COMMAND, CONTROL, the elements of combat power while si- teams to divisions and corps. SICPS con- , COMPUTERS multaneously collaborating and sharing sists of various systems, specifically the AND INTELLIGENCE (C4 I) SYSTEMS data in near-real time. Maneuver Control SICPS command post platform (CPP), System 6.4 provides maneuver functional which includes the command post local U.S. Army C4I programs and activities are and battle tools to commanders and area network (CP LAN) and command the foundation for tactical digitization and staffs from battalion to Army service com- post communications system (CPCS); the service operations in the 21st century. The ponent command (ASCC). The command command center system (CCS); and the Army organizations with responsibilities to post of the future (CPOF) serves as a deci- trailer-mounted support system (TMSS). acquire, develop and sustain C4I systems in- sion support system, providing real-time The Army Airborne Command and clude the U.S. Army Communications-Elec- situational awareness and collaborative Control System (A2C2S) provides the ma- tronics Command, the Communications- tools for tactical decision making, plan- neuver commander and his staff with a Electronics Research, Development and En- ning, rehearsal and execution manage- highly mobile, self-contained and reliable gineering Center and the following pro- ment for commanders and staffs from bat- airborne digital command post. This highly gram executive offices (PEOs): PEO Com- talion to ASCC. Battle command common mobile system allows the commanders of mand, Control and Communications-Tacti- services (BCCS) provides the tactical the units of employment and units of action cal; PEO Intelligence, Electronic Warfare server/service infrastructure in support of to maintain situational awareness and exer- and Sensors; and PEO Enterprise Informa- network-enabled systems from battalion to cise , either from a tion Systems. ASCC. temporary remote site or while on the move These organizations provide and sus- Battle command also includes theater ef- through the battlespace. tain advanced digital and electronic sys- fect-based operations advanced concept The Mounted Battle Command on the tems that support various mission areas in technology demonstration (ACTD) and Move (MBCOTM) provides maneuver the tactical environment, including digital common software. commanders and staffs with a highly mo- battle command, platforms and hardware Battle command delivers high-quality bile, self-contained and reliable combat ve- support, C4 support to air and missile de- capability, enhances warfighter perfor- hicle-based digital command post, which fense, C4 support to network operations, mance and reduces system complexity. provides maneuver commanders situa- C4 support to intelligence operations, C4 Battle command rapidly adapts and tional awareness and a common opera- support to fires and effects, sensors and fields capabilities in a dynamic environ- tional picture, which allows commanders sensor systems, current force unattended ment. In designing hardware and software to maintain situational understanding sensors, night-vision sensors, radios and strategies to best support tactical, opera- while on the move and physically sepa- communications systems. tional and strategic applications, battle rated from a fixed command post. command uses cutting-edge capabilities Digital Battle Command and adapts technology for the current C4 Support to Air and Missile Defense Project Manager (PM) Battle Command wartime environment. Another representative Army battle produces, deploys and sustains current Information is a significant source of command system (ABCS) component is and future Army battle command system combat power. Battle command is leading the Air and Missile Defense Workstation (ABCS) software. change and integrating current capabilities (AMDWS), the air and missile defense PM Battle Command provides integrated into future innovations. component of the ABCS. AMDWS serves command-and-control (C2) software, train- as a battlespace awareness information ing and support to the joint land compo- Platforms and Hardware Support management system that contributes to nent warfighter. The Standardized Integrated Com- combat effectiveness by retrieving, fusing Fire-support command and control in- mand Post System (SICPS) provides and distributing time-sensitive informa- cludes advanced field artillery tactical data modular, interoperable and fully inte- tion necessary to achieve decision-cycle system (AFATDS), Centaur, fire-support grated, campaign-quality command post dominance. terminal unit (FSTU), forward entry device platforms and the C4I physical infrastruc- The Forward Area Air Defense Com- (FED), gun display unit replacement (GDU- ture, with joint capabilities, to comman- mand and Control (FAAD C2) is the en- R), joint automated deep operations coordi- ders and staffs—from brigade combat gagement operations piece of the AMD- nation system (JADOCS), lightweight for- ward entry device (LFED) and pocket-sized forward entry device (PFED). Battle command sustainment support system (BCS3) fuses sustainment informa- tion from multiple sources into a single mission-focused and tailored, map-centric visual display. Strategic battle command is the Army battle command system component that The Army airborne provides Army, joint and coalition comman- command and ders with readiness reporting, force projec- control system tion and situational awareness through the (A2C2S) Global Command and Control System- Army (GCCS-A) and the Defense Readiness Reporting System-Army (DRRS-A). It is the Army’s component program office for Net- Enabled Command Capability (NECC). Tactical battle command combines mul- tiple complex capabilities into an inte- grated tool set, allowing warfighters to vi- sualize the battlespace and synchronize

October 2009 I ARMY 339 Joint network node (JNN)

CCS. FAAD C2 collects, stores, digitally processes, displays and disseminates real- time tactical cueing and tracking informa- tion, the common tactical air picture, and command, control and intelligence infor- mation to all short-range air defense weapons. The Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS) is the hardware component of the Army’s air and missile C2 system. It consists of an as- semblage of modular and reconfigurable shelters, unique air and missile defense hardware/software, standardized auto- mated data processing equipment and communications suites. Joint Network Node (JNN) network also be received from other air platforms, commercial technology insertion will pro- such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). C4 Support to Network Operations vide the Army with a high-speed and high- In addition to being the Army’s premier The Joint Network Management Sys- capacity backbone communications net- radar MTI ground station, CGS has tem (JNMS) is a software system consisting work focused on rapidly moving informa- evolved into a multisensor ground station of modules for planning and engineering, tion in a manner that supports comman- that receives, processes and displays sensor monitoring, control and reconfiguration, ders, staffs, functional units and capabili- data from the Predator UAV, tactical UAV spectrum management and security (infor- ties-based formations. JNN is now WIN-T (TUAV), airborne reconnaissance low, U-2, mation assurance/ secu- Increment 1, a joint compatible communica- Guardrail Common Sensor and the inte- rity). It provides the commanders, combat- tions package that allows the warfighter to grated broadcast service, while maintain- ant commands, joint task forces and service use advanced networking capabilities, re- ing a small footprint. CGS capabilities are component headquarters a common, auto- tain interoperability with current force sys- being channeled into a distributed com- mated planning and management tool that tems, and keep in step with future incre- mon ground system-A (DCGS-A) through will plan, monitor and control the joint ments of WIN-T. It is a rapidly deployable, preplanned product improvements, which communications and data backbone associ- early entry system housed in an S-250 shel- will be disseminated in a network-centric ated with a joint task force/joint special op- ter and mounted on a Humvee expanded environment. CGS, with its JSTARS and erations task force. capacity vehicle. other sensor feeds, fulfills an urgent Air- The Integrated System Control (ISYS- Land battlefield requirement by providing CON) V(1), V(2), V(4) provides the signal C4 Support to Intelligence Operations an Army/Air Force sensor and attack con- commander and staff with a centralized The Common Ground Station (CGS) is trol capability designed to locate, track, automated planning and control capability a rapidly deployable and mobile tactical classify and assist in attacking moving and to assist in managing tactical communica- data processing and evaluation center that stationary targets beyond the forward line tion systems in support of combat forces, integrates imagery and signals intelligence, of troops. CGS is the only wide-area sur- weapons systems and battlefield auto- surveillance and reconnaissance data prod- veillance system that has the resolution mated systems. It functions as the battle- ucts into a single visual presentation of the and real-time capability to provide the field signal command-and-control manage- battlefield, providing commanders with commander with the data necessary to be ment system at division through theater near-real-time situational awareness and effective in the future sensor-oriented bat- echelons or in support of independent task enhanced battle management and targeting tle management process. force operations. The ISYSCON V(4) is the capabilities. CGS links multiple air and The All-Source Analysis System (ASAS) S6’s tool to provide network management ground sensors, including the Joint Sur- provides combat leaders with the fused in- to the local area network (LAN) at division, veillance/Target Attack Radar System (JS- telligence needed to view the battlefield brigade and battalion tactical operation TARS) aircraft, to the Army battle com- and more effectively conduct the land bat- centers (TOCs) and command posts (CPs). mand system at various nodes, such as tle from battalion to echelons above corps. The ISYSCON V(4) gives the signal soldier echelons above corps, corps, division and ASAS encompasses a family of systems the capability to manage the Tactical Inter- brigade. JSTARS is a multiservice battle that includes the compartmented all-source net (TI), perform Force XXI Battle Com- management and targeting system with an workstation in the analysis control element mand Brigade and Below (FBCB2) network airborne multimodal radar incorporating (ACE) found at division, corps and eche- and security administration functions, and an electronically scanned antenna. The lons above corps (EAC); the collateral lap- monitor the enhanced position location re- radar combines moving-target indicator top configuration called ASAS-Light, is- porting system (EPLRS) network. (MTI) and fixed-target indicator and syn- sued down to the battalion level; the Information Dissemination Manage- thetic aperture radar (SAR) functions and Humvee-mounted intelligence fusion sta- ment-Tactical (IDM-T) is a suite of tools is carried aboard an E-8 (militarized Boeing tion (IFS) with integrated communications that enables tactical users to distribute 707) aircraft. Radar data are broadcast to called the analysis control team-enclave mission-critical information to comman- the Army CGS through an omnidirectional (ACT-E), which is found at brigade level; ders, allowing them to streamline the deci- data link and over ultrahigh frequency and the communications control set (CCS) sion-making process on the battlefield. (UHF) satellite communications, which can found at division, corps and EAC.

340 ARMY I October 2009 C4 Support to Fires and Effects system. It is larger than the AN/TPQ-36, AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radars continue to The Advanced Field Artillery Tactical and its target acquisition range is greater. be a success in OIF and OEF. They were Data System (AFATDS) provides auto- The system uses a combination of radar lauded for their ability to acquire enemy mated fire-support command, control and techniques and computer-controlled func- mortars and artillery, allowing quick and communications for the Army, Navy and tions to detect and accurately locate enemy effective counterbattery fire. Marine Corps including target-weapon artillery and rocket weapons to permit The AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter- pairing for optimum use of fire-support rapid engagement with counterfire. The Mortar Radar (LCMR) fills a critical gap in assets and automated planning, coordina- AN/TPQ-37(V)8 consists of an operations the protection of ground-based forces. It tion and control of all fire-support assets. control group mounted on an M-3S-series addresses indirect fire threats, automati- AFATDS performs the attack analysis nec- truck and the MEP-lISA 60-kilowatt, 400- cally locating mortar weapons in a 360-de- essary to determine the optimal weapon- hertz generator set mounted on a 5-ton gree area of cover. The system can rapidly target pairing to provide maximum use of truck. This truck also tows the antenna detect, track and locate mortar rounds at the fire-support assets (field artillery, mor- transceiver group consisting of the phased- ranges out to the effective range of most tars, close air support, naval gunfire, at- array antenna, transmitter, receiver and as- mortar weapons, which allows the enemy tack helicopters and offensive electronic sociated electronics mounted on the M-I048 to be neutralized through combat air sup- warfare). AFATDS automatically imple- trailer, a 6-ton four-wheel flatbed cargo port or counterfire. These systems have ments detailed commander’s guidance in trailer. The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 upgrade pro- been deployed with Army Special Forces, the automation of operational planning, gram incorporates mechanical enhance- conventional Army and Marine units and movement control, targeting, target value ments to improve reliability, availability as part of the counterrocket, artillery and analysis and fire-support planning. and maintainability. It improves transporta- mortars (C-RAM) system of systems in Iraq A critical capability for the warfighter is bility, mobility, survivability and common- and Afghanistan. The LCMR detects and a battlefield radar that can detect, classify ality with the AN/TPQ-36. Software im- locates mortar positions automatically over and locate enemy mortar, artillery, rocket provements include reduced false locations 360 degrees by detecting and tracking the and missile systems within seconds of and incorporation of a long-range mode. mortar shell and then backtracking to the their firing, allowing immediate responses. Special features include a new, improved weapon position. When a mortar is de- The Firefinder family (AN/TPQ-36 and cooler, C-130 transportability kit, MAPS tected, the LCMR sends a warning mes- AN/TPQ-37) are mortar and artillery lo- self-survey and a separate tape for long- sage indicating a round is incoming. After cating systems that, with the Lightweight range missile detection software. The sys- sufficient data is collected to enable an ac- Countermortar Radars (AN/TPQ-48(V)2), tem is designed to be strategically deploy- curate weapon location, the weapons loca- have been used extensively in Operation able and operable at all levels of conflict. tion is transmitted. LCMR successfully Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Endur- The AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ37 are as- demonstrates the concept of a light-weight, ing Freedom (OEF) with great success and signed to the target acquisition battery of manportable radar weighing approxi- are credited with forcing the enemy to rad- each division. Both the AN/TPQ-36 and mately 120 pounds, transportable by a ically change its tactics. The AN/TPQ-36(V)8 Firefinder is a lightweight, small, highly mobile, phased array radar that automatically locates hos- tile mortar, short-range launched rockets and other high-trajectory weapons. The radar has the capability of locating weapons firing simultaneously from dif- ferent locations. The radar can automati- cally detect, verify and track projectiles in flight launched at any angle within se- lected 90-degree azimuth sectors over 360 degrees of coverage and extrapolate to both the firing positions and the impact points. Once a projectile is detected, the weapon location is computed and used to direct counterbattery fires. The AN/TPQ- 36(V)8 will shortly undergo a modifica- tion work order (MWO) to replace the ex- isting Northrop Grumman Corporation radar processor (RP) with the new Thales Raytheon Systems RP in the AN/TPQ-36 (V)8 Radar Set. Once the MWO is com- plete, the nomenclature will become AN/TPQ-36(V)10 Radar Set. The MWO also includes an upgrade to the ethernet switch to increase the data transfer capac- ity to 1 GB, which greatly improves sys- tem operability for the user by increasing the probability of target location, increas- ing location accuracy in a benign and clut- ter environment, and addressing parts ob- solescence. The AN/TPQ-37(V)8 Firefinder is a mo- bile, phased-array, artillery-locating radar

October 2009 I ARMY 341 crew of two, and is digitally connected to The AN/TMQ-41 and AN/TMQ-41A indirect fire. This capability increases the fire-support and command-and-control Meteorological Measuring Set (MMS) is lethality of all field artillery platforms such networks. Its lightweight modular design an upper air meteorological system that as the multiple launch rocket system speeds employment and displacement, uses state-of-the-art technology to make (MLRS) and self-propelled or towed how- providing the warfighter with enhanced vertical profiles of the Earth’s atmosphere. itzers. In addition, the increased accuracy target location accuracy and projectile clas- The MMS sounds the atmosphere with a attributed to Profiler MET data reduces the sification capability. The radar can be bat- balloon-borne radiosonde, which mea- risk of friendly-fire fratricide. tery powered and requires less than 300 sures the meteorological (MET) parame- The Initial Fire-Support Automated watts of prime power. It can also run off of ters of temperature, pressure, relative hu- System (IFSAS) is an automated fire-sup- vehicle power and is shipped with an AC midity, wind speed and wind direction. port command-and-control system located adapter to allow use of generator or com- This information is processed by the MMS at the corps fire-support element, division mercial power. The LCMR mitigates close- computer and is available in STANAG, artillery fire-support element, field ar- combat radar coverage gaps and comple- WMO and FATDS formats. Typical users tillery brigade fire-support element and ments the current AN/TPQ-36 and -37 include: Field Artillery, Corps of Engi- field artillery battalion echelons. IFSAS Firefinder radars, fully supporting modu- neers, Chemical Corps, target acquisition provides the commander with an auto- lar and fires brigade operations. The LCMR elements, NATO and USAF weather fore- mated command-and-control decision- program is continuing through a develop- casters. Messages may be disseminated by making capability for using cannon, rocket mental effort for the LCMR AN/TPQ- radio (voice or digital), landline (telephone and missile delivery systems. 48(V)3 system and will provide improved or teletype), or hand-delivered, hard-copy The Battery Computer System (BCS) is operational and physical functionality over printouts. an automated fire-support command-and- the existing LCMR radar systems. The (V)3 The MMS has the flexibility to operate control system located at field artillery bat- LCMR will have increased accuracy and anywhere in the world and allows the user tery echelons. BCS provides the comman- range, maintain its high mobility and two- to select the mode of operation most suit- der with an automated command-and- man transportability, have improved em- able for his situation. Multiple methods of control decision-making capability for us- placement capabilities and be ruggedized determining winds are available through ing cannon delivery systems. BCS performs for today's battlefield. An additional devel- the use of radio direction-finding (RDF) automated fire missions, fire planning, fire opmental effort for the LCMR system has techniques or navigational aids (NAVAID), unit status, ammunition accounting, and been initiated to mitigate the stress of con- such as LORAN or GPS. meteorological and geometry processing tinuous deployment and also to insert tech- The AN/TMQ-52 A/B Meteorological in support of the field artillery missions. nology developed under other LCMR pro- Measure Set-Profiler (MMS-P) is a re- grams. Upgrades include: increasing sys- placement for the AN/TMQ-41 Meteoro- Sensors and Sensor Systems tem accuracy, providing hardware im- logical Measuring Set. Profiler uses a suite The Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) provements of the single board computer, of meteorological sensors and MET data system is the Army’s corps-level airborne automatic survey and alignment, tripod from Air Force weather satellites along signal intelligence (SIGINT) collection, loca- and gain stage adjustments. Also included with an advanced weather model to pro- tion and dissemination system providing is a redesign of the transport cases, the ad- vide highly accurate MET data at much tactical commanders near-real-time target- dition of a fiber-optic interface and soft- greater ranges than MMS. The MMS-P ing information. There are currently four ware improvements. provides accurate temperature, atmos- GRCS systems fielded worldwide, provid- The Enhanced AN/TPQ-36 Radar (EQ- pheric pressure, relative humidity, wind ing support to U.S. Forces Korea, U.S. Army 36) is the next-generation counterfire radar direction and speed, and other MET data Europe and supporting Operations Endur- for the U.S. Army. It encompasses the lat- to determine necessary adjustments to ing Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. The GRCS est in radar technology and processing, standard firing data to increase indirect systems consist of seven to 12 aircraft, de- providing the latest edge in protecting fire system accuracy. pending on the system, that normally fly warfighters. The EQ-36 will represent a Profiler uses this information to build a operational missions in sets of two or three significant upgrade from the currently four-dimensional MET model (height, aircraft providing near-real-time SIGINT fielded Firefinder radars’ 90-degree capa- width, depth and time) that includes ter- and targeting to tactical commanders with bility, adding a 360-degree continuous cov- rain effects. emphasis on deep battle and follow-on erage capability to its arsenal to fill a para- By providing accurate MET messages, forces attack support. mount need of the warfighter in theater. In Profiler enables the artillery to have a Key features include integrated commu- addition, EQ-36 will offer greater mobility, greater probability of first-round hit with nications intelligence (COMINT) and elec- flexibility, ease of use, range and supporta- bility. EQ-36 will provide the necessary sit- uational awareness and targeting capabil- ity tomorrow's commander requires to combat an adaptive enemy threat operat- ing in an asymmetric environment. The EQ-36 represents a vast improvement in both range and accuracy over existing counterfire radars. It has shown the ability to operate through extreme clutter and fea- tures a probability-of-location rate that performed with a higher accuracy level.

The Enhanced AN/TPQ-36 (EQ-36) radar system

342 ARMY I October 2009 The AN/PPS-5D Ground Surveillance Radar is manportable and capable of being used for force protection, fire support, in- telligence operations, and cordon search- and-raid operations. It is currently being used for detecting and audio-classifying personnel and wheeled and tracked vehi- cles. Dramatic improvements have been achieved in performance, reliability and maintainability while reducing size, weight and power consumption. The AN/GSR-8 Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System-II (REMBASS- II) is the only fully militarized unattended ground sensor (UGS) system in the world that detects, classifies and provides direc- tion of travel of targets. This worldwide deployable, all weather, day/night, line-of- sight system provides early warning, sur- veillance and force protection capability in support of battlefield commanders in all types of terrain. It is half the weight and Prophet systems volume of its predecessor, REMBASS-I, with equivalent classification, detection tronic intelligence (ELINT) reporting, en- BCT areas of operations. Prophet is made and low false-alarm performance. hanced signal classification and recogni- up of a vehicular SIGINT receiver mounted REMBASS-II systems are being fielded tion, near-real-time direction finding, pre- on a Humvee on the battlefield, plus a dis- to Stryker brigade combat teams in sup- cision emitter location and an advanced mounted manpack SIGINT version for air- port of ongoing intelligence, security, sur- integrated cockpit. Primary capabilities in- borne insertion or early entry into the bat- veillance and force protection operations clude integrated signals exploitation, en- tlespace to support rapid reaction contin- around the globe. This tamper-proof, elec- hanced signal classification and recogni- gency and antiterrorist operations. tronics support measures/electronic coun- tion, fast direction finding, precision emit- The Block II/III Prophet is vehicle- termeasures-resistant system is the lead- ter location and advanced integrated mounted on the heavy Humvee with elec- ing U.S. Army remotely controlled, unat- avionics. Interoperable data links provide tronic attack (EA), is manportable and will tended ground sensor system. microwave connectivity between the air- also provide on-the-move (OTM) lines of OmniSense is a UGS system that pro- craft and the Guardrail Ground Baseline bearing and reporting capabilities. This vides all-weather, 24-hour, area surveil- (GGB). OTM capability is a first for tactical SIG- lance, force protection and remote intru- The Prophet system (three-block acqui- INT operations at the brigade level and sion detection to support the battlefield sition approach: Blocks I, II and III) is the will provide on-demand actionable infor- commander. OmniSense provides target division, brigade combat team (BCT), mation (or force protection) to the com- classification, recognition, identification Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT) and mander. and target location, direction and speed. armored cavalry regiment (ACR) principal OmniSense consists of an activity detec- ground tactical signals intelligence (SIG- Current Force Unattended Sensors tion unit (seismic-acoustic, magnetic and INT) and electronic warfare (EW) system The uses of multiple mission sensor ca- passive infrared sensors), an imager and a that has been designed to support the pabilities have proven to be significant fac- handheld programmer monitor. Army vision, transformation and unit of tors in operations; however, managing The Unattended Transient Acoustic action battlespace. these numerous sensors can be challeng- Measurement and Signature Intelligence Prophet detects, identifies and locates ing. Efforts are ongoing in the develop- (MASINT) System (UTAMS) is an acous- enemy electronic emitters and provides ment and enhancement of these capabili- tic sensor consisting of sensor stations enhanced situational awareness and ac- ties, specifically in networking unmanned linked via radio to a base station. In its tionable 24-hour information for the war- aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles current configuration, UTAMS detects and fighter throughout the division, ACR and and unattended battlefield sensors. locates any loud event such as mortar or rocket firings, munitions impacts and other explosive events. The Persistent Threat Detection System (PTDS) is a deployed, quick-reaction capa- bility that was designed to meet the urgent surveillance needs of the warfighter. The system is composed of a tethered aerostat equipped with a high-resolution electro- optic/infrared (EO/IR) payload that pro- vides a cue-to-slew capability. PTDS is in- tegrated with existing IR and radar sen- sors that cue the aerostat camera to pro- vide near-real-time “eyes on target.” Persistent threat Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Pay- detection system loads are essential in many areas of opera- (PTDS) tion and have proven to be key combat

344 ARMY I October 2009 multipliers in operations. In sup- ters resolution. In the GMTI mode, the disseminate target location and descrip- port of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the radar detects moving targets at speeds of tion data to the appropriate response ele- AN/APY-8 Lynx I radar was installed in 10 to 70 kilometers per hour and overlays ments. deployed I-GNAT unmanned air vehicles their locations on a digital map. It en- (UAVs) to augment EO/IR payload capa- hances survivability and improves situa- Night-Vision Sensors bilities. Three Lynx I radars were installed tional awareness for the UA and bri- U.S. Army night-vision and sensor pro- in three I-GNAT UAVs. The Lynx I is a gade/division. grams and activities include day/night, multifunction radar that operates in syn- The airborne surveillance, target acqui- all-weather mobility and engagement sen- thetic aperture radar (SAR) and ground sition and minefield detection system (AS- sors; all-weather imagery; passive and moving-target indicator (GMTI) modes. TAMIDS) is being developed to fly on the radar target acquisition sensors; artillery SAR modes consist of a spotlight mode Class IV RQ-8B Firescout UAV. ASTA- and mortar-locating radars; and advanced and two strip-map modes. High-resolu- MIDS will combine both countermine and sensors for the Army’s Future Force. These tion SAR and GMTI data is processed on RSTA functions in one 75-pound turret so systems provide critical, on-the-ground, board and is data-linked to a ground sta- that retasking can be accomplished in direct support to U.S. forces deployed in tion for exploitation. The data obtained flight without having to land and swap Operation Enduring Freedom and Opera- can be used for coherent change detection out payloads. ASTAMIDS sensors include tion Iraqi Freedom. One key area is ther- (CCD) and amplitude change detection a MWIR FLIR, a color EO camera, a multi- mal sensors, which dramatically increase (ACD), both post-processing capabilities. spectral imager (MSI) that divides the vis- the lethality and survivability of U.S. CCD provides the ability to discern ex- NIR band into four sub-bands, an 808- Army soldiers. These sensors read the heat tremely small changes in scenery over nanometer laser illuminator that provides signature from distant objects, such as per- time. Lynx I/I-GNAT systems completed night capability for the MSI sensor, and a sonnel or vehicles, day or night, penetrat- more than 2,000 hours of operation sup- lightweight laser designator that also has ing smoke, fog and obscurants. porting OIF. eyesafe rangefinding capability. The sen- The First-Generation Forward-Looking The AN/DPY-1 Lynx II is also a multi- sors will be housed in a gimbaled turret Infrared Systems (FLIR) are currently function SAR/GMTI radar that has the that has step-stare technology to allow used in the pilotage and targeting thermal same performance as the Lynx I, but in a rapid search of wide areas. imaging systems in the AH-64A attack he- smaller, lighter package. High-resolution The Persistent Surveillance and Dis- licopter, M1A1 and M60 tanks, Bradley SAR and GMTI data is processed on board semination System of Systems (PSDS2) is fighting vehicles and TOW and TOW II a UAV and is data-linked to a ground sta- a system of systems to provide persistent missile systems. tion for exploitation. The Lynx II consists surveillance and rapid dissemination of The Second-Generation Forward-Look- of a radar electronics assembly (REA) and actionable intelligence. Its purpose is to ing Infrared (FLIR) provides an integrated an antenna/gimbal assembly. SAR modes catch enemy activity in a timelier manner high-performance second-generation ther- operate in less than 0.3 meters to 3.0 me- by having sensors cue other sensors and mal sensor to the Army’s premier ground-

October 2009 I ARMY 345 based battlefield platforms. The second- and adverse weather target acquisition ca- Reporting System (EPLRS) provides data generation FLIR is a long-wavelength pability. The system is composed of a sec- distribution and position/navigation ser- scanning system with advanced digital im- ond-generation horizontal technology inte- vices in near-real time for the warfighter at age processing. The detector for this as- gration (HTI) FLIR thermal imager, a day brigade and below in support of the battle- sembly is the Army’s Standard Advanced video camera, an eye-safe laser range- field functional areas and the FBCB2 pro- Dewar Assembly, type II, using a cryogeni- finder, long-range common aperture reflec- gram. cally cooled Mercury Cadmium Telluride tive optics and a GPS interferometer sub- The Near-Term Data Radio (NTDR) (MCT) focal plane array. The program pro- system. The LRAS3 design also includes a System supports the upper portion of the duces a common FLIR sensor (B-kit), digital port, which allows it to interface Tactical Internet by providing the com- which is integrated into each specific plat- with battlefield command and control. mand-center-to-command-center data com- form application through the use of a munications backbone for the Army’s digi- unique A-kit. Radios & Communications Systems tized division. The NTDR is the Army data The second-generation FLIR has been The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) communication backbone for platoon to successfully integrated and tested in the was initiated in early 1997 in response to brigade. It is one of the five major elements Abrams M1A2 Systems Enhancement the services’ pursuit of separate solutions that provide a seamless digital communica- Package (SEP) Thermal Imaging System to a programmable, modular, multimode, tion capability throughout the fighting (TIS); the M1A2 SEP Commander’s Inde- multiband radio to replace existing legacy force for the digital battlefield of the 21st pendent Thermal Viewer (CITV); the radios in the Department of Defense in- century. M2A3 Improved Bradley Acquisition Sys- ventory. Over time, the JTRS program The AN/AYD-1 Personnel Locator Sys- tem; the M2A3 Commander’s Indepen- evolved from a radio replacement pro- tem consists of the PRC-112 radio (General dent Viewer (CIV); and the Long-Range gram to a mobile ad hoc networking pro- Dynamics Decision Systems), ARS-6 per- Advanced Scout Surveillance System gram designed to support the Global In- sonnel locator (Cubic Corp.) and KY-913 (LRAS3). formation Grid. program loader (General Dynamics Deci- Second-generation FLIRs are currently The Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) pro- sion Systems). The ARS-6 sends out inter- supporting operations in Iraq and Afghani- vides the joint warfighter with seamless, rogation bursts during combat search-and- stan with more than 7,500 units fielded to near-real-time tactical intelligence, target- rescue missions looking for PRC-112 ra- date. ing and situational awareness information. dios. If the frequency and ID code of the The AN/VAS-5 Driver’s Vision En- It provides the critical data link to battle ARS-6 burst is correct, the PRC-112 sends hancer (DVE) is a passive, uncooled ther- managers, intelligence centers, air defense, back a 0.4-second reply to the ARS-6 that mal imaging system for drivers of combat fire support and aviation nodes across all provides range and steering information and tactical wheeled vehicles. It allows services. JTT allows Army, Air Force, to the pilot. The PRC-112 uses unen- continuous vehicle operations by day or Navy, Marine Corps and other agency crypted voice, beacon and transponder night and in the presence of natural and users to exploit current intelligence broad- modes, but there is also a PRC-112A used man-made obscurants such as smoke, fog cast networks, including the tactical recon- by the “black world” that has built-in and dust. The DVE’s sensor module con- naissance intelligence exchange system, COMSEC. tains a second-generation thermal imager tactical information broadcast system, tac- The AN/GRC-240 Have Quick (HQ) II that provides standard analog video to a tical related applications data dissemina- UHF-AM Radio Set is an M998/M1038 high-quality flat-panel display and control tion system, tactical data information ex- Humvee vehicle-mounted radio system module (a militarized commercial active change system-B, secondary imagery dis- providing antijam electronic counter-coun- matrix liquid crystal display). semination system and the evolving inte- termeasures (ECCM) ultra high frequency The DVE video imagery can also be dis- grated broadcast service architecture. (UHF)-AM voice communications. The ra- tributed to other vehicle crew displays. PEO Command, Control and Communi- dio can operate on single-channel normal The display provides an additional input cations-Tactical (C3T) also coordinates de- mode or in the frequency-hopping active port for display maps and digitized battle- velopment and fielding of the radio prod- mode. Transmitting output power is selec- field information. ucts that form the heart of the Tactical In- table at 2, 10 or 30 watts. All U.S. armed The Long-Range Advanced Scout Sur- ternet. The Enhanced Position Location forces have HQ capability. veillance System (LRAS3) provides The AN/VRC-83 Radio Set is tun- the U.S. Army with real-time acquisi- able in 25-kilohertz steps in the UHF tion, target detection, recognition, band (225.000 to 399.975 megahertz identification and far-target location [Mhz], equaling 7,000 UHF channels). information. LRAS3 provides scout The application of the very high fre- forces with a sensor system that oper- quency (VHF)/UHF antenna relay kit ates outside the range of currently permits VHF AM communications fielded threat direct-fire and sensor (116.000 MHz to 149.975 MHz, 1,360 systems. This long-range target ac- VHF channels). VHF operation is lim- quisition capability will improve the ited to single-channel, non-HQ com- survivability of the scout force and munications. The operator can simul- increase the lethality and force effec- taneously monitor guard frequency tiveness of combat units. 243.000 MHz while operating in sin- The LRAS3 sensor can be operated gle-channel or HQ mode. Certain ap- in both mounted and dismounted echnologies plications require improved precise

configurations, providing 24-hour lightweight global positioning system DRS T receiver (PLGR) satellite reception; a PLGR remote antenna kit is available. The AN/TRC-170 (V)2 and (V)3 Troposcatter Radio Terminals are air Driver’s vision enhancer (DVE) or ground transportable radio termi- display and control module nals. They provide secure digital long-

346 ARMY I October 2009 haul radio trunking among major nodes of range of other antennas in other frequency minals (including the AN/FSC-78 and area common user (ACU) system commu- bands. AN/GSC-39). The AN/GSC-52 (V) in- nications networks and interface with The AN/USC-28(V) Satellite Commu- cludes a 38-foot OE-371/G antenna. other ACU systems, such as digital group nications Set (Ground) is an advanced The AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced multiplexers or various switching facili- spread-spectrum modulation system that Global Positioning System (GPS) Re- ties. The terminals may be used in stand- operates with defense satellite communi- ceiver (DAGR) began fielding in Novem- alone applications as transmission links cations system (DSCS) terminals to pro- ber 2004. It is a handheld, pocket-stored not associated with switching facilities. vide jam-resistant satellite communication Navstar GPS receiver, incorporating Selec- The terminals transmit and receive digital (SATCOM) network control and digital tive Availability Anti-Spoofing Module voice and other data over a nominal 150- user communications. (SAASM), and supports military combat mile path for the (V)2 radio and a nominal The AN/TSC-85B&C and AN/TSC-93 operations as well as military and civilian 100-mile path for the (V)3 radio by means B&C Tactical Satellite Communications use for operations other than war. DAGR of troposcatter. Terminals are superhigh frequency (SHF) is the follow-on to the currently fielded The AN/PRC-126 Radio Set is a short- systems that provide reliable multichannel AN/PSN-11 PLGR and provides an en- range, handheld tactical radio for use pri- satellite communications. The C-model ter- hanced graphical user interface (GUI) and marily at the squad and platoon levels. minal contains new modems and convert- decreases in size, weight and power con- The AN/PRC-126 is a lightweight milita- ers. All Army terminals have been up- sumption. The DAGR can also acquire and rized transceiver that provides two-way graded to the C-model. provide continuous P(Y)-code tracking of voice communications. The radio covers The AN/GSC-52(V) Satellite Commu- the GPS L1 and L2 frequencies transmitted the frequency range of 30 MHz to 87.975 nications Terminal is a high-capacity, from all satellites in view. MHz. Its nominal range for reliable com- medium-size, superhigh frequency satel- The High-Capacity Communications munications over rolling, slightly wooded lite communications terminal designed to Capability (HC3) is a joint above-2 ghz terrain is 3,000 meters. The radio is capable operate in the DSCS satellite network. high-capacity communications capability of interoperating with the AN/VRC-12, While not an Army system per se, the for the joint tactical ground domain. It pro- AN/PRC-77 and SINCGARS families of Army has been assigned the acquisition vides secure ground-to-ground, ground- radios in the fixed frequency mode. The and sustainment mission for the equip- to-airborne and ground-to-satellite com- AN/PRC-126 enables small-unit leaders to ment. The terminals are operated by the munications for joint on-the-move and at- control the activities of subordinate ele- various services under the operational the-halt platforms, and it uses wideband ments during operations. control of the Defense Information Sys- space architecture in a single common ar- The AB-1386/U Quick-Erect Antenna tems Agency. The AN/GSC-52(V) mod- chitecture and multiband and network (IP) Mast (QEAM) is designed to accommo- ernization program upgrades aging elec- capable terminals. date the AS-3166/GRC, AS-4292, AS-4225 tronics and provides a new control moni- The AN/TSC-156 Phoenix Superhigh and A30045068 VHF antennas and a wide tor alarm subsystem for all the DSCS ter- Frequency (SHF) Terminal provides multi-

October 2009 I ARMY 347 band capability in the SHF range and op- The Secure Enroute Communications The Secure Mobile Anti-jam Reliable erates over commercial and military SHF Package-Improved (SECOMP-I) system is Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) will pro- satellites. The terminal provides high-ca- a standardized, secure, interoperable and vide tactical users with secure, mobile, pacity inter- and intratheater range exten- integrated command, control, communica- survivable, anti-jam satellite communica- sion support at selected echelons-above- tions, computers and intelligence (C4I) in- tions in a Humvee configuration. This corps and corps signal units and is de- formation system to support force projec- equipment will communicate/process signed to be the warfighter’s primary tion operations. The SECOMP-I system data and voice communications at both means of reach-back communication. provides VHF/UHF line-of-sight and UHF low and medium EHF data rates. The Lightweight High-Gain X-Band single-channel tactical satellite (SCTAC- The Deployable Ku-Band Earth Termi- Antenna (LHGXA) is an X-Band-only an- SAT) beyond-line-of-sight data and voice nal (DKET) is an INTELSAT E2 designator tenna, consisting of a 16-foot reflector capabilities to the mission commander and capable of supporting 24 T1 data rate 4.6- mounted on a reinforced trailer. The effi- staff while deploying to an area of opera- meter tracking antenna with 125-mph cient reflector design results in an RF gain tions aboard U.S. Air Force C-130 and C-17 wind survivability, redundant RF electron- that exceeds the gain of the 20-foot quick- aircraft. ics and auto uplink power control. It is an reaction satellite antenna (QRSA). The The AN/PSQ-17 Communication Plan- environmentally controlled shelter with LHGXA is designed to work with the GMF ning System (CPS) p rovides communica- redundant HVACs; a remote monitor and AN/TSC-85/93 B, C, D. tions and management of MILSTAR ex- control system with pager notification; It also interfaces with the U.S. Air Force tremely high frequency (EHF) satellite re- and redundant generators for critical com- and U.S. Marine Corps lightweight multi- sources at all echelons. It provides the ca- ponents. A digital fiber-optic interface sys- band satellite terminal, Trojan Spirit II and pability for EHF network planning, EHF tem (FOIS) connects to a user baseband up USC-60A. terminal image generation, resource moni- to 2 kilometers. It has a commercial one- The Lightweight Multiband Satellite toring, network operations and terminal year warranty. Terminal (LMST) is a tri-band superhigh support. It supports real-time mission The Joint Network Terminal Commu- frequency terminal available in various planning and management of all EHF re- nications (JNTC) consists of a 3.6-meter trailer and transit case configurations. The sources in support of joint-service EHF ter- satellite antenna with satellite and base- terminal is contained on a single trailer or minal deployment and resides within the band equipment housed in an enclosure in transit case enclosures and operates full Army’s SYSCON environment to facilitate mounted on a prime mover. The hub ter- duplex over C-, X-, Ku- and Ka-bands (re- centralized planning and management minal is capable of supporting 24 T1 data ceive only). functionality. rate circuits through the 3.6-meter tracking antenna with 125-mph wind survivability, redundant electronics remote monitor and control; auto uplink power control is con- tained in the environmentally controlled shelter. Both terminals are Ka-band upgrad- able. A commercial one-year warranty is provided. The Flyaway Tri-Band Satellite Termi- nal (FTSAT) is a commercial off-the-shelf nondevelopmental item. The highly trans- portable, tri-band, transit-case-packaged satellite communications terminal is capa- ble of supporting a variety of worldwide missions. The FTSAT operates over DSCS III, NATO III/IV, INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOMSAT satellite sys- tems. The terminal modem is interopera- ble with the GMF, MCIS (AN/TSC- 85/93/94/100) and the DSCS Gateway modems and baseband subsystems, and is available in point-point, GMF spoke and GMF hub variants. FTSAT provides X-, C- and Ku-band satellite communications with local and re- mote operations. Setup/teardown time is 30 minutes. The National Guard Bureau Tri-Band HUB Terminal (NGB-THT) is a transit- cased transportable flyaway satellite ter- minal capable of supporting C-, X- and Ku-band frequencies. The THT is capable of using the lightweight high-gain X-band antenna (LHGXA), commercial 2.4-meter or 3.7-meter gigaSAT tracking antenna; supports FDMA and TDMA satellite net- work topologies; is ground mobile force (GMF) and joint network transformational ‘Watch what you say. I think he’s carrying a bug!’ communications interoperable; and in- cludes a remote monitor and control sys-

348 ARMY I October 2009 tem. A commercial two-year warranty is provided. THT provides tri-band satellite commu- nications capable of supporting a variety of worldwide missions and is interopera- Warfighter Infor- ble with all tri-band satellite terminals and mation Network- teleport earth terminals. Setup/teardown Tactical (WIN-T) time is 30 minutes. The USARPAC Tri-Band Satellite Ter- minal (U-TST) is a Humvee (M1113) prime mover-mounted satellite terminal hub, capable of supporting C-, X- and Ku- cal (WIN-T) is the Army’s communica- band frequencies. The U-TST is capable of tions system for reliable, secure and seam- using the LHGXA tracking antenna and less video, data, imagery and voice ser- tows a tactical quiet generator (TQG), and vices that enables decisive combat actions. supports GMF as well as C4ISR communi- It is focused on moving information in a cations when operating with the single manner that supports commanders, staffs, shelter switch base-band suite of equip- functional units and capabilities-based for- ment. mations. It is optimized for offensive and The Mobile Deployable Ku-Band Earth joint operations so that the theater combat- Terminal (DKET) is a commercial off-the- ant commander will have the capability to shelf nondevelopmental item Ku-band perform multiple missions simultaneously prime mover-mounted satellite communi- with campaign quality. cations terminal capable of supporting a variety of worldwide missions. The DKET operates with INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, PANAMSAT and DOMSAT. DKETs provide high-bandwidth inter/ intratheater links over commercial satel- lites, appropriate for camp, base or station where heavy use of voice, data and video services is required. Warfighter Information Network-Tacti-

October 2009 I ARMY 349