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Biodiversité Et Biotypologie Des Eaux Continentales De Madagascar

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Biodiversité Et Biotypologie Des Eaux Continentales De Madagascar PLANTES AQUATIQUES Hery RANARIJAONA Nous tenonsà remercierici MesdamesFrance RAKOTONDR4INIBE et Vololoniaina JEANNODA qui ont beaucoupcontribué à ce travail. Dans le cadre du programme” Biodiversift? et biotypologie des eaux continentales de Muduguscœ “, les plantesaquatiques ont étéétudiées davantage dans les biotopeslentiques (lacs, marais, étangs) que dansles biotopeslotiques (fleuves, riviéres). De plus, puisquela systématiqueétait déjàconnue, les &udesréalisées dansce programmeontporté principalement sur la typologiedes formations végétales. Ce travail qui a fait l’objet dune these (RANARIJAONA , 2000) était était égalementinclus dans le programmeII Lacs et puléoclimuts malgaches “. Les plantesaquatiques et semi-aquatiquesont été prises en compte. Sont considéréescomme plantes aquatiques,celles dont l’appareilvégétatif est en permanenceou pendantplusieurs mois de l’annéeen contactavec l’eau. Ces plantes sont soit immergées,soit émergées,soit flottantesà la surfaceou entredeux eaux.Les plantes semiaquatiques sont celles qui vivent et se développentdans les milieux temporairement inondeset passentnécessairement leur phasejuvénile dans l’eau. N’ont point éte pris en compte, les vég&auxnon vasculaires et les végétauxterrestres hygrophiles qui se rencontrentdans les milieux gorgés d’eauet sur les bergesinondées en certainessaisonset dont la phasejuvenile se déroulesur la terreferme. Ainsi les espècesDesmodium hirtum, D. leiocarpum,D. salicifolium, Vigna angivensisn’ont pas éte prisesen comptepas plus queles espècescolonisant les mangroveset les forêtsmarecageuses. 1. NOTION DE PLANTES AQUATIQUES ET SEMI-AQUATIQUES Trois typesde plantes fréquententles zones humides (ASHTON, 1973): . Les plantesaquatiques qui poussenten permanencedans le milieu liquide. Elles peuventêtre immergées,flottantes ou émergées.Leur structure et leur port sont adaptesà vivre dansl’eau. Si le niveaude l’eaus’abaisse, les plantespeuvent survivre quelque temps en modifiant leur port, mais meurentsi le milieu s’assèchecomplètement. Les plantessemi-aquatiques qui exigentune périoded’inondation temporaire et se developpent doncdans les zonestemporairementinondés ainsi que sur les bords desplans d’eaupermanents, les milieux gorgés d’eauoù encoredans les zonesd’eaux peu profondes.Pour être considérées commesemi-aquatique, une plante doit obligatirementavoir saphase juvenile aquatique. Les plantesterrestreshygrophiles qui se rencontrenormalement dans des milieux gorgésd’eau ou humideset ne peuventsurvivre que peu de tempslorsque le milieu est complétementinondé. Seulesles deuxpremières catégories de plantesaquatiques seront retenus dans l’&ude et seulesles plantes vasculairesseront prises en compteà l’exceptiondes Algues, des Diatomées,etc. De même les espèces colonisantles mangroveset les forêtsmakageusessont exclues de cetteetude. Parmi cesgroupes floristiques établis selon un gradientd’hygrophilie, on distinguera: l deshélophytes : plantessemi-aquatiques susceptibles de supporterdes périodes d’émersion ; . des hydrophytes: plantesexigent la présenced’eau, parmi lesquelleson reconnaîtdes émergées flottantesfixées ou libres. H. Rananjaona 2. SYSTEMATIQUE Les plantesaquatiques de Madagascarappatiennent à 45 familles et 117 genres.Elles constituent338 espèceset variétés(cf. liste $10). Au niveaumondial, les plantesaquatiques sont reprkntées par 87 familles et 407 genres.La famille la plus importanteà Madagascarest celle des Cyperaceaequi comprend 142espèces, soit 42 % desespèces recensées. Parmi les 338 espècesou variétés,220 (65 %) se rencontrentdans les marais,85 (25 %) sont communes auxlacs, étangs et marais,33 (10 %) sontproptes aux lacs. Aucuneespèce n’est propreaux etangs. Parmi les 338 espèces,280 (83 %) sontdes hélophytes(plantes semi-aquatiques capables de supporterdes périodesd’émersion), 58 sont deshydrophytes (plantes qui exigentla présenced’eau). Parmi ces dernières, 21 espèces(6 %) sont des émergéesflottantes fixées, 23 (7 %) sont des immergeesflottantes fixees, 6 (1 %) sontdes immergées flottantes libres et 8 (2 %) sontdes émergées flottantes libres. 3. DISTRIBUTION Parmi les 338espèces, 116 (34 %) ont une airede distribution couvranttout le territoire, 100 (30 %) sont limitées au domainedu centre,59 (17 %) colonisentles domainesde l’Ouest et du Sud;14 (4 %) se rencontrentexclusivement dans le domainede l’Est et seulement1% des espècesou vari& dans le domainedu Sambirano; 6 % desespèces sont communes au centreet à l’Ouest,4 % au Centreet a l’Est, 1% A l’Est et au Sud. La définitiondes domaines est cellede HU~BERT (1955). 4. ENDEMICITE Sur les 87 familles de plantesaquatiques et semi aquatiquesrecensees dans le monde, 45 (51%) sont présentesà Madagascar; sur 407 genres,117 (28 %) sont présentssur la GrandIle dont 23 sont des Cyperacaeet 11 des Poaceaeet 9 des Asteraceae.Les autresfamilles ne possèdentque 1 a 5 genres.Au niveauspécifique, 338 espècessont présentessur l’île, appartenantessentiellement aux Qperaceae(142 espèces),aux Poaceae(17), aux Euroliaceae(17) et aux Asteriaceae(23); les autresfamilles ne contenant qu’unea neufespkes. Les richessesfamiliale, géneriqueet spkiflque de Madagascar,enplantes aquatiques et semi-aquatiquesest relativementgrandeparrapportà celle d’autresrégions du monde,Ainsi, seules81 espècessont prkentes en Australie,29 en Inde, 116en Asie, un peuplus d’unecentaim en Europe. L’endémicitéspécifique est de 39 %. Ce nombreest faible par rapportà celui desplantes terrestres qui est de 81%. Les airesde rcpartitionconsiderées dans l‘analyse chorologique des espkes vasculaires, aquatiques ou semi- aquatiquesde Madagascar,sont les suivantes: . la régionmalgache (élément régional) : 128 espècessur les 338 sont endémiquesde Pile (38 %). Ce nombreest faible comparéà celui estimépar PHILLIPSON (1994)pour les plantesterrestres qui atteint 81% (7570 endémiquessur 9 345 espècesrece&es). Dans les milieux aquatiques, l’endémicitéest la plus fortepour les familles desEriocaulaceaeet Cyperaceae. Dans cette demiere famille, 51 espècessur 142 sontendemiques (36 %). l’Afrique tropicaleet 1’Atiiqueaustrale, y comprisla régionmalgache (ellément africain) ; . I’Indo-Malaisieet l’Océanie,y comprisla régionmalgache (element oriental) ; . l’Ancien monde(élément paléotropical) ; . les Tropiquesavec parfois un dépassementsur les zonestempérées (élément pantropid) ; . airede répartitionmaldefinie (clément mal défini incluantles raresespèces présentes a la fois dans la régionmalgache, en Afriqueet en Amériquetropicale mais absentesen Asie et en Océanieainsi que les espkes à répartitionponctuelle). L’élément africain représente114 espèces(34 %), 268 Systématique-Plantes aquatiques l’élémentpantropical comprend 42 espèces(12 %), l’élémentà largerepartition mondial possède 39 espèces(11 %), l’élément oriental, faible, ne comprendque 11 espèces(3 %), l’élément néotropicaln’est pas représenté. 5. DEFINITION DES LACS, ETANGS ET MARAIS. Trois criteressontretenus pour élaborerla définition destypes de plans d’eau: la profondeur,la variation du niveaude l’eauen fonctionde la saisonet le type de végétation. 5.1. LACS La définition suivantea été retenuepour l’étudedes lacs : un lac est une étendued’eau de superficie variable,qui peut êtrepetite pour les lacs de cratere.Leur profondeurmoyenne est superieureA 1,50 m aussi bien en saison sèchequ’en saison humide. Ils possèdenttoujours une eau de surfacelibre de végétationet la ceinturede végétation émergée ou immergéene se rencontreque sur les bergesou dansles zonestemporairementinondées. Les lacsmalgaches peuvent être classifiés comme suit (KENER,1963 ; FERRYet al., 1995): . les lacs d’origine tectoniquequi sont des lacs de forme gén&alementallongee, occupant d’importantesfailles. Exemplele lac Alaotra ; . les lacsde plaineou devallées alluviales : lacs caractériséspar une faible profondeur.Ce type de lac est fréquentà MadagascarExemples: la majoritédes lacs de l’Ouestdont la surfaceaugmente considérablementavec la montéedes eaux en saisondes pluies ; . les lacsartificiels ou naturelsaménages. Ce sont les lacs de barrage,formés par la fermetured’une valléeou d’unbas-fond à la suited’un éboulement,d’une coulée de lave, d’alltionnement intense ou parl’action de l’homme.Exemple : les lacsKinkony, Mantasoa.Le lac Ihotry estun lac naturel dont la présenceseraitdue à l’installation d’un systèmedunaire ou d’un accidenttectonique voire desdeux ; . les lacsvolcaniques ou de cratère; lacs souventde forme ovaleou rondeet de surfacerelativement faible.Exemples : le lac Trittiva prèsde Betafo dont la profondeuravoisine 160 m ; le lac Itasy est égalementun lac volcaniqueverrouillé par une couléede lave. Ils constituentsouvent des chapeletsselon les lignes devolcans ; . les lacslittoraux et les lagunesde l’Est ; . les lacscôtiers de l’Ouesttels les lacsIhotry et Tsimanampetsotsa ; . les etenduesd’eau salées ou saumâtressont classéesparmi les lacs lorsqu’ellesrépondent aux critèresde définition ; 5.2. LES ETANGS Un etang est un lac peu profond dont I’etendued’eau est de superficievariable et dont la profondeur maximalene dépassepas 1 m. C’estdonc un lac peuprofond ne possédantpas d’eaude surfacelibre, c’est- à-dire que la surfaceen eau est recouvertepar une végétationaquatique émergée flottante fixee telle Nymphea SP., Marsilia diffusia, Neptunia oleracea ou une vegétationimmergée flottante libre telle Salvinia hastata, Eichhornia crassipes. La végétationémergée hélophyte ou hydrophytey est rarement rencontree.Exemple: étang d’Ambondro-mihefy dans la régiond’Antsiranana. 5.3. LES MARAIS OU MARECAGES Nous considéronsdans
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