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Supplementary Materials For www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1242642/DC1 Supplementary Materials for Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization Olga P. Popova, Peter Jenniskens,* Vacheslav Emel’yanenko, Anna Kartashova, Eugeny Biryukov, Sergey Khaibrakhmanov, Valery Shuvalov, Yurij Rybnov, Alexandr Dudorov, Victor I. Grokhovsky, Dmitry D. Badyukov, Qing-Zhu Yin, Peter S. Gural, Jim Albers, Mikael Granvik, Läslo G. Evers, Jacob Kuiper, Vladimir Kharlamov, Andrey Solovyov, Yuri S. Rusakov, Stanislav Korotkiy, Ilya Serdyuk, Alexander V. Korochantsev, Michail Yu Larionov, Dmitry Glazachev, Alexander E. Mayer, Galen Gisler, Sergei V. Gladkovsky, Josh Wimpenny, Matthew E. Sanborn, Akane Yamakawa, Kenneth L. Verosub, Douglas J. Rowland, Sarah Roeske, Nicholas W. Botto, Jon M. Friedrich, Michael E. Zolensky, Loan Le, Daniel Ross, Karen Ziegler, Tomoki Nakamura, Insu Ahn, Jong Ik Lee, Qin Zhou, Xian-Hua Li, Qiu-Li Li, Yu Liu, Guo-Qiang Tang, Takahiro Hiroi, Derek Sears, Ilya A. Weinstein, Alexander S. Vokhmintsev, Alexei V. Ishchenko, Phillipe Schmitt-Kopplin, Norbert Hertkorn, Keisuke Nagao, Makiko K. Haba, Mutsumi Komatsu, Takashi Mikouchi (the Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium) *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Published 7 November 2013 on Science Express DOI: 10.1126/science.1242642 This PDF file includes: Supplementary Text Figs. S1 to S87 Tables S1 to S24 References Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following: (available at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1242642/DC1) Movie S1 O. P. Popova, et al., Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization. Science 342 (2013). Table of Content 1. Asteroid Orbit and Atmospheric Entry 1.1. Trajectory and Orbit............................................................................................................. 3 Time of Entry....................................................... .............................................................. 3 Astrometry of Video Records............................................................................................ 4 Shadows in Video Records................................................................................................. 11 Trajectory and Orbit.......................................................................................................... 13 Preatmospheric Orbit........................................................................................................ 18 Final Fragments.................................................................................................................. 19 Model of Meteoroid Orbital Dynamics............................................................................ 20 1.2. Lightcurve and Meteor Model ............................................................................................. 22 Lightcurve........................................................................................................................... 22 Meteor Model...................................................................................................................... 24 1.3. Thermal Radiation and the Smoke Cloud............................................................................. 30 Prevailing Winds and Train Drift..................................................................................... 34 1.4. Infrasound Data.................................................................................................................... 39 1.5. Witness Reports: Smells........................................................................................................ 45 1.6. EMP and Electrophonic Sounds........................................................................................... 53 2. Damage Assessment 2.1. Injuries.................................................................................................................................. 55 2.2. Heat and Sunburn................................................................................................................. 57 2.3. Glass Damage....................................................................................................................... 58 2.4. Model of the Shockwave........................................................................................................ 62 Blast Wave Arrival Times................................................................................................. 69 2.5. Structures Hit by Falling Meteorites.................................................................................... 74 3. Meteorite Recovery 3.1. Recovered Meteorites............................................................................................................ 75 Meteorite Recovery from Snow......................................................................................... 80 Mass Distribution of Fallen Meteorites and Total Fallen Mass..................................... 81 Chebarkul Lake Meteorites............................................................................................... 84 Model of Chebarkul Lake Impact.................................................................................... 87 4. Meteorite Characterization 4.1. Mechanical Properties.......................................................................................................... 89 4.2. X-ray Computed Tomography............................................................................................... 90 Metal Grain Orientations.................................................................................................. 94 4.3. Magnetic Susceptibility and Paleomagnetism...................................................................... 96 4.4. Petrography and Mineralogy................................................................................................ 98 4.5. Major, Minor, and Trace Element Analyses....................................................................... 103 4.6. Ultrahigh Precision Cr Isotope Analyses........................................................................... 106 4.7. Oxygen Isotope Analyses.................................................................................................... 108 4.8. U-Pb Age............................................................................................................................. 110 4.9. Reflection Spectroscopy...................................................................................................... 114 4.10. Thermoluminescence......................................................................................................... 116 4.11. Electrospray Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry................................ 123 4.12. Noble Gas Isotopes........................................................................................................... 128 References and Notes only cited in Supporting Materials Section (42-157)....................... 134 2 Introduction to Supplementary Materials This document contains supplementary material to the research article "Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery and Characterization" (Popova et al., Science 342, 2013), and is provided online as a Supporting Online Materials document (SOM). It contains collected data, methods of analysis, and a more in-depth interpretation of results. Individual sections address the asteroid orbit and atmospheric entry (SOM Sect. 1), damage assessment (Sect. 2), meteorite recovery (Sect. 3), and meteorite characterization (Sect. 4). The main contributors to each sub-section are identified. 1. Asteroid Orbit and Atmospheric Entry 1.1. Trajectory and Orbit (Contributed by: P. Jenniskens, P. S. Gural, J. Albers, A. Kartashova, E. Biryukov, and V. Emel'yanenko) Time of entry Footage from 34 video security cameras in Chelyabinsk Oblast (the administrative term for the region) were recorded at 10 frames-per-second on a single time-calibrated server. Cameras were pointed downward on traffic and do not show the fireball itself. On February 15, 2013, sunrise in Chelyabinsk was at 03:17 Universal Time (UT). The landscape initially brightened to a peak at 03:20:29.8±0.1 UT, at which time the color temperature of the light lowered to a more yellow hue. Brightness continued to increase to a peak between 03:20:31.2 and 03:20:32.2 UT, different for different cameras because of gain adjustments. Brightness abruptly decreased at 03:20:32.65 UT, when the landscape became bathed in a reddish color. There was subsequently a brief increase of light with a more bluish tone peaking at 03:20:33.4 UT. Table S1. Time and location of key events from the analyses of video records. Event Time (s, UT) Latitude (º) Longitude H (km) V (km/s) (±0.1) (±0.018) (º) (±0.030) (±0.7) (±0.16) First detected 3:20:20.8 54.445 64.565 97.1 19.16 First peak 3:20:29.8 54.764 62.109 43.9 19.2 Main peak 3:20:32.2 54.845 61.412 29.7 19.2 End of thermal cloud formation 3:20:32.65 54.859 61.278 27.0 19.2 Secondary disruption 3:20:33.4 54.876 61.128 23.9 16.8 Tertiary disruption 3:20:34.7 54.905 60.865 18.5 12.1 Last detected 3:20:36.8 54.931 60.625 13.6 4.9 Thermal cloud comes to rest ~3:20:37 54.864 61.240 26.2 -.- 3 Astrometry of Video Records Times were not synchronized in most of the other >400 videos posted on the internet, many from dashboard-mounted video cameras (dash-cam). Eight perspectives were calibrated during a two- week field
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