JISE () 2021 : –

Journal of Innovative Science Education

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jise

Development of Medicinal Ethnobotany Study-Based Encyclopedia as Plantae Study Media

Devi Hadiati, Amin Retnoningsih, Talitha Widiatningrum

Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang,

Article Info Abstract Article History : The competence of plantae material is grouping plants' characteristics into Received divisions and linking their roles in life. This study aims to test the validity and Accepted Published effectiveness of the encyclopedia media for medicinal plants in Berastagi and Desa Pantai Labu, North Sumatra. Research methods and development of Keywords: medicinal plants encyclopedia using the model analysis, design, development, Encyclopedia, Ethnobot- any, Medicinal Plants implementation, and evaluation. The medicinal plants' encyclopedia was developed from the exploration research results, which were then validated and readability tests. The trial was conducted at SMA N 16 Medan using one control class (without an encyclopedia) and one experiment class (using an encyclopedia and textbooks). The exploration and identification of medicinal plant species in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Village found 30 species of medicinal plants belonging to 17 families. The characteristics of the encyclopedia of medicinal plants include images in the encyclopedia from the research results in the form of identification and inclusion of scientific names, local names, and the benefits of medicinal plants. The validation of media experts is 98%, and material experts are 95% with very valid criteria. The media readability test is 90.50% with easy-to-understand standards. The media's effectiveness in the cognitive aspects of the experiment class was higher than the control class, namely by 90% with very effective criteria. Classical mastery of the experiment class's psychomotor aspects and affective aspects was 100% with very effective criteria.

 correspondence : p-ISSN 2252-6412 Jalan Kelud Utara III No.37, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia 50237 e-ISSN 2502-4523

E-mail: [email protected]

Devi Hadiati, et al. / Journal of Innovative Science Education () 2021 : -

INTRODUCTION Encyclopedias are enrichment books to complement textbooks (Nurhatmi, 2015). Basic competencies (KD) learned in the Attractive medicinal plant encyclopedia media plantae material for high school level consist of are easy to understand so that students’ interest two basic competencies such as KD 3.8 and KD and learning outcomes increase, especially in 4.8. The two KD respectively are grouping plantae material (Sukoco et al., 2016). These plants into divisions and linking their roles in media are a comprehensive source of daily life, as well as presenting phenetic, information and the explanation is equipped phylogenetic, and plant-related roles in daily life. with interesting and relevant pictures or photos The plantae material for high school is very so that students’ insight increases. broad, consisting three groups of plants such as The development of an encyclopedia of mosses, ferns, and seed plants. There are around medicinal plants based on ethnobotany studies 30,000 types of plants in Indonesia, 7000 of has several advantages. Ethnobotany includes which have medicinal properties (Jumiran et al., the study of the interaction between local 2017).Therefore, the types of plants in the plantae communities and the surrounding environment material need to be selected so that students can in the use of plants as medicine (Meliki, 2013). easily understand them and the KD targets can The use of plants as medicine is one of the roles be achieved. of plants for life that needs to be introduced so The results of observations and interviews that students can apply it in their daily life at five high schools in Medan City show that (Arham et al., 2016). plantae learning material has not been associated Community’s knowledge about with a role in everyday life. Learning media and ethnobotany is very important to dig up learning meeting time are limited so that it is not information on the local potential of medicinal sufficient to learn all the plantae materials. plants (Handayani, 2015). Ethnobotany-based Teachers generally use textbooks, students’ encyclopedia is a contextual media, because it is worksheets, power point media, and school extracted from people’s knowledge directly along libraries as students learning resources. Students with the development of science and technology. tend to memorize the material and the learning The objective of this study was to analyze process which is less active so that students do the validity and effectiveness of using not master the plantae material well and learning encyclopedia media for medicinal plants in outcomes are less than optimal because most plantae learning. The media are expected to help students do not achieve the minimum students to achieve KD in the cognitive, completeness criteria (KKM). psychomotor, and affective learning outcomes. The results of interviews with students showed that students had difficulty in METHODS understanding the plantae material because the teacher only used the lecture method and did not The research and development of an carry out practicum activities. Students find it encyclopedia of medicinal plants use the ADDIE difficult to recognize scientific names because model which consists of stages (Analysis, Design, the characteristics of plants cannot be Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The understood. Students never describe the analysis stage includes observation to determine characteristics of plants and relate its role in the form of instructional media required for everyday life, therefore, not all targets in KD 3.8 exploration and interviews in the Berastagi area, and 4.8 can be achieved. Karo Regency and in Pantai Labu Village, Deli Plantae learning material is closely related Serdang Regency in order to obtain medicinal to the use of local biological resources as a plant data and ethnobotan. The design stage is medium of learning. Local wealth-based learning carried out to develop the content and concept of using encyclopedia media is proven to be able to a medicinal plant encyclopedia by considering improve cognitive, psychomotor, and affective the functional and aesthetic aspects. The learning outcomes (Wismarini et al., 2012). development stage is to develop a product 9

Devi Hadiati, et al. / Journal of Innovative Science Education () 2021 : - according to the results of analysis and design. effectiveness of using the encyclopedia is The validation of product development results is measured through large-scale tests. This test is determined through the assessment of material carried out on the control class (using textbooks) and media experts, which is then revised and the experimental class (using textbooks and according to the validator’s suggestions. Small- encyclopedias). The effectiveness of using the scale tests and large-scale tests are carried out encyclopedia is measured in the cognitive, during the implementation stage. psychomotor, and affective aspects. The The implementation stage was carried out evaluation stage is to revise the encyclopedia at SMA Negeri 16 Medan on March - May 2019. product based on the results of implementation. A small-scale test was carried out through filling The main data collection of this study are out a questionnaire to 10 X MIA students to shown in Table 1 ensure the encyclopedia’s readability level. The

Table 1. Data Collection Techniques No Types Data collection techniques Instrument 1. Types of medicinal plants Methods Plant bservation sheets and ethnobotany plants used by the and interviews Exploration community 2. Characteristics of Design Sheet design encyclopedia 3. Validation of theValidation Questionnaire Sheet observation 4.. Readability of the Questionnaire Sheet observation Readability 5. Cognitive learning Test Prestest and posttest questions outcomes 6. Psychomotor learning Observation Sheet observation outcomes 7. Affective learning Observation Sheet observation outcomes

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Types of Medicinal Plants in Berastagi and The results of this study consist of 1) types Pantai Labu Village of plants medicine in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Thirty species of medicinal plants found Village, 2) encyclopedia characteristics, 3) in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Village belonging encyclopedia validation results, 4) encyclopedia to 17 families which are dominated by readability, and 5) analysis of the effectiveness of Lamiaceae, Myrtacceae, Fabaceae, and using encyclopedias on aspects (cognitive, Euphorbiaceae. List of types of medicinal herbs psychomotor, and affective). and their benefits are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Plant Medicine and Benefits in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Village No Name Family Name Species Benefits of plants 1. Polytrichaceae Polytrichum commune L. Treating trush 2. Cyatheaceae Cythea contamina L. Treating medicine after child birth 3. Annonaceae Annoa muricata Treating lumbago, dysentey and boils 4. Apiaceae Centella asiatica L. Treating nosebleeds, ulcers and hemorrhoids

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Continued Table 2. Types of medicinal plants and their benefits in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Village No Name Family Name Species Benefits of plants 5. Apocynaceae Adenium obesum L. Treating gonorrhea 6. Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Treating flatulence, heartburn and vomiting 7. Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamine Treating fever and diabetes

8. Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Treating coughs and fever 9. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophyla L. Treating constipation and asthma Jatropha curcas L. Treating itching disease Jatropha mulifida L. Treating wounds Phyllanthus urinarian L. Treating malaria, cough, and epilepsy 10. Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Treating diabetes and worms in the intestine Senna alata L. Treating ring worm 11. Lamiaceae Mentha piperita L. Treating colds Ocimum sanctum Treating ring worm and fla tulence Ortoshiphon aristatus L. Treating urinary tract infections Plectranthus scutellarioides Treating pain and wounds 12. Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum L. Treating inflammation of the intestine Urena lobate L. Treating influenza and swelling 13. Meliaceae Melia azedaracch L. Treating hypertension 14. Mrytaceae Melaleuca quinquenervia L. Treating insomnia and rheumatism Psidium guajava L . Treating pain diarrhea polyanthum L. Treating pain of gout and diabetes 15. Poaceae Cymbopongan ciratus Treating coughs up phlegm and appetite enhancer Imperata cylindrical L. Treating hospital for urine laxative 16. Rutaceae Ruta graveolens L. Treating menstrual pain, cramps, loss of appetite, and high blood pressure 17. Zingiberceae Alpin ia galanga L. Treating skin fungus or tinea versicolor Curcuma xanthorrhiza Treating liver, hepatitis and lymph disease

The findings in both locations indicate several studies can have biological to antiviral that the and Fabaceae families have activity (El-Toumy et al., 2018; Sarikurkcu et al., wide adaptability so that they can live in various 2020). ecosystems (Nurasyikin, 2019). Myrtaceae leaves There are also flowers in the plants in the contain various oil compounds secreted by the sampling area that can be used as herbs, for glands in the leaves. These compounds can be in example, the flowers from the Lamiaceae family. the form of essential oils and other terpenoids Flowers from this family are widely used as (Niinemets, 2018). Some Fabaceae leaves have medicine, fragrances, and essential oils. The been shown to contain polyphenols, which are in compound content in the Lamiaceae family is

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Devi Hadiati, et al. / Journal of Innovative Science Education () 2021 : - essential aromatic oil compounds, phenolic, insights so that their understanding increases tannins, saponins, and organic acids (Anggraini, (Dyah & Suarsini, 2016). 2017). The advantage of the encyclopedia of Plants from the three families above are medicinal plants compared to other teaching commonly cultivated plants. There are also materials is that it can be used for independent plants that grow wild on roadsides, grass fields, study, anytime and anywhere. This is because areas that are exposed to sunlight in lowlands this media is equipped with instructions for using without reducing their potential as the media, which will make it easier for students pharmacological agents. An example of this to learn independently. plant type is from the Euphorbiaceae family. This family contains saponins, tannins, and Media Validation of Medicinal Plant flavonoids (Nopriyanti, 2019). Encyclopedia Other plants found in this study also have Validation of the encyclopedia of biological benefits, such as plants from the medicinal plants was carried out by media and Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Apiaceae, material experts. The encyclopedia of medicinal Polytricheae, Cyathaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, plants in this study has an average media Balsaminaceae, Brassicaceae, Meliaceae, validation score of 98%, so it is included in the Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Malvaceae very valid criteria, while the material validation families. Each of these plants contains secondary score is 95% with very valid criteria. The results metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolites of the validation of media and materials are in are the key to the pharmacological effects of Table 3. plants (Romero-Benavides et al., 2017). Table 3. Expert Validation of Teaching Materials and Learning Materials Characteristics of the Encyclopedia of Expert Aspects are Percentage Criteria Medicinal Plants rated (%) The encyclopedia media have been Teaching Graphic 95% Very adapted to the basic competencies of 3.8 and 4.8, Materials aspects valid as well as students’ need. This encyclopedia is Encyclopedia 100% Very Components valid equipped with general knowledge about plants, Feasibility 100% Very plant relationships, and information on each language valid type of medicinal plant. The encyclopedia is also Averages 98% Very equipped with clear photos of the results of own valid study. `Learning Feasibility 86% Very The encyclopedia of medicinal plant material content valid contains morphological descriptions of Presentation 100% Very medicinal plants found in Berastagi and Pantai feasibility valid Labu Village, complete with information on the Language 100% Very classification and benefits of ethnobotany. This eligibility valid information can help students understand the Average 95% Very characteristics of medicinal plants, so they can valid classify medicinal plants according to their respective divisions. Validation assessment points by media Encyclopedia of medicinal plants has the experts include 3 aspects, namely 1) graphic appearance of printed media (hardcopy). This aspects, 2) encyclopedia components, and 3) encyclopedia is able to provide additional language eligibility. The media expert’s information for students because the content of assessment score shows that the media the material is not included in their textbooks. developed is very valid, yet there are still Learning media which have enrichment of revisions, namely images taken from the internet material can make students have broader need to be replaced with images of research photos themselves. The name of the compiler on

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Devi Hadiati, et al. / Journal of Innovative Science Education () 2021 : - the cover does not include the name of the easy for readers to understand them (Yulia et al., supervisor on the front of the cover, so it needs 2017). In general, the use of language in this to be replaced by the name of the supervisor on plant encyclopedia is relatively easy to the front of the cover. understand. The points of validation assessment by material experts include 3 aspects, namely 1) The Effectiveness of the Encyclopedia of content feasibility aspects, 2) presentation Medicinal Plants feasibility, and 3) language feasibility. The The effectiveness of the media is a part material expert’s assessment score shows that the of the implementation phase which is carried out media developed is very valid. Material experts as a part of a large-scale test. The effectiveness is also provide some suggestions for improvement, measured from the cognitive, psychomotor, and it is said that the scientific names of plants are affective aspects of learning outcomes. This inconsistent and the difference in morphology of large-scale test was carried out in two classes at each plant is unclear. The media have been SMA Negeri 16 Medan consisting of the control improved by prioritizing the consistency of plant class (using textbooks) and the experimental scientific names and replacing plant class (using encyclopedia and textbooks). KKM morphological information to make it clearer. in SMAN 16 Medan is 75. The learning outcomes of the cognitive aspects gained from The encyclopedia image displayed is more the pretest and posttest are presented in Table 4. attractive and makes students not bored and increases students’ curiosity and responses to Table 4. Results Of Learning Cognitive learn more deeply in accordance with the Class Average Classical Criteria environment around students (Munawwaroh et Pretest Postte complete al., 2018; Rahmati et al., 2017). st nessa Control 51.83 79.83 76.66% Effective Readability of the Encyclopedia of Medicinal Experime 61.50 86.16 90% Very nt effective Plants

The analysis of media readability is the The effectiveness of the cognitive learning implementation stage of the media in the form of outcomes of the control class is lower than the a small scale test. The small scale test was experimental class. The control class uses a followed by 10 students of X MIA class who different textbook than the experimental class were not part of the large-scale test group. The which uses textbooks and encyclopedia media. media readability questionnaire used as an The plant images in the textbook only assessment instrument contained the readability contain scientific names without any response of grammar, word difficulty, and long information from the plant image, plant and short sentences. The legibility test results characteristics, plant classification, and the showed an average value of 90.50%, which was benefits of the plant. Students find it difficult to included in the easily understood criteria. do practicum to identify the characteristics of The length and shortness of sentences can medicinal plants. Students do not get affect students’ memory. In addition, the information about the benefits of medicinal readability factor also affects the level of plants. students’ understanding of the content (Komang Students in the control class answer et al., 2017). This encyclopedia of medicinal questions on the worksheets using the plants media has an organized appearance with information in the textbook. Students’ distrust of short sentences and representative pictures. their findings closes the opportunity for the Therefore, it is hoped that it can make it easier development of analytical skills. for students to learn plantae material as well as to The experiment class trials of students use add insight and to increase students’ curiosity. teaching materials in the form of textbooks and Teaching materials that have appropriate encyclopedia media. The media of medicinal language and are communicative will make it 13

Devi Hadiati, et al. / Journal of Innovative Science Education () 2021 : - plant encyclopedia contain images of the results that psychomotor results in the effective control of medicinal plant research so that students can class and the experimental class are very easily compare the information from each plant effective. Practical implementation is assisted by image. Students find it easier to identify plants the LKS that has been provided. because the images presented in the media are In the control class, the score for the accompanied by descriptions of the types of parts aspect of observing skills tends to be lower than of the plants so they are not much different from in the experimental class. Students do not the results of students’ observations. The understand the material seriously and are not experimental class was superior because students serious in observing plants. The experimental were more active in the learning process than the class used encyclopedia media and textbooks to control class who still had difficulty in observe the morphological characteristics of identifying the characteristics of medicinal medicinal plants that had been prepared. plants. Encyclopedia media is able to foster students' Learning activities using textbooks and skills in observing plants and information on encyclopedia media are carried out contextually. descriptions of morphological features contained Contextual learning provides opportunities for in the media. students to be active in learning (Sudarisman, The aspect of identifying the control class 2013). Students’ activeness can affect motivation is also lower than the experimental class, and interest in learning, so that students feel students in the control class have difficulty in happy. Pleasure makes it easier for students to identifying plants because students references understand the material being studied (Bire et al., from textbooks and the internet are incomplete. 2017). The experimental class uses encyclopedia and The encyclopedia media for medicinal packet media, so that students have many plants based on KD for cognitive aspects is KD references to understand. 3.8. It classifies the plants into their respective The control class has a lower score for divisions and their roles in life. The development information seeking aspects than the of instructional media can improve students experimental class. It happens because students learning outcomes (Sari et al., 2012). do not understand and have difficulty in finding The psychomotor aspects of plantae the phenetic and phylogenetic relationships of material are in accordance with KD 4.8, which is medicinal plants. The experimental class has a to present the reports on phenetic and high score of information seeking aspects, phylogenetic relationships and the role of plants because students use textbooks and encyclopedia in everyday life. Each class is divided into media to understand the relationship between several groups and each group brings the tools medicinal plants contained in the media. The and materials needed. right media can help students in understanding Psychomotor assessment is carried out by plantae material and achieve learning objectives means of observation. The aspects assessed were so that students learning outcomes increase and observation skills, identification skills, and make it easier for students to study the objects of information seeking skills. Psychomotor learning study that are not available (Yelianti et al., 2016). outcomes of both classes can be seen in Table 5. Assessment of affective aspects is carried out by observation during the learning process. Table 5. The results for Psychomotor Learning Aspects that are assessed are attitudes during Class Average Classical Efficacy practicum (cooperation, thoroughness, curiosity, Completeness Criteria and responsibility), and attitude in reporting Control 81 100% Effective (honesty and discipline). Affective learning Experiment 90 100% Very outcomes in both classes can be seen in Table 6. Effective

In control and experimental class students active and creative in doing practical work, so

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Table 6. Results of Study of Affective and is very effective on cognitive, psychomotor, Class Average Classical Efficacy and affective learning outcomes. Completeness Criteria Control 85 100% Very REFERENCES effective Experiment 92 100% Very Anggraini, E., C. N. Primiani, dan J. Widiyanto, effective (2017). Kajian Observasi Tanaman Famili Lamiaceae Prosiding Seminar Nasional Control classes have lower scores practical SIMBIOSIS II, hal. 469-477, e-ISSN : aspect, because the meticulous attitude, 9772613950003. cooperation and students’ responsibility are less Arham, S., Khumaidi, A., & Pitopang, R. compact in doing practicum which is caused by (2016). “Keanekaragaman jenis the lack of students in mastering the material. tumbuhan obat tradisional dan The experimental class useds plant encyclopedia pemanfaatannya pada suku kulawi di media and textbooks in groups, so as to foster desa mataue kawasan taman nasional lore the character of cooperation and accuracy in lindu.” Jurnal Biocelebes, 10(2), 01-16. identifying the morphological characteristics of Arsana, M., Marhaeni., & Suastra, I. W. (2013). medicinal plants. Group practicum activities can Implementasi Pendeketan Pembelajaran increase students’ cooperation, encourage Kontekstual Berbantuan Media students to express their opinions, and help each Lingkungan Sekitar untuk Meningktakan other (Purnamasari et al., 2012). Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar IPA. e-jurnal The attitude of making reports also Program Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan occurs in the discipline of students. In the Ganesha, 3, 1-10. control class, students are confused about Artha, Y. G. & Saptasari, M. (2016). making reports so that this attitude makes Pengembangan Buku Ajar Etnobotani students less focused in doing practicum. Melalui Studi Etnobotani Kawasan Meanwhile, the experimental class has a higher Masyarakat Lokal Desa Trunyan, 603– reporting attitude. The use of detailed media will 607. be able to increase motivation, interest in Bire, M. O. H., Retnoningsih, A., & Ridlo, S. learning and make it easier for students to (2017). Pemahaman Konsep-Konsep pada understand the subject matter (Arsana et al., Materi Tumbuhan Akibat Pembelajaran 2013). Metode Inkuiri Terbimbing Berbantuan Mulimedia. Journal of Innovative Science CONCLUSION Education, 6(2), 265-272. Dyah, A. M. I., & Suarsini, E. (2016). This study shows that there are 30 types Pengembangan Pembelajaran of medicinal plants in Berastagi and Pantai Labu Pencemaran Lingkungan Berbasis Village which is belonging to 17 families. The Penelitian Fitoremediasi untuk characteristics of the encyclopedia of medicinal Menunjang Keterampilan Ilmiah, Sikap plants have been adjusted to the 3.8 and 4.8 Peduli Lingkungan dan Motivasi basic competencies, consisting the images which Mahasiswa pada Matakuliah Dasar-Dasar comes from the results of the research photos in Ilmu Lingkungan. Jurnal Pendidikan, 1(3), the form of hardcopy. It contains a description of 499–506. the morphological classification and benefits of El-Toumy, S. A., Salib, J. Y., El-Kashak, W. A., plants, and is equipped with instructions for Marty, C., Bedoux, G., & Bourgougnon, using media, which will make it easier for N. (2018). Antiviral effect of polyphenol students to learn independently. The medicinal rich plant extracts on herpes simplex virus plant encyclopedia deserves to be used as high type 1. Food Science and Human school media because it is very valid and easy for Wellness, 7(1), 91-101. students to understand (high readability scores),

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