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curve resolves itself into a series of troughs and furnaces and operate the coke and chemical plants crests", with each crest reaching to a new high level of Magnitogorsk, on the eastern. slopes of the and no trough as deep as the one before, is one that Mountains. His remarkable story, written with stark is not always sufficiently appreciated nowadays. realism, tells of the triumphs and privations of those Personally I have long believed that this is one of who struggled to change Magnitogorsk from a squalid the fundamental lessons that can be derived from village of Kirghiz and Bashkir herders into one of the general study of human progress : history :may the world's largest metallurgical plants, with a pro• indeed repeat itself, but the repetition is not merely duction of about 3 million tons of steel a year. circular ; it is spiral. It is indeed three-dimensional. Even more impressive than the documented statistics In a general connexion, on p. 21, the author which bespeak the progress of material achievements throws out a suggestion that "cultures are tending is the illuminating account of daily life in Magnito• to merge into culture", which will perhaps fill some gorsk, of the patriotic enthusiasm, the intense people with foreboding-the .cultural temperature striving after education, the confusion and disorders, resulting from such a merger would probably be a the unquestioning obedience to the dicta of the tepidity of the Laodicean kind ! On the other hand, Communist Party, and of the purge which struck of course, the "limitless multitude of Neolithic the city in 1937. ·cultures" referred to on p. 56 must have constituted The author is neither a dilettante nor a partisan an equally unsatisfactory background for human propagandist ; he actually dwelt and toiled as a advancement. Nevertheless, it has always seemed to Russian, and although his writing is imbued with me that this was a tremendously important moment the spirit and atmosphere of the Revolution, it in cultural evolution : that the discoveries which led is none the less a sane and balanced study of the to the rise of the Neolithic civilization were perhaps benefits and shortcomings of socialism as it recently the most fundamentally important ones ever made functioned in Magnitogorsk. by humanity. Community life as we know it, with all If this extraordinary book attains the wide circu• the social and moral problems it involves of the regula• lation it deserves, it should help to promote better tion of human behaviour, dates from the discoveries Anglo-Russian understanding. Especially should it of agriculture and the domestication of animals. be read by those who have not ceased to wonder Very interesting indeed to us to-day is Prof. how the peoples of the Soviet Union have so success• Childe's implication in his last chapter that the later fully withstood the armed might of Nazi Germany. Roman emperors introduced Nazism in an effort to DAVID WILLIAMS. escape the oncoming decline and death of civilization. It is perhaps not quite so satisfactorily explained exactly why the ancient world was dying, unless we ORGANIC REACTIONS IN accept the natural idea of old age. Civilizations are LIQUID SYSTEMS not unlike individuals. They are born as a result of culture contacts and, unless killed, survive for a span Mechanism and Chemical Kinetics of Organic Re• before disappearing. But, as the author's optimistic actions in Liquid Systems creed indicates, they do hand on a something which A General Discussion held by the Faraday Society, is taken over by their successors-the next great September 1941. Pp. ii+60l-806. (London and civilization to arise. Edinburgh: Gurney and Jackson, 1942.) 15s. net. This more than worth-while book contains many HIS volume contains fourteen papers on various facts-the background material for the study ; but T aspects of the mechanism and kinetics of organic it is primarily intended to stimulate thought and to reactions in liquid systems, together with reports of help the reader to understand the general story of discussions on them at a meeting of the Faraday human development and, may be, to draw lessons Society in September 1941 (see NATURE, Jan. 31, which will help when our own civilization, now in 1941, p. 126). The topics included various kinds of danger of collapse, is once again in process of re- substitution reactions, elimination reactions, hydro• construction. M. C. BURKITT. lysis, addition and condensation, prototropic changes, anionotropic changes, substitution reactions, free radicals, Cannizzaro reaction, and ring closure. A THE STORY OF MAGNITOGORSK wide a:qd important field was thus covered. Behind the Urals The main emphasis was laid on the electronic theory and modern interpretation of the processes An American Worker in 's City of Steel. By discussed, and as the papers are in the nature of .John Scott. Pp. 224. (London : Martin Secker and monographs by leading workers in the fields, and Warburg, Ltd., 1942.) 7s. 6d. net. have full bibliographies, the interesting and valuable HE cause of world freedom owes much to the character of the book will be appreciated. Modern T amazing development of mineral resources and organic chemistry is making full use of recent heavy industries in the Soviet Union since the advances in physical chemistry, and in the theory of inception of the first Five-Year Plan. In the late atomic structure and bond formation which has been 'twenties, thanks to the sagacity and foresight of worked out in theoretical physics. Some idea of the their leaders, the embarked on a vast great advances in the understanding of organic scheme of industrialization in the Urals and Western reactions which this new knowledge has made Siberia, far distant from the nearest frontiers, in the possible can be gathered from the work reported face of appalling difficulties. Since the old industrial here, and both chemists and physicists should find centre of the Ukraine has been overrun, these newly the volume both stimulating and useful. developed regions have indeed become a stronghold The Faraday Society General Discussions are well of Russia's unconquerable resistance. known and appreciated as valuable contributions to For more than five years John Scott, an adven• the advancement of knowledge, and the present turous young American engineer, shared the life of volume well maintains the high standard set in the Russian workers while helping to build blast previous General Discussions.

© 1943 Nature Publishing Group