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Download Download HIGEIA 1 (4) (2017) HIGEIA JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/higeia EFEKTIVITAS DAUN Citrus hystrix DAN DAUN Syzygium polyanthum SEBAGAI ZAT PENOLAK ALAMI Periplaneta americana (L.) Eki Septiani Putri Epidemiologi dan Biostatistika, Jurusan Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan, Universitas Negeri Semarang Info Artikel Abstrak ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Sejarah Artikel: Kecoa salah satu hama pemukiman yang berperan sebagai vektor penyakit. Penggunaan Diterima Agustus 2017 insektisida dapat menimbulkan resistensi kecoa. Jenis formulasi cair/semprot dan aerosol Disetujui September 2017 merupakan formulasi pestisida bagi kecoa yang paling banyak (20.25%) menimbulkan keracunan. Dipublikasikan Oktober Salah satu pengendalian yang efektif adalah menggunakan insektisida nabati yang berasal dari 2017 tumbuhan sebagai repellent. Daun salam dan daun jeruk purut mengandung minyak atsiri dengan ________________ kandungan yang berbeda, oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuktikan perbedaan Keywords: efektivitas daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) dan daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) sebagai zat Citrus hystrix, Syzygium penolak alami kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta americana). Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen murni, polyanthum, Periplaneta rancangan penelitian post-test only control group design dengan variasi sediaan berat 1,25gr, 2,5gr, 5gr, americana 10gr dan empat kali pengulangan. Sediaan yang paling efektif adalah daun jeruk purut seberat 5 gr ____________________ sebesar 84% dan daun salam 10 gr sebesar 80,5%. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan efektivitas daun jeruk purut dan daun salam dalam menolak kecoa Amerika (p=0,001<0,05). Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ Cockroaches are one of the most residential pests that can act as the most common vector of diseases. The use of insecticides can lead to cockroach resistance. One of the most effective controls is to use plant-based insecticide as a repellent. The bay leaves and kaffir lime leaves contain essential oils with different ingredients, therefore the purpose of this study is to prove the difference in effectiveness of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) and kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) as natural repellent for American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana).Method of research is true experimental by post test only with control group design, five variations are 1,25 gr, 2,5 gr, 5 gr dan 10 gr with four times repetitions. Protection ability of 5 gr of kaffir lime leaves most repel cockroaches is 84%, 10 gr of bay leaves most repel cockroaches is 80,5%. The conclusions, this research is a difference of effectiveness of kaffir lime leaves and bay leaves to repel cockroaches (p = 0.001 <0.05). © 2017 Universitas Negeri Semarang Alamat korespondensi: p ISSN 1475-362846 Gedung F5 Lantai 2 FIK Unnes Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229 e ISSN 1475-222656 E-mail: [email protected] 154 Eki Septiani Putri / Efektivitas Daun Cytrus / HIGEIA 1 (4) (2017) PENDAHULUAN Assesment (EHRA) yang dilakukan di kota Bogor. Kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta americana Kecoa merupakan salah satu hama (L.) merupakan jenis kecoa yang paling banyak pemukiman yang dapat berperan sebagai vektor ditemukan pada lingkungan pemukiman penyakit yang paling umum ditemukan di Indonesia. Di kota Bogor, kecoa merupakan tempat tinggal di seluruh dunia. Kecoa dianggap hama yang paling sering terlihat di perumahan sebagai pengganggu kesehatan karena kumuh dan sedang, di kamar mandi, di dapur, kedekatannya dengan manusia dan umumnya tempat sampah dan selokan dibandingkan hama berkembang biak mencari makan di daerah pemukiman lainnya seperti tikus, lalat dan yang kotor, seperti tempat sampah, saluran nyamuk (Herma, 2010), (Nafiz, 2009). pembuangan dan septitank. Makanan kecoa Umumnya pengendalian vektor yang dari makanan yang masih dimakan manusia dilakukan saat ini menggunakan insektisida sampai dengan kotoran manusia. Kecoa sintetik. Insektisida yang digunakan untuk mempunyai perilaku mengeluarkan makanan kecoa biasanya adalah insektisida semprot yang baru dikunyah atau memuntahkan (aerosol). Bahan yang digunakan: propoksur, makanan dari lambungnya, karena sifat inilah silica gel, resmetrin atau piretrin dan yang mereka mudah menularkan penyakit pada sinergis. Hal ini dilakukan karena lebih mudah, manusia. Tinja kecoa dilaporkan mengandung hasilnya efektif dan cepat (Raini, 2009). asam kynurenat, asam xanturenat, dan 8- Sebanyak 72.78% responden hydroxyquinaldat acids senyawa ini dilaporkan menggunakan pestisida setiap hari dan jenis bersifat mutagenik dan karsinogenik (Singgih, formulasi cair atau semprot dan aerosol 2006). merupakan formulasi pestisida yang paling Kecoa diketahui dapat menyebabkan banyak (20.25%) menimbulkan keracunan. alergi, pada daerah tropis seperti Asia Tenggara Formulasi cair dan aerosol tersebut berisi kejadian alergi terhadap kecoa lebih tinggi droplet halus berbentuk butiran yang berukuran daripada kejadian alergi tehadap pollens (serbuk sangat kecil, oleh karena itu pestisida dengan sari) dan house dust (debu rumah). Jenis alergen bentuk formulasi cair/aerosol akan mudah yang paling banyak menimbulkan hasil positif menguap serta mudah terhisap oleh pernafasan adalah kecoa (32,9%) (Dewi, 2016). (Yuliani, 2011). Selain itu residu insektisida Kecoa merupakan salah satu indikator akan tinggal di permukaan yang disemprotkan, dalam baik atau buruknya sanitasi di Indonesia tempat dimana serangga bersarang dan berjalan karena menurut Permenkes No 48 standar yang dapat menimbulkan dampak merugikan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja perkantoran bagi manusia berupa keracunan, kerusakan dalam pengendalian vektor dan binatang ekosistem, pencemaran lingkungan, dan pembawa penyakit kriteria indeks kecoa resistensi hama sasaran. maksimal 2 ekor/plate (20x20m) dalam Oleh karena itu, perlu ditemukan cara pengukuran 24 jam (Kemenkes, 2016). Menurut yang lebih aman untuk mengendalikan kecoa Permenkes No 60 standar dan persyaratan tanpa menggunakan insektisida sintetik. Salah kesehatan lingkungan kerja industri kriteria satu solusi yang dapat dipertimbangkan adalah angka rata-rata indeks populasi kecoa menggunakan insektisida nabati yang berbentuk (Periplaneta americana) tiap malam yang sebagai zat penolak (repellent) berbahan baku ditangkap menggunakan sticky trap paling alami yang diperoleh dari tumbuh-tumbuhan. rendah ≤ 1 dan paling tinggi > 1 (Kemenkes, Kelebihan penggunaan pestisida nabati 2016). secara khusus dibandingkan dengan pestisida Tahun 2010 jamban yang bebas dari sintetik adalah mudah terurai di alam sehingga kecoa dan lalat hanya 82,87%, hal ini tidak mencemari lingkungan dan relatif aman dikategorikan masih berisiko cukup tinggi bagi manusia serta hewan peliharaan karena menurut laporan Environmental Health Risk residunya mudah hilang, mudah diperoleh di 155 Eki Septiani Putri / Efektivitas Daun Cytrus / HIGEIA 1 (4) (2017) alam, dan cara pembuatannya relatif mudah (3,69%). Daun jeruk purut mengandung minyak (Asmaliyah, 2010). atsiri yang didalamnya terdapat senyawa Selain mempunyai kelebihan insektisida linalool yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan nabati juga mempunyai kekurangan yaitu daya penolak serangga (repellent) (Abidatun, 2013). kerjanya relatif lambat, tidak membunuh jasad Kedua sediaan tanaman tersebut pada sasaran secara langsung, kadang-kadang harus penelitian terdahulu di ujicobakan pada spesies diaplikasikan atau disemprotkan secara kecoa yang berbeda yaitu Periplaneta americana berulang-ulang, tidak tahan disimpan dan tidak dan Blatella germanica. Periplaneta americana tahan sinar matahari (Hasanah, 2012). mempunyai ukuran tubuh yang lebih besar dan Salah satu tanaman yang mengandung kandungan minyak atsiri dari masing-masing minyak esensial dan konstituennya telah sediaan daun yang berbeda. Selain itu daun diusulkan sebagai alternatif pengendalian yang salam sudah lama dipercaya dapat digunakan potensial untuk digunakan sebagai agen kontrol untuk mengusir kecoa. Tanaman- tanaman serangga. Senyawa tumbuhan yang diduga tersebut adalah tanaman lokal Indonesia yang berfungsi sebagai insektisida diantaranya kerap dijumpai di masyarakat dan dapat mudah golongan sianida, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, tumbuh sehingga perlu adanya evaluasi alkaloid, steroid, dan minyak atsiri (Isman, perbandingan keefektifan dari kedua sediaan 2006). dengan perlakuan yang sama sehingga dapat Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi dimanfaatkan dengan maksimal oleh sebagai insektisida adalah daun salam (Syzygium masyarakat, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukannya polyanthum). Daun salam sebanyak 5 gram yang penelitian mengenai perbandingan efektivitas dipotong kecil-kecil terbukti dapat menjadi zat daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) dan daun salam penolak alami bagi kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta (Syzygium polyanthum) sebagai zat penolak alami americana) dewasa selama 72 jam (Mahardianti, bagi kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta americana L.) 2014). yang bertujuan untuk membuktikan perbedaan Minyak atsiri dalam daun salam efektivitas daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) mengandung sitral, seskuiterpen, lakton, dan daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) sebagai zat eugenol dan fenol. Selain itu senyawa yang penolak alami bagi kecoa Amerika (Periplaneta terkandung dalam daun salam antara lain americana L.). saponin dan polifenol (Utami, 2013). Senyawa eugenol yang terdapat pada daun salam dapat METODE digunakan untuk membasmi kecoa
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