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Forest Land Quality Evaluation and the Protection Zoning of Subtropical Article Forest Land Quality Evaluation and the Protection Zoning of Subtropical Humid Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Region Based on the PSO-TOPSIS Model and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association: A Case Study of Hefeng County, Hubei Province, China Li Wang 1,2,3 , Yong Zhou 1,2,3,*, Qing Li 1,2,3 , Qian Zuo 1,2,3 , Haoran Gao 1,2,3, Jingyi Liu 1,2,3 and Yang Tian 1,2,3 1 The College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Q.L.); [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (H.G.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (Y.T.) 2 Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation in Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China 3 Land Science Research Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-027-67867020 Abstract: Forest land is the carrier for growing forests. It is of great significance to evaluate the forest land quality scientifically and delineate forestland protection zones reasonably for realizing better forest land management, promoting ecological civilization construction, and coping with global climate change. In this study, taking Hefeng County, Hubei Province, a subtropical humid Citation: Wang, L.; Zhou, Y.; Li, Q.; Zuo, Q.; Gao, H.; Liu, J.; Tian, Y. evergreen broad-leaved forest region in China, as the study area, 14 indicators were selected from four Forest Land Quality Evaluation and dimensions—climatic conditions, terrain, soil conditions, and socioeconomics—to construct a forest the Protection Zoning of Subtropical land quality evaluation index system. Based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Humid Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model, we introduced the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to Region Based on the PSO-TOPSIS design the evaluation model to evaluate the forest land quality and analyze the distribution of forest Model and the Local Indicator of land quality in Hefeng. Further, we used the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) to explore Spatial Association: A Case Study of the spatial distribution of forest land quality and delineate the forest land protection zones. The Hefeng County, Hubei Province, results showed the following: (1) the overall quality of forest land was high, with some variability China. Forests 2021, 12, 325. between regions. The range of Forest Land Quality Index (FLQI) in Hefeng was 0.4091–0.8601, with a https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030325 mean value of 0.6337. The forest land quality grades were mainly first and second grade, with the higher-grade forest land mainly distributed in the central and southeastern low mountain regions of Received: 23 January 2021 Zouma, Wuli, and Yanzi. The lower-grade forest land was mainly distributed in the northwestern Accepted: 9 March 2021 Published: 11 March 2021 middle and high mountain regions of Zhongying, Taiping, and Rongmei. (2) The global spatial autocorrelation index of forest land quality in Hefeng County was 0.7562, indicating that the forest Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral land quality in the county had a strong spatial similarity. The spatial distribution of similarity types with regard to jurisdictional claims in high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) was more clustered, while the spatial distribution of dissimilarity published maps and institutional affil- types high-low (HL) and low-high (LH) was generally dispersed. (3) Based on the LISA of forest land iations. quality, forest land protection zones were divided into three types: key protection zones (KPZs), active protection zones (APZs), and general protection zones (GPZs). The forest land protection zoning basically coincided with the forest land quality. Combining the characteristics of self-correlated types in different forestland protection zones, corresponding management and protection measures Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. were proposed. This showed that the PSO-TOPSIS model can be effectively used for forest land Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. quality evaluation. At the same time, the spatial attributes of forest land were incorporated into This article is an open access article the development of forest land protection zoning scheme, which expands the method of forest land distributed under the terms and protection zoning, and can provide a scientific basis and methodological reference for the reasonable conditions of the Creative Commons formulation of forest land use planning in Hefeng County, while also serving as a reference for similar Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// regions and countries. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Forests 2021, 12, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030325 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forests 2021, 12, 325 2 of 25 Keywords: forest land quality; protection zoning; PSO-TOPSIS model; LISA; Hefeng County 1. Introduction Forest land is the carrier on which forests grow, with which they form an important terrestrial ecological barrier, accounting for 30% of the Earth’s surface land area and ap- proximate 4 billion ha, and is an important natural resource for sustaining human survival and social development [1–3]. In addition to a variety of ecological services such as water connotation, soil and water conservation, air purification, and carbon storage, forest land is also a main raw material for manufacturing industries and has an important ecological and economic benefit [4–7]. About 25% of the global population depends on forests for food and work [8]. In addition, forest land is also home to nearly 80% of the world’s terrestrial species, and such a rich diversity of species makes them important in maintaining a global ecosystem balance and responding to global environmental change [9]. To emphasize the importance of forest land, the United Nations General Assembly considered the adoption of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (2017–2030) in 2017, which proposes a global action plan for each country to manage various forests land resources sustainably and to improve forest land quality effectively [10]. China is a vast country with a complex and diverse terrain. The high latitudinal difference between the north and south boundaries and the high western and low eastern terrain have created a rich and diverse climate type and physical geography in China, thus nurturing forest land resources with a wide variety of biological species and vegetation types. According to the report on the 9th Inventory of China’s Forest Resources (2014– 2018) [11], China has a forest land area of 324 million ha, a forest cover of 22.96%, a forest stock of 17.56 billion m3, a total forest vegetation biomass of 18.80 billion tons, and a carbon stock of 9.19 billion tons. Although the total area of forest land in China is among the highest in the world, the per capita area of forest land is only 0.61 ha, which is less than 1/3 of the per capita area of forest land in the world [12]. In addition, since China’s reform and opening up in 1978, with the rapid socioeconomic development and population increase in China, much forest land has been transformed into arable land and construction land, resulting in a drastic decrease in forest land area. To strengthen the protection of forest land and improve the efficiency of forest land utilization, China’s State Council adopted the Outline of National Forest Land Protection and Utilization Plan (2010–2020) in 2010, which emphasized the importance of forest land in maintaining the ecological environment, promoting the ecological civilization construction and addressing global climate change [13]. As a result, the area of forest land in China has increased in the last 10 years with reference to the China Forest Resources Report (2014–2018) [11]. With the rapid socioeconomic development, the demand for forest land resources is increasing and the damage to forest land is becoming increasingly severe, causing a decline in the forest land quality. Additionally, climate change and forest fires are also important factors that cause damage to forest land resources resulting in a decline in forest land quality [14,15]. Since the 21st century, under the influence of the global greenhouse effect, continued climate warming has led to a significant increase in the frequency of forest fires and fire area [16,17]. China is a country with large forest land resources, which also is one of the countries with the highest risk of forest fires. Based on the China Forest Fire Protection Industry Current Research and Future Development Trend Analysis Report (2020–2026), in the past 10 years, the area of forest fires in China reached 225,625 ha [18], accounting for 0.07% of the total forest area in China [11], mainly in the northeast and southwest forest areas [19], which not only causes substantial losses to the society and economy, but also results in the degradation of the forest land ecological environment, which directly threatens the sustainable development of forestry and national ecological security [20]. In addition, climate change affects forest soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes, mainly in terms of its effects on forest land soil respiration, soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and soil Forests 2021, 12, 325 3 of 25 methane and nitrous oxide emissions, thus affecting forest land soil quality [21]. It is thus clear that there is a coupling between forest land degradation and global climate change, and effectively addressing forest land degradation is the key to cope with global climate change. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of forest land quality, curbing land degradation, and enhancing forest land quality plays a vital role in improving climate change and ensuring national ecological security. Forest land quality is a reflection of the state and condition of the land [22].
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