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Bab Ii Tinjauan Pustaka A BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA A. Daun salam 1. Deskripsi dan Klasifikasi Daun Salam Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. atau yang dikenal dengan sebutan daun salam atau manting dalam bahasa Jawa merupakan pohon yang berperawakan kecil hingga besar yang pada umumnya ditanam di pekarangan atau halaman rumah. (Deden Mudiana & Esti E., 2011). Klasifikasi tanaman Syzygium polyanthum menurut Backer & Brink (1963) adalah sebagai berikut : Kingdom : Plantae Division : Spermatophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Myrtales Family : Myrtaceae Genus : Syzygium 4 Formulasi Sediaan Krim..., Ragil Kurniawati, Fakultas Farmasi UMP, 2015 5 Species : Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp Synonym : Eugenia polyantha Wight Salam termasuk ke dalam family Myrtaceae yang menyebar di Asia Tenggara, mulai dari Burma, Indocina, Thailand, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Di Jawa tumbuh di Jawa Barat sampai Jawa Timur pada ketinggian 5 m sampai 1000 m di atas permukaan laut (Utami, 2008). Pohon ini ditemukan tumbuh liar di hutan-hutan daerah pegunungan dengan ketinggian 1800 m atau di pekarangan rumah (Musanif et al., 2008). Salam adalah nama pohon penghasil daun rempah yang digunakan dalam masakan Nusantara. Salam dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Indonesian bay leaf atau Indonesian laurel, sedangkan nama ilmiahnya adalah Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Salam merupakan pohon abadi yang dapat tumbuh setinggi 30 m. Daun salam menghasilkan aroma ketika menghasilkan aroma ketika diremas. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. berhabitus pohon yang berukuran sedang, tinggi dapat mencapai 30 m. Kulit batang berwarna coklat abu-abu, memecah atau bersisik. Daun tunggal terletak berhadapan, dengan tangkai hingga 12 mm. helai daun berbentuk jorong-lonjong, jorong sempit atau lanset, berukuran 5-16 x 2,5-7 cm, berbintik kelenjar minyak yang sangat halus. Karangan bunga berupa malai dengan banyak kuntum bunga, berukuran 2-8 cm, muncul di bawah daun atau kadang-kadang pada ketiak. Bunga kecil-kecil, berbau harum,kelopak seperti mangkuk, panjangnya sekitar 4 mm, mahkota lepas-lepas, putih, berukuran 2,5-3,5 mm, berwarna jingga kekuningan. Buah buni membulat atau agak tertekan, berukuran 12 mm, bermahkota keeping kelopak, berwarna merah sampai ungu kehitaman apabila masak (ICRAF, 2008). 2. Kandungan Kimia Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Tanaman salam (Syzygium polyanthum) yang biasa dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Indonesia sebagai pelengkap bumbu dapur juga mempunyai khasiat sebagai obat. Kandungan kimia daun dan kulit batang salam banyak mengandung minyak atsiri, saponin, flavanon, alkaloid, polifenol, dan tanin. Formulasi Sediaan Krim..., Ragil Kurniawati, Fakultas Farmasi UMP, 2015 6 Kandungan minyak esensial daun salam sebesar 90,05% yang terdiri dari sitral, eugenol, tanin, fenol sederhana, dan senyawa flavonoid. Rasanya agak kaku dan aromatic (Musanif et al., 2008). Kandungan kimianya antara lain adalah saponin, triterpen, polifenol, sesquiterpenoid, dan lakton (Utami, 2008). Daun salam diketahui mengandung vitamin A, vitamin C, dan vitamin E yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan (Riansari, 2008). Sebagian besar komponen minyak atsiri terdiri dari senyawa terpenoid. Oleh karena itu minyak atsiri termasuk ke dalam golongan terpenoid. Sebagian besar terpenoid mempunyai kerangka karbon yang dibangun oleh dua atau lebih unit C- 5 yang disebut unit isoprene (Lenny, 2006). Klasifikasi terpenoid ditentukan dari unit isoprene penyusun senyawa tersebut. Secara umum biosintesis dari terpenoid terjadi melalui 3 reaksi dasar (Lenny, 2006) yaitu : a. Pembentukan isoprene aktif berasal dari asam asetat melalui asam mevalonat b. Penggabungan kepala dan ekor dua unit isoprene akan membentuk mono-, sesqui-, di-, dan –terpenoid. c. Penggabungan ekor dan ekor dari unit C-15 atau C-20 menghasilkan triterpenoid dan steroid Minyak atsiri yang terkandung dalam salam secara umum berfungsi sebagai antimikroba. Mekanisme toksisitas senyawa sesquiterpenoid yang terdapat dalam minyak atsiri terhadap mikroorganisme kemungkinan terlibat dalam kerusakan membrane sel mikroba oleh senyawa lipofilik (Murtini, 2006). Penggunaan daun salam sebagai obat disebabkan oleh kandungan senyawa kimianya yakni pada daun salam kering terdapat sekitar 0,17% minyak esensial, dengan komponen penting eugenol dan metal kavikol (methyl chavicol) di dalamnya. Ekstrak etanol dari daun menunjukkan efek antijamur dan antibakteri (Guzman, dan Siemonsma, 1999). 3. Manfaat Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) digunakan terutama sebagai rempah pengharum masakan di sejumlah negara di Asia Tenggara, baik untuk masakan daging, ikan, sayur mayor, maupun nasi. Daun ini dicampurkan dalam keadaan Formulasi Sediaan Krim..., Ragil Kurniawati, Fakultas Farmasi UMP, 2015 7 utuh, kering atau pun segar, dan turut dimasak hingga makanan tersebut matang. Rempah ini memberikan aroma herba yang khas namun tidak keras. Kayunya yang tergolong ke dalam kayu kelat ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bangunan dan perabot rumah tangga. Kulit batang salam mengandung tanin, kerap dimanfaatkan untuk mewarnai dan mengawetkan jala dan bahan anyaman dari bamboo dan lain-lain. Kulit batang dan daun salam biasa digunakan sebagai bahan ramuan tradisional untuk menyembuhkan sakit perut. Kulit batang daun atau akar setelah dicuci bersih digiling halus samapi seperti bubur digunakan untuk pemakaian pada infeksi kulit seperti kudis dan gatal-gatal. Salah satu manfaat daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) adalah sebagai tanaman obat potensial di Indonesia. Akhir-akhir ini orang menggunakan daun S. polyanthum untuk mengobati kencing manis (diabetes mellitus), tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi), sakit maag (gastritis), diare dan asam urat (Utami, 2008). Daun salam (S. polyanthum) mengandung minyak atsiri (sitral dan eugenol), tanin dan flavonoid. Komponen fenolik yang terdapat dalam tumbuhan memiliki kemampuan mereduksi yang berperan penting dalam menyerap dan menetralkan radikal bebas, dan dekomposisi peroksid (Indrayana, 2008). B. Staphylococcus aureus 1. Morfologi Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri gram positif pada pengecatan gram terlihat bentuk kokus ukurannya 0,8-1,0 mm dengan diameter 0,7-0,9 mikron. Bakteri ini tumbuh secara anaerobic fakultatif dengan membentuk kumpulan sel- sel yang bentuknya seperti buah anggur, (Srikandi, F, 1993) tidak bergerak ditemukan satu-satu, berpasangan berantai pendek atau bergerombol menyerupai buah anggur. Pada isolasi pertama kali dari kuman ini terlihat pembentukan pigmen kuning keemasan. Pigmen ini digolongkan sebagai lipokhrom. (G. Bonang, E.S. Koeswardono, 1979) 2. Sifat Biakan Staphylococcus aureus tumbuh dengan baik pada berbagai media bakteriologi dibawah suasana aerobic atau mikroaerofilik . koloni akan tumbuh dengan cepat Formulasi Sediaan Krim..., Ragil Kurniawati, Fakultas Farmasi UMP, 2015 8 pada temperature 37oC namun pembentukan pigmen yang terbaik adalah pada temperature kamar (20oC-35oC) koloni pada media padat akan berbentuk bulat, lembut dan mengkilat. Pada pembenihan cair menyebabkan kekeruhan yang merata tidak membentuk pigmen. Pada nutrient agar setelah diinkubasi selama 24 jam koloni berpigmen kuning emas, ukuran 2-4 mm, bulat, cembung tepi rata. Pada agar darah atau media BAP sekeliling koloni akan terlihat zona beta hemolisa (zona jernih) yang lebar. 3. Toksin dan Enzim Staphylococcus aureus dapat menimbulkan penyakit melalui kemampuan berkembangbiakdan menyebar luas dalam jaringan melalui pembentukan berbagai zat ekstraseluler. Beberapa zat ini adalah enzim. Sedangkan yang lain diduga toksin, meskipun berfungsi sebagai enzim kebanyakan toksin berada di bawah pengendalian genetic plasmid atau DNA yang berbentuk cerkuler dan terdapat di dalam kromosom. (Jawetz. E., 1991) 4. Pathogenesis Staphylococcus aureus merupakan penyebab terjadinya infeksi yang bersifat Piogenik. Bakteri ini dapat masuk dalam kulit melalui folikel-folikel rambut , muara kelenjar keringat dan luka-luka kecil. Staphylococcus mempunyai sifat menghemolisis eritrosit, memecah manitol menjadi asam. Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu Staphylococcus yang mempunyai kemampuan besar untuk menimbulkan penyakit. Manusia merupakan pembawa Staphylococcus aureus dalam hidung sebanyak 40-50% juga bisa ditemukan di baju, sprei dan benda- benda lainnya di lingkungan sekitar manusia. Staphylococcus aureus dapat menyebabkan gangguan keseshatan pada manusia karena dapat menghasilkan toksin salah satunya adalah enterotoksin dan beberapa enzim ektra seluler yang terdiri dari hemolisa (alfa, beta, gama), leukosidin, toksin neukrosa kulit. Enterotoksin adalah toksin yang bekerja pada saluran pencernaan yang dapat menyebabkan keracunan makanan dengan gejala- gejala seperti mual, muntah, kejang perut, dan diare. Bersifat tahan panas dan resisten terhadap enzim pepsin dan tripsin. Gejala keracunan makanan karena Formulasi Sediaan Krim..., Ragil Kurniawati, Fakultas Farmasi UMP, 2015 9 enterotoksin Staphylococcus ini mempunyai masa inkubasi pendek antara 1-8 jam setelah mengkonsumsi makanan yang tercemar enterotoksin yang dihasilkan oleh Staphylococcus aureus. C. Simplisia Simplisia adalah bahan alamiah yang dipergunakan sebagai obat yang belum mengalami pengolahan apapun juga dan kecuali dinyatakan lain berupa bahan yang telah dikeringkan (Depkes RI, 1995). Adapun penggolongan dibedakan menjadi : simplisia nabati, simplisia hewani dan simplisia pelican (mineral). Simplisia nabati merupakan simplisia yang berupa tumbuhan utuh, bagian tanaman atau eksudat tumbuhan. Eksudat tanaman didefinisikan sebagai isi
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