity (Das et al., 2010). damaging of the cells which has serious negative effect. In Asia medicinal plants have contributed significantly To cite this paper: Abdulrahman, M.D., H.N.N. Fatihah, M.M. Khandaker, A.M. Ali and N. Mat, 2019. In Vitro biological investigations on Syzygium polyanthum cultivars. Intl. J. Agric. Biol., 22: 1399‒1406 Abdulrahman et al. / Intl. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 22, No. 6, 2019 in the traditional medicinal system. Malaysia is a tropical plant samples were carried out using Soxhlet method. country with diverse flora and fauna as a result of almost Whatman no 2-filter paper was used to filter the product of rain, high humidity and hot temperature throughout the year. the extraction. Evaporation machine was used (E-Z-2-Elite) The condition makes it favourable for many medicinal to obtain crude extract from both the ethanolic and aqueous plants to be grown in the country. Myrtaceae is a pan plant parts. The vacuum was set at 40ºC and pressure of the tropical family of trees and shrubs with nearly about 55 solvent at 300 and 72 for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, thousand species, classified into 2 sub-family, 17 tribes and respectively. The obtained crude extract from the leaves, 142 genera. They are mainly found in large amount of bark and root was kept in oven for overnight to obtain the number in Central America, South America, Australia and extract yield (Wang et al., 2010; Ramli et al., 2017). southern hemisphere. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp Yield of extract = dried extract / weight of dried material × 100 is a tree ranging between 22 m tall with glabrous or greenish brown bark. Opposite leaves with eliptic apex angle and 6.4.1.2 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical cuneate base shape. S. polyanthum grows in low land areas, Scavenging Activity widely distributed in tropical, subtropical region of the world. The plants have several local names it depends on the A 200 μL of DPPH methanolic solution (0.004% w/v) was location of the plant species. In Malaysia the species has added to 100 μL of leaves, bark, root (ethanolic and two cultivars known as Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan aqueous) and essential oil at 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 (Abdulrahman et al., 2018b). and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The mixture was kept for 30 From the literature survey, there is no comprehensive min in the dark at room temperature and reduction of DPPH report with respect to the utilization of S. polyanthum was measured at 517 nm. The percentage of scavenging cultivars (Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan) by the Malay activity was evaluated by comparing with the control (100 ethnic group in Terengganu state Peninsular Malaysia for μL methanol + 200 μL DPPH). Quercetin was used as treating of various ailments and improvements of health standards. The radical scavenging activity was calculated status. In this present study we examine the potential of using the formula: using plants parts of S. polyanthum cultivars Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan extract of ethanolic and aqueous Inhibition (%) = [(Ao - A1)/ Ao)] × 100 as antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition and antimicrobial activities. Where, Ao is the absorbance of the control reaction and A1 is the absorbance of the sample itself. Materials and Methods The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (extract concentration that cause 50% scavenging of DPPH radical) Taxonomic Identification were determined from the graph of scavenging percentage against the extract concentrations (1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, Taxonomic identification and herbarium deposition, 50 and 100 μg/mL). All analyses were done in three herbarium specimens of Serai Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan different experiments (Jaberian et al., 2013; Poojary et al., were collected from natural habitat and home gardens. 2015; Tan and Lim, 2015). The species were identified and fully confirmed by a botanist at the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay (UniSZA), after which the identified herbarium specimen was further taken to the Universiti Kebangsaan A working FRAP solution was prepared by mixing 300 mM Malaysia (UKMB) and the University of Malaya (KLU) acetate buffer, 10 mM (2,4,6-tri (2-Pyridyl) –S-triazine) (herbarium) for further identification, and finally deposited TPTZ in 40 mM HCl and 20 mM FeCl3 in the ratio of at Unisza, UKMB and KLU, herbaria, respectively. The 10:1:1 and warmed at 37°C for 10 min in a water bath following vocher number were given Unisza 00395, before use. A 285 μL of the working FRAP solution was Unisza 00396, UM-KLU49443, UM-KLU49444, UKMB added to 15 μL of plant samples (ethanolic and aqueous) 40352, UKMB 40353, respectively. and essential oil of 100 μg/mL, respectively and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min. Absorbance was Sample Extraction read at 539 nm. FeSO4.7H2O with concentration between 125 to 1000 μM was used as a standard and the results were The collected plants parts (leaves, bark and root) from Serai expressed as mmoles of Fe2+ equivalents per gram of dried Kayu and Serai Kayu Hutan were washed using tap water to extract mmol Fe2+/g (Mayur et al., 2010). remove dirty, stains and latex. The washed parts were arranged accordingly and cover with a tissue paper for air α-glucosidase Inhibition Assay drying until it dried completely. Dried samples of leaves, bark and root were grinded to powder using grinding The alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity was performed.

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