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Skador På Skog SKADOR PÅ SKOG DEL 1 Skogsskador i skogens olika utvecklingsstadier Skogsskötselserien nr 12, Skador på skog, del 1 Skogsstyrelsen, Johanna Witzell, m fl författare, 8 maj 2017 Skogsskötselserien är en sammanställning för publicering via Internet av kunskap om skogsskötsel utan ställningstaganden eller värderingar. Texterna har skrivits av forskare och har bearbetats redaktionellt både sakligt och språkligt. De är upphovsrättsligt skyddade och får inte användas för kommersiellt bruk utan medgivande. I Skogsskötselserien ingår: 1. Skogsskötselns grunder och samband 2. Produktion av frö och plantor 3. Plantering av barrträd 4. Naturlig föryngring av tall och gran 5. Sådd 6. Röjning 7. Gallring 8. Stamkvistning 9. Skötsel av björk, al och asp 10. Skötsel av ädellövskog 11. Blädningsbruk 12. Skador på skog 13. Skogsbruk – mark och vatten 14. Naturhänsyn 15. Skogsskötsel för människan i skogen 16. Produktionshöjande åtgärder 17. Skogsbränsle 18. Skogsskötselns ekonomi 19. Skogsträdsförädling 20. Slutavverkning Skogsskötselserien har tagits fram med finansiering av Skogsstyrelsen, Skogsindustrierna, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet och LRF Skogsägarna. Bidrag har även lämnats av Energimyn- digheten för behandling av frågor som rör skogsbränsle och av Stiftelsen Skogssällskapet. Omarbetningar (revisioner) för att ta fram andraupplagor har till stor del även bekostats av Erik Johan Ljungbergs Utbildningsfond och Stiftelsen Skogssällskapet. Från januari 2017 utgörs Skogsskötselseriens partnerskap av Skogsstyrelsen, Linnéuniver- sitetet och SLU. Skogsskötselserien – Skador på skog, del 1 Första upplaga, december 2009 Andra omarbetade upplagan, maj 2017 (uppdelad i del 1 och del 2) Författare i del 1: Johanna Witzell, SLU (tematiska inledningar, redigering); Mattias Berglund, Skogssällskapet (rötsvampar, rotröta); Jonas Bergquist, Skogsstyrelsen (viltskador, skador av hare och kanin); Andreas Bernhold, Enetjärn Natur (törskate, snöskytte); Niklas Björklund, SLU (snytbagge); Anders Granström, SLU (rotmurkla); Anna Gunulf Åberg, SLU och Holma Folk- högskola (rotröta, redigering); Lennart Hanson, SLU (smågnagare); Per Hansson, Vox Natura (snöskytte); Claes Hellqvist, SLU (snytbagge, svart granbastborre); Åke Lindelöw, SLU (gran- barkborre, tallsteklar, granbastborre, barrätande insekter); Bo Långström, SLU (märgborrar); Göran Nordlander, SLU (snytbagge, svart granbastborre); Magnus Petersson, Södra (snytbagge); Jonas Rönnberg, SLU (rötsvampar, rotröta); Kristina Wallertz, SLU (snytbagge). Redaktör: Clas Fries, Skogsstyrelsen Typografisk formgivning: Michael Ernst, Textassistans AB Grafisk profil: Louise Elm, Skogsstyrelsen Foto omslag: Åke Lindelöw (angrepp av röd tallstekel) Utgivning: Skogsstyrelsen, www.skogsstyrelsen.se/skogsskotselserien 2 SKOGSSTYRELSEN SKOGSINDUSTRIERNA SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET LRF SKOGSÄGARNA Skogsskötselserien nr 12, Skador på skog, del 1 Skogsstyrelsen, Johanna Witzell, m fl författare, 8 maj 2017 Innehåll Förord ............................................................................................................. 6 SKADOR PÅ SKOG ..................................................................................... 7 TEMA I: SKOGSKADOR I SKOGENS OLIKA UTVECKLINGSFASER 8 Skogsskador – dynamisk samverkan ........................................................... 12 Skogsskador – från landskapsnivå till gennivå ............................................ 13 Skadornas kostnader för skogsbruket .......................................................... 14 Rotröta .......................................................................................................... 16 Vad är röta? ............................................................................................ 16 Typer av röta .......................................................................................... 16 Röta – ett ekonomiskt problem i skogsbruket ........................................ 18 Rotticka (Heterobasidion spp.) .................................................................... 19 Förekomst .............................................................................................. 19 Biologi .................................................................................................... 20 Fruktkroppar och sporspridning ....................................................... 21 Den vegetativa spridningen i stubbar, rötter och stam ..................... 22 Skogsskötsel för att förebygga och minska skador ................................ 23 Beståndsanläggning ......................................................................... 24 Hyggesvila ....................................................................................... 25 Plantmaterial .................................................................................... 25 Markberedning ................................................................................. 25 Föryngringsmetod ............................................................................ 25 Planteringsförband ........................................................................... 25 Röjning ............................................................................................. 26 Gallring ............................................................................................ 26 Vinteravverkning och stubbehandling ............................................. 27 Gallring i rötinfekterade bestånd...................................................... 28 Gallringsskador ................................................................................ 28 Slutavverkning ................................................................................. 29 Beståndsförbättrande åtgärder – kalkning och gödsling .................. 29 Trädslagsval ..................................................................................... 30 Jämförande försök ............................................................................ 32 Blandskog ........................................................................................ 32 Planering .......................................................................................... 34 Snöskytte ...................................................................................................... 35 Förekomst .............................................................................................. 35 Biologi .................................................................................................... 37 Skogsskötsel för att förebygga och minska skador ................................ 38 Hyggesstorlek .................................................................................. 38 Hyggesbehandling ............................................................................ 39 Val av trädslag ................................................................................. 40 Val av tallproveniens ....................................................................... 40 Val av skogsodlingsmetod ............................................................... 41 Snöskytte och klimatförändringarna ...................................................... 41 Rotmurkla .................................................................................................... 42 Förekomst .............................................................................................. 42 Biologi .................................................................................................... 43 Skogsskötsel för att förebygga och minska skador ................................ 44 Snytbaggen ................................................................................................... 46 Förekomst .............................................................................................. 46 3 SKOGSSTYRELSEN SKOGSINDUSTRIERNA SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET LRF SKOGSÄGARNA Skogsskötselserien nr 12, Skador på skog, del 1 Skogsstyrelsen, Johanna Witzell, m fl författare, 8 maj 2017 Biologi .................................................................................................... 47 Skador .............................................................................................. 49 Skogsskötsel för att förebygga och minska skador ................................ 50 Val av trädslag ................................................................................. 50 Plantstorlek ...................................................................................... 52 Plantans försvar ................................................................................ 53 Hyggesvila ....................................................................................... 54 Insekticider ....................................................................................... 56 Plantskydd ........................................................................................ 56 Markberedning ................................................................................. 59 Skärmställning ................................................................................. 62 Kombinerade åtgärder ...................................................................... 63 Svart granbastborre ...................................................................................... 65 Förekomst .............................................................................................. 65 Biologi .................................................................................................... 66 Skogsskötsel för att förebygga
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