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Improving C2 and Situational Awareness for Operations in and Through the Information Environment

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Improving C2 and Situational Awareness for Operations in and Through the Information Environment Improving C2 and Situational Awareness for Operations in and Through the Information Environment Christopher Paul, Colin P. Clarke, Bonnie L. Triezenberg, David Manheim, Bradley Wilson C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2489 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0131-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: U.S. Army photo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This is the final report for a RAND project that identified and refined concepts for organizing for, executing, and supporting command, control, computers, coordi- nation, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities in the informa- tion environment (IE). The project’s goal was to improve the integration of informa- tion operations and information considerations more broadly in military operations to achieve desired effects in and through the IE. The project further considered the organizational implications for meeting the requirements of these concepts at the geo- graphic combatant commands (GCCs). The observations and findings in this report should be of particular interest to stakeholders in the Joint Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and the GCCs, particularly in GCC J39 (or equivalent), as well as chiefs of staff and combatant com- manders, who ultimately decide how GCC staffs are organized. This report may also be of interest to those responsible for staff organization at the geographic service com- ponent commands and in the broader information operations and information-related capability community of practice. This research was sponsored by the Information Operations Directorate, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Insti- tute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. For more information on the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, see www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp or contact the director (contact infor- mation is provided on the webpage). iii Contents Preface ................................................................................................. iii Figures and Tables ...................................................................................vii Summary .............................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................ xxiii Abbreviations ....................................................................................... xxv CHAPTER ONE Introduction, Research Questions, and Research Approach ................................. 1 Research Approach ..................................................................................... 2 Organization of This Report ......................................................................... 2 CHAPTER TWO What Is the Information Environment, and Why Is It Important? ......................... 3 Conceptions of the Information Environment ..................................................... 3 Lexicon Related to Military Activities in or Through the IE ....................................10 Why Is the IE Important? ............................................................................16 New Developments in Concepts Related to the IE ...............................................19 A Summary of Possible Visions for Operations in and Through the IE: Three Tiers ....... 23 CHAPTER THREE Current Concepts and Practices for C2 and Situational Awareness ...................... 27 C2 and Situational Awareness in the Spatial Domains ..........................................29 C2 and Situational Awareness of the IE ............................................................32 Insights on Doctrine and Practice, Roles and Responsibilities, and Solutions to Improve C2 and Situational Awareness of the IE ........................................... 43 Opportunities to Better Incorporate IE Considerations in C2 ..................................47 CHAPTER FOUR Identifying Requirements for Effective C2 and Situational Awareness of the IE .......49 Three Examples of OIE ..............................................................................49 Requirements for Effective C2 and Situational Awareness in the IE ...........................57 v vi Improving C2 and Situational Awareness for Operations in and Through the IE Most of These Requirements Do Not Depend on Organizational Structure .................63 CHAPTER FIVE Provisional Evaluation of Organizational Alternatives for C2 ..............................65 Descriptions of the Organizational Alternatives Considered ................................... 66 Provisional Analysis of the Organizational Alternatives ..........................................69 CHAPTER SIX Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................75 Recommendations ................................................................................... 77 For Further Research .................................................................................78 APPENDIX Automation, Machine Learning, and Computational Propaganda ........................79 References ........................................................................................... 101 Figures and Tables Figures S.1. Three Tiers of Visions of the Role of Information in Operations ................. xiv 2.1. The IE as Conceptualized in JP 3-13 .................................................. 4 2.2. Domains of Analytic Interest in Behavioral Influence Analysis .................... 7 2.3. Knowledge Management View of the IE .............................................. 8 2.4. A Strategist’s View of the IE ............................................................. 9 2.5. Three Tiers of Visions of the Role of Information in Operations .................24 3.1. Examples of Visualization of International and Multilevel Social Networks ....36 3.2. Combined Information Overlay as Depicted in JP 2-01.3 .........................39 A.1. Anscombe’s Quartet .....................................................................85 Tables S.1. Summary of Provisional Organizational Analysis ................................ xviii 5.1. Summary of Provisional Organizational Analysis ...................................70 vii Summary Recent operational experiences and Russian information aggression are among the many reasons that the information environment (IE) is ascending as a consideration in the planning, exercise, and conduct of U.S. military operations. Despite this growth in interest in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), attention to the IE remains insuf- ficient. Ever-increasing technological sophistication and global adoption of advanced communication networks have rendered the IE more extensive, complicated, and com- plex than ever before. Efforts to coordinate and conduct military operations in and through the IE are beset with a “fog-of-war” problem not unlike that experienced in the traditional domains of air, land, and sea. How can U.S. forces maintain situational awareness of the IE? What exactly does situational awareness mean in the context of the IE? Given the difficulties associated with bounding, comprehending, and meaningfully observing even small portions of the operationally relevant IE, what steps must DoD take to be able to effectively assert command and control (C2) and situational awareness over operations in and through the IE, including the ability to organize, understand, plan, direct, and monitor these operations? Once concepts for C2 and situational awareness are identified, how should they be integrated and implemented at the geographic combatant commands (GCCs)? Which staffs, structures, or organizations should have responsibility for C2 and situ- ational awareness in the IE? At what echelons? This report identifies and refines concepts for organizing for, executing, and sup- porting C2 and situational awareness of the IE to improve the integration and execu- tion of military operations, as well as the organizational implications
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