COMMISSAIRE LEVEL 1
Accreditation Program Manual Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual
Cycling Australia Level 1 Commissaire Accreditation Program
First printed in Australia in March 2004. Revised 2008, 2018
Copyright © Cycling Australia
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Welcome and Introduction
Welcome to the Level 1 Commissaires Accreditation Program which has been prepared by Cycling Australia.
The word 'Commissaire' is recognised and used throughout the world in cycling circles and is derived from the French language. The English equivalent of 'Commissaire' is 'official', however perhaps a more appropriate view of a Commissaire is a trained and accredited official. In Australia we adopt the word ‘Commissaire’ so that all riders, local and internation- al, recognise who has the authority and control of a cycling event. Similarly, Australian riders travelling overseas will be familiar with the roles, responsibilities and authority of Com- missaires.
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The course materials include: A Cycling Australia Level 1 Commissaire Course Manual, and A Cycling Australia Level 1 Commissaire Workbook.
In order to be recognised as an 'Accredited Level 1 Commis- saire' you must complete all theoretical and practical ele- ments of this course. It will be necessary for you to complete and submit the workbook and be assessed on the practical aspects of the course by an accredited assessor. You must be able to competently perform the duties of a Commissaire at club level before being awarded the Level 1 Commissaire accreditation. Once attainted, your accreditation will be valid for four years. To maintain your accreditation during this peri- od you will be required to: Complete the hours and activities at club level throughout the year Attend one Commissaires Workshop/Update per annum Hold a current CA membership
This process ensures that your skills and knowledge remain up to date.
The Table of Contents reflects the course outline that will pro- vide you with appropriate training and skills so that you are capable of competently planning, organising and conducting club cycling events (that includes the safety and enjoyment of riders, spectators and the general public). The modules will require you to learn, understand and apply basic rules to road and track racing at club level.
The course structure's flexibility allows you to complete the modules at your own pace. As a guide, the theory element of the course will take approximately 6 hours with 10 hours of practical hands-on experience recommended prior to assess- ment. If you have any concerns while undertaking this course please contact your Member State.
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It is expected that you read through this manual and familia- rise yourself with the contents and the relevant rules of the club of which you are a member. It must be remembered that this manual is generic, although course assessors may take into account local rules and conditions, if appropriate.
You may choose to progress to Level 2, then to Level 3 and ultimately to International (UCI) accreditation in support of our sport. I wish you success and satisfaction in your capaci- ty as a Commissaire in the sport of cycling. Your contribution is very much appreciated.
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CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION 1 MODULE 1 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF LEVEL 1 COMMISSAIRES 4 MODULE 2 CLUB COMPETITION MANAGEMENT 10 MODULE 3 COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS 14 MODULE 4 CLUB ADMINISTRATION 19 MODULE 5 GENERAL RULES FOR CLUB CYCLING 22 MODULE 6 GENERAL RACING RULES FOR CLUB ROAD CYCLING 28 MODULE 7 GENERAL RACING RULES FOR CLUB TRACK CYCLING 33 ANNEXURES 41
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GENERAL INFORMATION
OBJECTS OF THE MANUAL
The purpose of this Level 1 Commissaires Man- Australia; ual is to provide a common procedural reference • Supply club Commissaires with a set of guide for all CA Commissaires. The broad objec- operating guidelines in the administration of tives of the manual are to: cycling competition throughout Australia; and • Provide a consistent basis for the application • Serve as a reference text for Commissaire of the rules for cycling competition throughout Courses provided by CA and Member State.
COURSE PREREQUISITES
Participants must: they are still required to complete and return the • Be at least 18 years of age upon application to workbook and undertake a practical assessment to be eligible for accreditation, and gain accreditation. • Hold a current CA membership. This manual guides you through the rules that are generally applicable to State, National and interna- There will be no honorary accreditation. While tional competitions, however the major focus of some practicing officials may be able to satisfy all this manual will be providing you with a compre- or most of the competencies required for Level 1 hension of the general and racing rules that relate accreditation without having to read the manual specifically to club competitions.
COMMISSAIRE ACCREDITATION / RE ACCREDITATION
After you complete the requirements of this quality assurance in the area of officials' develop- course and return a signed Code of Behaviour ment through education and training. Our expec- Agreement Form you will be entered onto the CA tation is that through the accreditation process database that will entitle you to officiate as a Com- the quality of Commissaires in Australia will be en- missaire within appointed events. Commissaires hanced, providing a solid base for the growth and who do not become a member will not be permit- prosperity of the sport of cycling in Australia. ted to work in this role. CA accreditation provides
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Commissaires who have met the minimum a Commissaire. The classification of a ‘club event’ competency standards as prescribed by the CA is viewed as any event that does not appear in the Technical Commission will be accredited for a State or National calendar of events. Your accred- period of four years. In order to meet the mini- itation can also be updated by achieving Level 2 mum re-accreditation requirements (for another Commissaire status within four years. four year period) you must work at a minimum of five events per year, over each four year term as For more details regarding the next level of ac- creditation please contact CA or Member State.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A COMMISSAIRE
In many respects Commissaires are the face of the sport of cycling in Australia (excluding the riders) to club members, spectators and the general public. To some extent Commissaires should be invisible, allowing the focus to be on the riders. At the same time Commissaires need to be in control at the various events for which they are responsi- ble. It is essential that you set and maintain high standards and always behave in an appropriate manner. As a result, our sport will be reflected in a positive light in the community. As a Level 1 Com- missaire you should present yourself in a tidy and efficient manner at all times at club events, even if uniforms are not supplied.
You should conduct competitions in a fair and impartial manner, displaying equity to all compet- itors. Commissaires must be consistent in their application of the rules, keeping in mind the objec- tive of providing an enjoyable and satisfying expe- rience for all involved (including you). Remember that club events are not the World Championships! While it would be ideal to find more volunteers Conflicts of interest should be avoided where than required to fulfil all tasks at club competi- possible; however, it is understandable that in tions, it is quite likely that this will not be the case. some instances, particularly at club events where It is the duty of the Chief Commissaire (who may your family members may be competing, this be the only Commissaire at a club event) to ensure may occur. In these instances be careful in your that all jobs are undertaken with the object of pro- decision making process to avoid accusations of viding a safe and even competition for all compet- favouritism or bias. itors. Safety must be your primary consideration and the material presented in Module 1 will assist you in your efforts of understanding and compe- tently creating a safe environment.
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CYCLING STRUCTURE
The International Cycling Union, usually referred your club events, at combined club events (races to as the UCI (Union Cycliste International), is the involving your club and other clubs) and events not peak body of world cycling. Founded in Paris in on the State calendar. This level of accreditation 1900 the UCI has two official languages, French and does not authorise you to perform key duties at English, with English now commonly used as the State or National Championships unless endorsed primary language. Located in Aigle, Switzerland, by the relevant State Technical Commission. Should the UCI is responsible for all major world events, you desire to commissaire at State and National which include the Elite, Under 23 and Junior World events you will be required to complete subse- Championships, World Cups and other major quent courses (Level 2 and/or Level 3 Commissaire international events. The constituent members of Courses) and be assessed as competent. Once the UCI are the National Cycling Federations, such completed successfully you could then nominate to as CA. be appointed at State or National level events.
In Australia, Cycling Australia administers and gov- The highest standard of cycling accreditation erns the sport of cycling. CA's members include attainable is that of UCI Commissaire. To undertake the Member State and the individual members of the UCI Commissaire Course you must be aged every club in the country – which includes you! between 25 and 50 years of age, have a number of year's experience at National level events and be Upon completion of this Level 1 Commissaire endorsed by CA. Course, you will be accredited to commissaire at
DETAILS OF INSURANCE COVER FOR MEMBERS OF CYCLING AUSTRALIA
Once you have completed the course please ensure you have a signed CA membership in your possession at all times when working as a commissaire. Your membership will allow a Chief Commissaire to check on the current accreditation status of any commissaire. If a Chief Commissaire has a person make technical decisions regarding a bicycle race and they are not accredited then the Chief Commissaire may be liable.
Please contact the CA office or your Member State for current coverage as the insurance policies change periodically. Alternatively, information on the current CA insurance policy is available on the CA website at membership.cycling.org.au/mem- bership
In Australia membership of CA provides each member with a certain level of insurance cover. This cover exists for members in racing and train- ing activities and importantly for commissaires this includes public liability and professional indemnity insurance while performaing your role.
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Module 1 Roles & Responsibilities of Level 1 Commissaires
´´ Learning outcomes: At the end of this module you will be able to understand; The Code of Conduct for cycling officials, A Club Commissaire's Duty of Care, Safety & Risk Management for cycle racing, and Competition Duties of a Club Commissaire.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30minute theory
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook
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CODE OF CONDUCT
Every member of CA is encouraged to adhere to its Code of Conduct. As a commissaire you are Governance expected to monitor, encourage and ensure that the conduct of all members is consistent with CA's Code of Conduct. The Code shall be known as Cycling Australia’s Code of Conduct. The Code shall govern the conduct of all persons formally associated with cycling within Australia. In particular, it shall apply Purpose to: • Persons acting for and on behalf of CA. The purpose of the Code of Conduct (Code) is to • Athletes, coaches, managers and support staff describe the type of behaviour, which CA is seek- of CA. ing to promote and encourage its members and • Persons participating in CA sanctioned events. supporters to adopt. • Officials, Commissaires and support personnel assisting or conducting CA events. • CA appointed Delegates and employees of CA.
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Key Principles appropriate courtesy, respect and regard for their rights and obligations, • Treat people’s property with respect and due • CA wishes to operate in an environment where consideration of its value, people show respect for others and their property. Respect is defined as consideration • Show a positive commitment to CA’s policies, for another’s physical and emotional well being rules, procedures, guidelines and agreements, and possessions, to ensure no damage or • Respect the law and customs of the places they deprivation is caused to either. visit, • CA wishes to operate in an environment that is • Respect the confidentiality of information which free from harassment. Harassment is defined they receive in the course of fulfilling their as any action directed at an individual or group duties, that creates a hostile, intimidatory or offensive environment. Refer to CA's Member Protection • Uphold the standing and reputation of cycling Policy. within Australia, • CA wishes to operate in a non-discriminatory • Not misuse provided funds or property environment. Respect the right, dignity and belonging to another party, and worth of every human being–within the context • Observe and comply with the Anti Doping Rules of the activity, treat everyone equally regardless set out in the CA Doping Policy. of gender, ethnic origin or religion. • Persons to whom this Code applies acknowledge and agree to comply with Unacceptable Behaviour the disciplinary and grievance procedures promulgated by CA. If any disciplinary action is taken, persons directly affected shall be This list provides examples of behaviour deemed given the opportunity to participate in those to be unsuitable and not in the best interests of proceedings and the right to appeal against any the sport. decision against them. • ‘Sledging’ other athletes, officials or event organisers. Sledging is defined as a statement that is deemed to denigrate and/or intimidate another person, or behaviour likely to constitute emotional abuse, • Excessive use of alcohol, acting in a way that becomes a public nuisance, or creating a public disturbance, • Damaging another person’s property or depriving them of that property, • Sexual relations between an appointed official and a junior athlete (under the age of consent), irrespective of the wishes and desires of the athlete. In all other cases such relations are strongly discouraged, • Any physical contact with athletes shall be appropriate to the situation and be necessary for the further development of the athlete's skill, • The use or encouragement of the use of banned substances. (The banned substance list is as Key Elements outlined under CA’s Anti-Doping Policy.), • Statements which are deemed to denigrate the group that an individual is representing. All persons who are bound by this Code shall: • Any type of gambling, betting or organisation of • Act in a manner which is compatible with the betting at any cycling event, while competing, interests of CA, officiating or undertaking a management role, and • Accord people involved in cycling with the • Any form of harassment.
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DUTY OF CARE FOR COMMISSAIRES
As the responsible person supervising and con- example, conducting a competition for junior trolling a cycling competition, the commissaire is competitors on the open road as compared to expected to discharge a duty of care to all associ- a competition involving elite competitors will ated or interacting with the event. A commissaire result in a more stringent standard of care. needs to ask the following questions when under- • The ability of participants – Age should not be taking any activity associated with the conduct of considered in isolation but considered along a cycling competition: with the ability of the participant. ‘Beginners’ or ‘novices’ in any program need greater supervision than more experienced and skilled Do I owe a duty of care to participants (eg beginners in a bunch situation compared to competitors with several years the participant and if so, training and racing experience). You may need is the risk of any injury to limit the size of bunches by limiting the number of entries or adopt a different format of reasonably foreseeable? race for those still developing competition and bike handling skills. • The commissaire / other volunteer's level of A duty of care depends on establishing some training and experience – The more highly relationship between the parties. If an injury oc- trained and experienced a person is the greater curs, the courts will ask whether the relationship standard of care that is expected. For example, a between the parties was such that the defendant higher standard of care would be expected from should have foreseen that his or her negligent act a trained commissaire than from someone who would lead to the damage suffered by the partici- is volunteering and who may have undertaken pant. minimal training. Although the question needs to be answered for each situation, it would be reasonable for the commissaire to assume that they do owe a duty of What steps can I take care to competitors, other commissaires, to avoid the foreseeable spectators and the general public what may in some way or other interact with a cycling compe- risk of harm or injury? tition. Commissaires should take all reasonable steps to prevent injury. To help establish the 'reasonable What is the standard of care steps’ the commissaire should help develop a risk management plan for the club and the programs that must be achieved? or activities it conducts. The state departments of sport and recreation have developed their own comprehensive risk management manuals for The test for the required standard of care is how sport and recreation organisations. You may care a reasonably prudent person would have acted to contact them to see if that material assists you. in the same situation. The law has developed this The following section of this module should also reasonable person test but what is reasonable will assist. depend on the particular circumstances existing at the time. For example the standard may vary depending upon: • The type of activity – Generally, the more hazardous or risky the activity is deemed to be, the greater the duty of care that is owed to the participant. • The age of the participant – Generally, the younger the participant, the greater the duty of care that is owed. Similarly, frail or aged adults may place greater demands on supervision. For
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SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT
When participating in any sporting activity one • High risk (frequent accidents with severe must be aware of the associated risks and cycling consequences–the strategy should be to avoid is no different. While cycling may present certain such risks) risks, they should be eliminated or minimised as • Moderate risk (infrequent accidents with major much as possible to create a safe and enjoyable loss–the strategy may be to take out insurance) environment for all. As commissaires we need to take positive action to eliminate and reduce the • Moderate risk (frequent accidents with minor likelihood of accidents by identifying, evaluating loss–the strategy may be to manage the risk) and responding to risks before accidents occur. • Low risk (infrequent accidents with minor This process is called Safety and Risk Manage- injury–the strategy may be to accept the risk) ment.
Effective risk management practices include the identification, assessment and reduction of risk Risk reduction and the implementation of risk management plans. Once risks have been identified and assessed it is good practice to implement an appropriate risk reduction campaign. Risk reduction may lower the Risk Identification frequency and severity of accidents and injuries and may even help maintain or reduce insurance premiums payable. A check through the records of the club will gen- erally indicate previous areas where risk can be attributed. Of course, previous experiences may have been unusual occurrences, but generally Risk management they will provide a reasonable guide to some of the potential areas of risk for the club. Drawing plan evaluation on known experiences of other cycling clubs will provide additional information. Participants and experienced commissaires should be consulted Once implemented the plan should be continually with a view of assembling a detailed picture of risk reviewed and evaluated. This will require monitor- areas. ing records and accident reports. Communication of the risk management plan to all involved in the running of the club is recommended. Risk Assessment Some technical regulations included in this manual are the result of previous safety and risk management evaluations. For example the re- Risk assessment follows risk identification. Risks quirement that all competitors before, during and must be assembled and dealt with in priority after an event when riding a bike are required to order. Commissaires may choose to analyse and wear a helmet. classify risks as:
COMPETITION DUTIES OF A LEVEL 1 COMMISSAIRE
As a commissaire you will need to make decisions vide safe competition. The following questions are constantly relating to risk management practices designed to get you thinking about your assess- (in real time and in situations where considerable ment of a variety of situations you may encounter pressure may exist). It is imperative that CA, its while officiating at a club cycling event. members and commissaires reduce risk and pro-
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• Should I remove a participant who persistently equipment is used? breaches the rules or uses any violence against • Should I ensure safety guidelines including another competitor? Do I stop the race and take blood and infectious disease policies are this action or do I wait until the conclusion of applied? the race to deal with it? • Should I allow younger riders to ride with older • Should I strictly enforce the safety rules categories to promote competition? designed to prevent injuries? • Should I stop the event when the safety of Each commissaire needs to be confident that their competitors is threatened by spectator violence? decision is commensurate with the response / actions of another person in a similar situation. • Should I stop the event when the safety of competitors is threatened by outside influences At times you may be criticised for your decisions, ie traffic? however the more experience that you gain by • Should I ensure that only proper authorised performing your duties, the easier you should find the decision making process.
DO’S AND DON’TS FOR COMMISSAIRES
The following suggestions are the result of many manner–clean and tidy years of commissaire experience and are provided • If the situation is not covered in the Rule Book, in the hope that they will assist you. review all facts then make a sensible and practical decision Do: Don’t • Know the rules and stick to them • Concentrate on your duties (your rule book will • Overlook rules or infractions – let the riders outline all duties) know that you are watching and at least give a • Carry a rule book to all events (don’t stand there warning where an infraction has occurred reading it as it gives the impression that you • Show favouritism might not know the rules). Have it available as • Allow conflict of interest to interfere with reference if required. fairness • Make sure you have the latest rule changes with • Turn up to an event under the influence of or in your rule book alcohol or drugs • Be fair and unbiased • Look sloppy or act unprofessional • Be courteous and calm in dealing with riders • Think you know everything (particularly juniors), parents, coaches, and spectators • Abuse riders or other officials (either physically, verbally or psychologically) • Be consistent and firm – once you have made a decision stick with it (note that if you become • Use improper language known as someone who changes decisions you • Gossip about your fellow officials or about their may end up having a never- ending stream of decisions arguments in the hope that you may change a decision). Where you have made a mistake • Bet on cycling events be courageous enough to admit it and seek to • Officiate when you are obviously tired and not remedy the situation as soon as possible at your most alert • Make sure the penalties that you impose are fair The above recommendations may not solve all and appropriate. Be neither lenient or excessive your problems but heeding them may help you with penalties avoid a number of problems that could be difficult • Always present yourself in professional to manage.
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Module 2 Club Competition Management
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Plan and Organise Club competitions Understand the By-laws associated with cycling at club level, and Demonstrate the ability to report according to the require- ments of the sport.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory / 4hrs practical experience
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook / practical assessment
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COMPETITION MANAGEMENT
There are many roles and jobs that need to be un- commissaire is present at any event one should dertaken to successfully conduct a cycling compe- be appointed as Chief Commissaire (by the club tition. Although part of a larger group of officials, officials or among the present commissaires) and your position as commissaire is a very important he/she should delegate tasks to the remaining one. commissaires. This will ensure that the duty of care by having enough officials to conduct the Commissaires are not required or expected to or- event if there are several grades. ganise, manage and run events. Other officials or members of your club should be responsible for accepting entries, preparing programs, organising prizes / medals, managing spectator services and Commissaires undertake a other similar tasks. myriad of duties, including: Commissaires are expected to control or assist with the running of the actual race (applying the • Chief Commissaire – has control of the event, relevant rules). At a club level you should take including all competitors and officials, from one care that you allocate sufficient time to your hour prior to competition, during competition job without overloading yourself with the many until one hour after completion of the event. other tasks needing to be done. If more than one They consult with other commissaires and
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make judgments on incidents which occur in competition (after considering whether the incident affected the race results or, for example, compromised competitor or public safety), issue penalties if justified, alter judges placings if warranted, receive protests, inspect venue and report on event. • Clerk of the Course – check that riders are present, ensure numbers are correctly affixed to jerseys, indicate when riders are ready and report scratchings to the Chief Commissaire and judges. • Starter – controls the start of an event by whistle, pistol shot or horn blast, signal stoppage of an event with double whistle blast, pistol shot or horn blast. • Timekeeper – time events and inform recorder of the handheld times. • Judge – judge the places of riders in all events, liaise with Lap Board Operator and record laps Before a commissaire can competently conduct covered, and provide the places to the Recorder or officiate at a club competition they must be after receiving confirmation from the Chief familiar with, and apply, all CA Technical Regula- Commissaire that results are 'official'. tions and appropriate event regulations. There are • Recorder – maintain a record of all placings more than 300 competitive cycling clubs through- and times, prepare draws following qualifying out Australia. This manual presents a standard set rounds, communicate with Chief Judge, Clerk of of rules as a guideline, however you may need to the Course and Chief Timekeeper, supply official be aware of, and take into account, specific event results to Chief Commissaire for sign off. regulations.
• Traffic Marshals / Warden – control course or Even at club level, the penalties that a commis- intersection as authorised by Police, Council or saire can impose include: warning, relegation, dis- other appropriate authority. Terms may differ qualification, fine and suspension (or a combina- from State to State. tion of any of them). Generally it is suggested that • Lap Board Operator – control lap board to the first three penalties be the primary penalties indicate the number of laps remaining where applied by you in a club competition. You should appropriate. use them if appropriate (while maintaining a pos- itive club spirit) so those riders also understand • Appeal Jury members – three commissaires the rules and the implications of breaking them. make up the jury who hear and make the final You should keep records of the events that you are decision on all appeals against the decision of Chief Commissaire at and prepare race reports. the Chief Commissaire. (If there are insufficient commissaires present, the jury can include See Annexure 2 for a sample of a Club Chief Commissaire office bearers of the Member State or club). Race Report. You should familiarise yourself with each of the above roles and responsibilities as you may be required to perform one or all of these tasks in the future. At club level the atmosphere is gener- ally relaxed and friendly however commissaires should always act competently and in a manner that is expected of the position.
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GUIDELINES TO CLUBS HOLDING AN EVENT
To conduct any cycling event takes careful plan- events). While it is the responsibility of the rider to ning and adequate time to complete all required know the course, any volunteers who are required tasks. Depending on the location of the event, to instruct competitors on the course route must local council or police approval may be required to do so competently. Clubs must check with police conduct racing. Your club will also be responsible or traffic authorities regarding the need of spe- for organising commissaires and other officials cific accreditation for traffic marshals / wardens. to run the race. CA is keen to support you in your Marshals should wear luminous safety jackets/ service to the sport. You are therefore encouraged vests and be issued with Stop/Slow and Go signs to ask questions and use the resources of other (if authorised to use them). commissaires to help develop your skills. Organisation and planning is essential to the smooth running and successful completion of any cycling event. All officials and volunteers involved must be aware of their tasks and responsibilities and undertake them in a diligent fashion.
The club needs to provide sufficient volunteers to manage the event and coordinate tasks with the appointed commissaire. The volunteers must have their duties explained (preferably in writing) and given maps of the course if applicable (eg road
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Module 3 Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Demonstrate verbal communication skills, and Demonstrate conflict resolution skills.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory / 2 hrs practical experience
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook / practical assessment
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COMMUNICATION
What is Communication? The communication process involves: • The person who sends the message, • Audience of listeners who receive the message, Communication is a two way process in that people send and receive messages and signals • The messages and intended meanings being (body language) to one another. Problems can sent, sometimes arise due to the incorrect interpretation • Interpretation and feedback from the receivers of the messages. The goal of effective communi- to the senders, and cation is to understand the intention of others and • Noise (distractions such as sounds, fatigue, having them understand your intended meaning. stress) which will limit the effectiveness and Verbal and non-verbal communication is a learned result of the communication. behaviour and one that we have control over changing and improving. Being able to effectively communicate with officials, other commissaires, coaches, athletes and other parties will greatly aid your role as a commissaire.
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COMMUNICATION STYLES
Understanding your personal style of communica- of how to communicate. They may be distracted tion will help you to develop good communication with anxiety or emotion, fatigue and the like. You skills. Every person's method of communication may need to explain yourself several times and is based on his or her experiences, therefore each check for their interpretation of what you meant to person has their own individual style–an import- determine if they have interpreted your message ant point to remember. Commissaires need to correctly. You should also paraphrase to see if you recognise that when communicating with people have understood their viewpoint. they will all come with different interpretations
COMMUNICATION BY COMMISSAIRES
To ensure that efficient and effective communica- • Receive and understand intended messages tion occurs, the commissaire must: sent to them, and • Clearly make their message understood, • Attempt to guide the flow of communication.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Vocabulary: Projection:
Use simple and clear terminology when communi- Ensure that you are aware of the spread of your cating. Avoid too much technical jargon. audience and accommodate them by projecting your voice accordingly.
Volume: These techniques will assist your delivery of the message you are sending. You may also need to Should be appropriate for the environment–not ask those with whom you are speaking to adjust too loud or too soft. When broadcasting use mega- their speech so that you may better understand phones or PA systems, if available. them. Diction:
Be sure to speak clearly. It is difficult to under- stand someone who strings all their words togeth- er and trails off the ends of words.
Pace:
An even pace of spoken words is more effective than speaking too fast or too slow.
Remember that nervousness is often reflected with a quickening of speech.
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RADIO COMMUNICATIONS BY COMMISSAIRES
Commissaires will regularly be required to use • Identify who you are seeking to communicate radio communications during the managing of an with event. Some simple rules to follow include: • Make only objective and factual statements • Always identify yourself first (others may be listening)
CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Conflict is found often in life and is an area that you as a commissaire will need to face from time Negotiating a Solution to time. With so much time, energy, emotion and ambition invested by the participants and their supporters some conflicts are bound to arise. The There are four steps to negotiating a solution to challenge for commissaires is to deal with and conflict: resolve conflict by applying the principles of trans- parency and equity to the process. Even if a com- Identify and define the conflict petitor does not get the result they were hoping for, they will often be more accepting of a decision You need to be aware of each person's problem if they feel they were listened to and treated fairly. and needs first.
Generate a number of possible solutions
Think of as many ideas as possible without analys- ing which ones appear to be good or bad.
Evaluate the alternative solutions
Now you can talk about the appropriateness of each solution and perhaps more importantly iden- tify which solutions each party is willing to accept.
Decide on the best solution
It is important that everyone understands the con- sequences of the solution and that they are willing to try it out.
No one can be certain that the solution will work until you try it out. It may prove to be a very beneficial solution or perhaps it may need some When addressing a junior member (U19 and modification. If unsuccessful at first, keep moving categories below) must should always ensure that forward in your attempt to find an agreed and a adult CA member (coach, handler or parent) workable solution to the conflict. Walking away is present so that all conduct is monitored. This from a problem will not fix it. requirement equally protects you and the junior member and you are advised to adopt this as part of your standard operating procedure. Additionally if you are officiating events with any minor (under 18 years of age you must have a Working With Children Check or equivalent).
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negotiate an agreed solution. • Use active listening strategies and remain relaxed and in control. • Consult with fellow commissaires as they may have further information or evidence or who may assist the decision making process. The aim is to achieve a consensus if possible. • Managing conflict skillfully can open the door to healthier, stronger, and more satisfying relationships.
Tips for Commissaires on Conflict Resolution
• Prevention is better than cure. An experienced commissaire can help prevent conflicts from arising. Keep on top of problems and be creative in your approach to solving them. Being open and friendly with competitors before the event will help to develop mutual respect. • Conflict can be ignited through the tone with which something is said rather than the content of what is said. Remain calm and patient even if others are not. • Sometimes you are better off to let someone blow off some steam. Once they have released some emotion they may be more prepared to
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Module 4 Club Administration
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Understand the structure and process of club administra- tion.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook
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CLUB ADMINISTRATION
Clubs form when a group of people with similar President interests join together for a particular purpose. The Club's Constitution sets out and governs the rights • Chairs meetings and control situations that and obligations of members and its operation. may arise in consultation with other executive The members of the club elect a committee that members is responsible for managing the club on a day-to- • Performs leadership role and stays informed of day basis. The committee can drawn from many club activities positions, however the main positions in the club, • Helps set goals and future direction of the club are: • Understands and implements the club's • President Constitution and By-Laws, and • Secretary • Represents the club at social, local, regional, • Treasurer state and national levels if required
Responsibilities of these members include: Treasurer • Organises and maintains financial records and informs club members of the club’s financial
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obligations cancelled other than by resignation • Ensures money received is promptly banked • Classes of membership (such as honorary and • Prepares annual financial reports life) and their rights (such as voting rights) • Is a signatory on club cheque accounts (with at • The manner in which a general meeting shall be least one other person) called • Manages club investment programs • Powers of the committee to manage the day to day running of the club Secretary • Whether or not the Secretary and Treasurer can be one and the same person • Manages and supervises all day to day aspects • The number of members on the committee of running the club • The frequency of meetings and the numbers • Keeps the members informed of meetings required for a quorum and issues accurate details of all business at meetings • The manner and reasons for a member to be expelled from the club • Must be well organised and communicate information effectivel • The number of trustees in whom the club property is invested • The manner and circumstances for the Constitution committee members to be indemnified out of the club funds in the event that they incur liability on behalf of the club, and Your club's Constitution should outline the rights • The manner by which a club will be wound up and liabilities of its members. It is a document (eg way of distribution of assets to members designed to establish the existence of a group (in or conversion of these assets to cash and then this instance a cycling club), sets out its purpose distribution) and defines the rules under which it will operate. Although Constitutions vary from club to club The Secretary should always keep the Constitu- there are certain matters which are commonly tion up-to-date and the rules should be clear and included for the protection of club members, such understood. as: • Qualification for membership • Whether applications for membership should be Club commissaires should be aware of the content in writing of their club's Constitution in order to apply rules and regulations accurately. • The manner in which a membership can be
BY–LAWS AND TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
Clubs may also adopt certain By-Laws to compli- ment the Constitution. By-Laws are usually non technical items such the manner in which club events, disciplines, appeals and systems* may be run by the club (*eg points systems, qualification for club championships, the duties of officials etc.)
Technical Regulations or rules with regards to running events should not be included in the Constitution or the By-Laws. All racing and general instructions (rules) should be in the Technical Regulations of the club and available on the club website.
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Module 5 General Rules for Club Cycling
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Carry out the tasks required to conduct club cycling racing, and Base your decision making on the rules and regulations governing club racing.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory / 4hrs practical experience
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook / practical assessment
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GENERAL RULES
The rules contained in the following modules CA’s Technical Regulations (rules) are available in no way represent the full rules of the sport of from CA's website (www.cycling.org.au). cycling. Cycling Australia provide a standard set of regulations across the sport which are set out to assist you to commissaire effectively at club level.
COMMON TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
• A competitor who rides or acts in a manner the wheel that has the punctured tyre, if a considered to be dangerous to another replacement wheel is ready for immediate use competitor or the public will be penalised. and is available at the start line. If a replacement • When a competitor's bicycle suffers a punctured wheel is not available then the rider may miss tyre immediately prior to the start of a race the start. the competitor may be permitted to replace • The finish of a race will be judged from the tip of
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the front wheel of the bicycle at the point of the from a race for any reason must immediately tangent with a vertical plane extended above the remove their issued racing number. finishing line except when specifically provided • A competitor may carry food and / or drinks for in particular races, ie in time trials where the in pockets or plastic bidons during a race. A tyre making contact with the timing tape stops competitor must not use glassware of any type the clock. to carry food or drink in a race. A competitor • If a competitor's bicycle becomes damaged or who receives food or drink in a glass or similar suffers a mechanical mishap during an event breakable container during a road or track race the competitor may run with or carry the bicycle will be penalised. across the finishing line, but must not interfere • A competitor must not receive any form of with any other competitor. outside assistance during a race, including • A competitor must follow the course prescribed assistance to effect repairs to the bicycle or the for a race unless specifically ordered to supply of bicycle parts, except if neutral service deviate by a Commissaire, police officer or a is provided. representative of an emergency service. • When participating in an out and back race, a competitor not going to the turning point will be disqualified. • Incorrect or misunderstood directions given by persons along the course will not be taken into account in the event of a protest regarding those directions. • Non-existent or badly placed course indicators or course indicators that have been altered or removed will not be taken into account in the event of a protest. • A competitor who has withdrawn from a race must not give pace or assistance or interferes with any other competitor remaining in the race. • The Chief Commissaire may withdraw a lapped competitor from a circuit race when the competitor is too far behind to affect the result of the race. If a lapped competitor is permitted to continue in a race, that competitor must not interfere with any other competitor and must not give pace or assistance to any competitor. • A competitor who withdraws or is withdrawn
UNIFORMS
Please consult with your Member State to ascer- tain the specific uniform / clothing regulations that your apply to your state.
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HELMETS
An Australian Safety Standards Association Ap- wear an approved AS2063, ANSI, Snell or EN ap- proved (AS/NZ2603) hard shell helmet must be proved helmet. Helmets should be correctly fitted, worn at all times during competition, warming up securely affixed and fastened at all times. for an event, riding to or from an event, or at any road event. In all track events competitors shall
NUMBERS
The wearing of numbers shall be compulsory in track and road events for identification purpos- es and as part of the process to ensure that all riders are members of CA. The numbers cannot be altered, cut or folded and shall be affixed securely and no accessory may cover it.
BICYCLES
Definition of a Bicycle:
The bicycle is a vehicle with two wheels of equal diameter. The front wheel shall be steerable, the rear wheel shall be driven through a system com- prising pedals and a chain.
Type:
Bicycles shall be of a type that is, or could be purchased, for use by anyone practicing cycling as a sport. The use of a bicycle designed especially to attain a particular performance (record or other) shall not be authorised.
Propulsion:
The bicycle shall be propelled solely, through a lower bracket by the feet of the rider moving in a circular motion around the lower bracket axle. Bicycles shall comply with the spirit and principle of cycling as a sport. The spirit suggests that cy- clists compete in competition on an equal footing. ´´ Note: The principle asserts the primacy of man over All bicycles (regardless of category) must machine. have the ends of handlebars and bar ends solidly plugged.
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EQUIPMENT RESTRICTIONS
As cycling can be cost prohibitive, the rationale • Handlebars shall be of a standard or "classic” behind many of the restrictions is to reduce the style. Bolt on handlebar extensions shall be cost of the bicycles and prevents very expen- allowed for the individual pursuit, team pursuit, sive equipment being used by juniors, including road and track time trials only frames and wheels. For all junior categories (JM17, • For all events the wheels must have 16 spokes JW17, JM15, JW15, JM13, JW13, and U11) the fol- with the sole exception that construction of the lowing equipment restrictions apply for road and rim shall exclude the use of composite fibres track competitions: (Carbon, Kevlar, Aramid and similar fibres). • For all events a standard triangular frame may • All competitors must ride detachable tyres with only be used. Such frames shall consist of beading, ie only high pressure detachable tyres standard tubing no more than 80 mm high x no and tubes shall be used. less than 25mm wide.
GEAR RESTRICTIONS
For all junior categories, male and female the fol- lowing maximum roll out distances shall apply for:
Category Road Events Track Events Junior U19 7.93 metres Junior U17 7.00 metres 7.00 metres Junior U15 6.00 metres 6.00 metres Junior U13 5.50 metres 5.50 metres Junior U11 5.50 metres 5.50 metres
Gear restrictions are designed to protect growing bodies from excessive stress that can result from riding large gears and even out competition in junior categories. Using smaller gears also pro- motes high cadence pedaling ability in juniors.
To restrict roll out distance many athletes block off the rear or front derailleur (or both). On a track bike the appropriate combination of chain wheel and rear sprocket will result in a gear close to maximum roll out distance. Note that different tyres may result in a different roll out distance on particular combinations of chain wheel and sprocket and the actual roll out for one complete revolution of the crank arm should be checked to ensure that the above distances are not exceeded.
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CONDUCTING A ROLL OUT
Before conducting a roll out on bicycles com- is within the limits of their respective division and missaires must ensure they have all the prop- that no one is gaining an unfair advantage. er equipment and the correct measurements. Without the appropriate equipment and guarantee It is important that riders (and their parents) are of accuracy this exercise would be pointless. The educated about gear restrictions and roll out pro- commissaire must be careful and accurate with cedures. You can help by periodically performing the lining up and rolling of the bike. Any doubt roll outs at club events. Doing so will help avoid regarding whether or not a bicycle is under the roll the disappointment of athletes being penalised out restriction must be given to the bicycle and at championships (which has occurred in the therefore the athlete. If you are the commissaire past). As well as conducting the roll out function you must be satisfied and confident with your commissaires must also be aware of the wheel judgment and be able to demonstrate that you are regulations, which must also be checked. It should conducting the roll out fairly and accurately. be noted that a mere 1mm difference in wheel diameter can make a substantial difference to the roll out (approx 20mm). Riders should be satis- fied that their spare wheels are suitably geared to ensure that the roll out is not exceeded.
See Annexure 3 for two Sample Gear Charts.
Undertaking a roll out for a track bike is reason- ably easy as the bike can be rolled either forward or backward (due to the fixed wheel). Rolling out a road bike can be a little more complicated. The bike must be rolled out backward due to the free wheel. Commissaires must ensure the rider has the gear set in the top gear with both front and back derailleurs in the proper position. Blocking off of cogs and chain rings must be checked so riders cannot access a larger gear than allowed. The main point is to satisfy you that each cyclist
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Module 6 General Racing Rules for Club Road Cycling
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Carry out the tasks required to conduct club level cycling racing for road events, and Base your decision-making on the rules and regulations governing club racing.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory / 6hrs practical experience
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook / practical assessment
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WHAT IS CLUB ROAD RACING?
One of the primary purposes of a cycling club is to conduct road racing competition for members and other approved riders.
ROAD RACE DISCIPLINES
The most common events conducted at club level Road Races (RR): are road races, handicaps, individual time trials and criteriums. A brief description of the diverse These races commence with a mass start (bunch range of road racing events available to clubs of riders) and are held over a designated distance. follows: Road race courses can be from point A to point B, ‘out-and-back’ or held on circuits and can include intermediate sprints and King of the Mountain competitions.
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Criterium (Crit):
A criterium, which also commences with a mass start, is typically held around a small circuit, such as a small street block or road circuit. The dura- tion of the event can be determined by laps or by time (eg 30 minutes plus 2 laps). A criterium can include an intermediate sprint called a ‘prime’ (usually signalled by a whistle one lap prior). The last lap of the criterium is usually signalled by a bell or whistle when crossing the finish line with one lap to go. Often criterium finishes are bunch finishes that require careful judging. Many clubs use video cameras to assist in determining the finishing places. Riders should always be encour- aged to ‘claim’ their places.
Individual Time Trial (ITT): they shall keep a distance of two bike lengths until ready to pass. On passing they shall do so without An ITT is a race against the clock. Riders depart in- hindering the progress of the other rider and leave dividually with a pre-determined interval between at least a two metre lateral gap. each rider (eg 1 min). ITT's can be conducted over any terrain, although club ITT's are usually held Handicap Road Race (H’cap): on relatively flat courses. Rider’s times in each category are ranked from fastest to slowest to Handicaps consist of individual, small and large determine the results. A time trial course is often bunches that commence the event at different ‘out-and-back’, however they can also be held times pre-determined by the Club Handicapper. around circuits of various lengths. If a rider catch- The object of this race is to give all riders an equal es another rider opportunity to win after taking into account their ability and age. It can therefore prove to be very beneficial at club level, where a large range of abilities, genders and age groups often exists.
GENERAL ROAD RACING RULES
Common Interpretations for Dealing with Different Age Road Race Management Groups at Club Racing
The major purpose of a club conducting road Where smaller numbers of junior riders are pres- racing is to provide a safe competitive environ- ent it is common to combine fields of juniors to ment for the enjoyment and benefit of members. create a reasonable sized field. Where this occurs Club road racing plays an important role in the juniors are required to adhere to all their respec- promotion of cycling and the advancement of the tive age group rules and gearing restrictions. aims and objectives of cyclists at a local, state and national level. Thus commissaires should always Where events are conducted for different age cat- frame their decision making with a view to encour- egories, other classes or grades different coloured aging fair and safe racing. numbers may be used for each respective divi- sion. When more than one category is competing at the same time, riders must not join in with other categories in order to gain an advantage. If doing so riders may be disqualified from the event.
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COMMON TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
• Competitors and officials must observe the local • Feeding must only be carried out from the left- traffic laws and regulations. hand side of the road at a designated feeding • A cycle must have two efficient and independent station fitted for the purpose. hand brakes and handlebar ends must be • All details regarding feeding arrangements must plugged. be announced by the Chief Commissaire to the • A rider who holds on to, or receives pace from, competitors prior to the commencement of the a moving vehicle or receives any other outside race. assistance may be disqualified. • Finishing information should be provided to the • During a road sprint, it shall be forbidden to riders at the pre-race briefing. interfere with the progress of another rider. • Riders must ride a parallel course to the shoulder/edge of the road surface. Failure to do so may incur a penalty. • It shall be an offence to leave the sealed portion of the road to gain an advantage. A rider who leaves the road surface must cease to sprint. • A competitor must not, unless specifically directed by a police officer, cross a closed level crossing, proceed through a red traffic light, fail to stop at a stop sign, cross an unbroken white centre line or perform any other action which is an infringement of the traffic laws. • A competitor must not be held at the start of a road race except when holding is specifically permitted. Each competitor must start a race from a stationary position with one foot on the ground. Balancing, holding onto another competitor or an object is not permitted. • When a race is to be neutralised, competitors must ride at a steady pace. Riders cannot pass the lead-car during the neutral period whilst a red flag is displayed. • A competitor may receive outside assistance (from authorised support vehicles only) to effect repairs to the bicycle or to supply bicycle parts from an official support vehicle. • All repairs, where permitted, must be carried out at the rear of the support vehicle; on the left-hand side of the road and as far off the road as is possible and practical. Service must not be provided from a moving vehicle. • All support vehicles are under the control and direction of the Chief Commissaire and drivers must follow directions given by the Chief Commissaire. • If a non official vehicle is connected or associated with a competitor or competitors in a race without the permission of the Chief Commissaire or is adversely affecting the progress of the race the competitor or competitors concerned will be withdrawn from the race or penalised.
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GUIDELINES FOR ROAD HANDICAPS
• Each rider's handicap mark is based on past • The range of handicap time marks will vary performances, level of fitness and ability. In club greatly depending on many specific factors events it is likely that some riders will start by including the size of the field, the difference themselves rather than with others, however in standards of the riders, the features of the where ability and performance levels are course and race conditions. A general rule of matched, riders should be grouped into small thumb would see handicap marks somewhere bunches. within the range of 10%-40% of the anticipated fastest race time.
PRE-RACE BRIEFINGS
• Riders Briefing • Outlines the schedule of events and confirms how the event will be started, run and finished • Clarifies course details with maps, if possible • Emphasise duty of care, safety planning and accident procedures • Outlines any specific features of the event, including the course
Communication and information must be shared and clarified to conduct an efficient event. Usually at a club road cycling event the following pre-race briefings are held: • Commissaires, Officials and Volunteers Briefing • Outlines the schedule of events and confirms how the event will be started, run and finished • Clarifies course details with maps, if possible • Allocates and confirms duties and locations of commissaires, officials and volunteers • Outlines any specific features of the event, the course and the field of riders • Emphasises safety planning, mention the duty of care and accident procedures • Confirms communication channels and processes • Synchronises time between all participants
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Module 7 General Racing Rules for Club Track Cycling
´´ Learning outcomes: At the conclusion of this module you will be able to: Carry out the tasks required to conduct club level cycling racing for track events, and Base decisions on the rules and regulations governing the club racing.
´´ Nominal Duration: 30min theory / 6hrs practical experience
´´ Assessment tasks: Take home workbook / practical assessment.
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WHAT IS CLUB TRACK RACING?
Track racing is conducted on velodromes of vari- ous sizes and surfaces utilising a fixed gear bike with one gear and no brakes. A variety of events is recommended to make track cycling an enjoyable experience.
TRACK RACING DISCIPLINES
Cyclists of various physiological types and with clubs tend to conduct handicaps, scratch, points varying levels of development often find track cy- and elimination races, which allow maximum par- cling interesting and rewarding due to the diverse ticipation for the riders. A brief description of track range of events available. However some events cycling events is outlined below: can be very time consuming and not always ap- propriate for general club racing or carnivals. Most
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Madison:
A Madison is a track event where two riders (one racing at a time) compete as a team. Similar to a relay but the riders make multiple changes throughout the event, which can run from 30min to 2hrs. Recommended only for experienced riders.
Handicap Race:
A popular event in Australia which features at most of the major track opens. The handicap is usually run over 1 lap to 2000m. Depending on the grading and past performances riders are allotted a handicap mark around the track. Handicaps are not a championship event.
Scratch Race:
A mass start race over distances from as short as Sprint Racing: a couple of laps for young junior riders up to 20km for seniors. The event is usually raced between 2 riders (one on one) over 2–3 laps of a velodrome, but may have 3, 4 or 5 riders (in these cases the race is Elimination: usually called a derby). Riders play a tactical game A mass start event where the last rider over the of ‘cat & mouse’ over the first couple of laps in an line each lap is eliminated. attempt to keep the actual sprint down to the final 200m to 300m. Team Sprint:
Time Trial: A team of 2 or 3 each take a one lap turn at the front to record their fastest time. After completing In this event an individual races against the clock his or her turn each rider pulls out. Run over 2 or from a standing start over distances ranging from 3 laps. 500m to 1000m. Keirin: Points Race: A paced event (usually motor bike or derny) simi- Riders accumulate points through a series of lar to a sprint derby. The pacer increases the speed sprints during the race at designated laps. The race over several laps and pulls out approximately distance varies depending on the competition and 2 – 2.5 laps from the finish, leaving the riders to age groups. contest the sprint.
Individual Pursuit: Omnium: Two riders start at opposite sides of the track and The event consists of four events; scratch race, attempt to catch one another and to record the elimination, tempo, and points race. Each event is best time they can. The pursuit is held over dis- conducted according to the technical regulations tances from 2000m to 4000m. that govern them. A rider failing to complete one event shall not be allowed to start in subsequent Team Pursuit: rounds. Points are awarded according to their placing. Same as the individual pursuit but raced in teams of four for men and three for women. The team's time is based on the third rider to cross the finish line.
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GENERAL TRACK RACING RULES
One of the main concerns at any club event is rider safety. Take into consideration the number Advice You Can Give of riders on the track at any given time, the riding New Riders conditions and riders' skill level. This is particular- ly relevant in warm-up periods. You may need to segregate juniors from elite / masters who may • Remind them (particularly juniors) to keep wish to warm-up at higher speeds than beginners pedalling even after the finish of an event. or younger athletes. • Make sure that they check over their right shoulder before swinging up after a turn to see Riders should circulate around the track with slow- if another rider is in the process of overtaking. er riders remaining in the designated slow area and out of the way of faster riders in the warm-up. • Tell them not to swing up from second wheel Most club officials designate the slow area based but rather go through and do a turn at the front on the steepness of the track. Shallow tracks gen- (even if it is just a short turn). erally appoint the top of the track as the slow area, • Explain where to enter and exit the track and the with steep tracks using the bottom of the track as existence of the slow riders area. the slow area. Alternatively slow areas can be des- ignated depending on where riders leave the track • Encourage experienced riders to assist and (duckboards or fence gates). educate new and younger riders but ensure that what is being conveyed is in fact correct. First aid officers and commissaires must be in • Keep instructions simple – particularly for attendance during warm ups and races. juniors.
COMMON TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
• A rider is considered to be off the racing surface • The start of an event shall be affected by a of the track when they move under the inner single pistol shot or whistle blast. A false start edge (onto the blue band). A rider who moves or stoppage of an event shall be signalled by a onto the blue band of the track in order to gain double pistol shot or whistle blast. A rider who an advantage may be penalised. causes a false start may be penalised. • Riders must keep their hands on the handlebars • When a competitor's bike is damaged or has at all times for safety reasons. Riders who suffered a mechanical mishap during an event, perform victory salutes may be penalised. the rider may run with or carry the bike but must • Riders should ride in a straight line, without not interfere with other competitors. making abrupt moves. • On the commencement of the sprint or • Road bikes are not to be used on the track. the final 200m all riders should maintain a straight course with the measuring line. The • Juniors or bunch (mass start) events should be Chief Commissaire will decide whether any started from a short rolling start to ensure all get infringement of this rule has affected the true a fair start. However, the event should be started and proper result. when all riders are grouped together, thus providing everyone with a fair and equal chance. • No form of transmitting or receiving device may be fitted on or under the helmet or carried. • A rider overtaking another rider must pass on the outside, unless the overtaken rider is • Competitors who suffer a mechanical mishap in obviously riding wide and the rider must be a an individual (track) time trial shall be given a clear bike length in front before moving down restart, but only one. (taking ground in front). • Wing nuts, excessively long axles or any attachment likely to endanger the safety of riders shall not be fitted to any competition bike.
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SCRATCH RACE RULES
• When a rider is lapped they are generally • If two or more riders lap the field the race shall withdrawn from the event at the discretion of continue and the final placings determined the Chief Commissaire. during the final sprint taking into account the • When a sole rider catches the main group at any laps gained. time they may remain with that group. • Should two riders dead heat for first they shall • Should there be a mass fall the commissaires be joint winners and the next position will be shall decide whether a fresh start shall be third. Should two riders’ dead heat for second, given for the complete distance or for part of they will be joint second place getters and the the distance remaining to be ridden from the next position will be fourth etc. position at the moment of the fall. • All standard sprint rules apply in the final lap of a scratch race.
HANDICAP RULES
• A track handicap event is one in which all in the bends. In the latter instance, the rider with riders are given an equal chance of winning. the lowest number shall start at the rear of the Each athlete's handicap mark is based on past group. performances, level of fitness and ability. • Riders may receive a push start (check your local • Usually contested over 1 lap to 2000m (can vary pushing regulations). based on track size). • Riders who gain an unfair advantage at the start • Riders must start from the mark as determined or who cause a false start may be penalised by the handicapper. There is no appeal against by the Chief Commissaire on the basis of 10m this rule; however the limit mark in any event for a 1000m handicap and 20m for a 2000m shall not be greater than one lap of the track. handicap. A second false start could mean • Riders shall start on the measuring line of the disqualification for the rider concerned. track. Where two or more riders are scheduled • After pace making a rider must not impede the to start from the same mark, they shall line up progress of any other rider as they take up a across the track in the straights and in indian file new position.
ELIMINATION RULES
• Riders commence with a rolling start. final sprint. Eliminations commence one lap after the start of • When riders are eliminated every second lap the race (signalled by a whistle or pistol shot). and there are three riders left on the track, the • The elimination is determined by the rear of next eliminated rider will take third place and the back wheel of the last bicycle crossing the the remaining two riders will receive the call of finishing line. “two laps to go”. The next lap will be bell lap. • On a track measuring 333.33m the elimination of • The winner will be judged on the front part of riders will take place every lap. For tracks of less the front wheel which crosses the finishing line than 333.33m the elimination shall take place first. every second lap. • In the event of a fall or mechanical mishap • When riders are eliminated every lap and three those competitors will be eliminated at the riders are left on the track, the next eliminated next crossing / crossings of the finishing line rider shall take third place, the bell will sound equivalent to the number of competitors who and the remaining two riders will contest the are affected by the fall or mechanical mishap.
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• If a competitor withdraws for any reason during eliminated on the next crossing of the finish the event they will be eliminated at the next line. crossing of the finish line. • Restarts are not given to satisfy cyclists • If a competitor deliberately rides on the eliminated as a result of an accident. blue band to avoid elimination they shall be
POINTS RACE RULES
• The Points Race is an event in which the • Any rider who gains a lap on the main field will final placing’s are determined according to be awarded 20 points. accumulated points gained by riders during the • Any rider who loses a lap on the main field will sprints and by taking laps. be deducted 20 points. • On 250m tracks or smaller intermediate sprints • If, at the conclusion of the race, more than one shall be contested at intervals depending upon rider is equal on points then the position in the the length of the event. On tracks larger than final sprint will decide the result. 250m sprints for points shall be held every 2000m approximately. • A rider shall be considered to have lapped the field when they reach the tail of the main • In each sprint the first four riders shall be (largest) group. They shall continue to score awarded as follows: points until the commissaire in charge has declared a lap taken. They shall be awarded 20 First 5 points points. Should this rider subsequently lose a Secnd 3 points lap they shall also lose the 20 points previously Third 2 points awarded. Fourth 1 point • Commissaires shall have the right to declare the lap gained if it is evident that the chasing rider/s Double points area awarded for the final sprint. are purposely hanging back off the main bunch (in order to accumulate further sprint points).
SPRINTERS LANE RULES
• During the final sprint each competitor shall competitor still has a clear cycle length lead, remain in their lane to the finishing line. Even if they may drop down into the lane and prevent the sprint starts before the 200m line. their opponent from passing them. Once they • During sprints run before passing the final have let their opponent enter the lane and their 200m line and before the start of the final sprint, lead is no longer a clear cycle-length, they are the leading competitor may gently edge their not entitled to enter the occupied lane. opponent to the right while at all times leaving • A competitor who starts the final sprint in the enough room for a competitor to pass. If they sprinters' lane must remain in that lane to the are not in the sprinters' lane (ie above the red finishing line. If they leave the lane to prevent line), they may gently edge their opponent to their opponent from passing them above the red the left, but without encroaching on the lane line they will be penalised. If they do so and the already occupied by some other competitor and final result is not affected they will still receive a without causing their opponent to run off the warning. track. • A competitor in the lead position who starts • Generally one competitor may pass another a final sprint outside the sprinters' lane must only on the right, however, if a leading not effect any sudden movement to the right competitor leaves the sprinters' lane and rides to prevent their opponent from passing. up above the red line, the following competitor Should they make such a movement in a gentle may attempt to pass them on the left. If the lead manner the commissaires will evaluate if the
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movement constituted a danger that could have caused a fall, thus influencing the final result. Commissaires may use the blue stayers' line as a guide in relation to which to judge whether the movement of a competitor was equal to the width of the sprinters' lane. • A competitor who is in the lead and starts the final sprint outside the sprinters' lane may drop into that lane, provided that they have at least one clear cycle lengths' lead over their opponent. If, however, their opponent already occupies the lane and they do not have a sufficient lead, they may not cross under the red line (delimiting that lane). They may enter the lane to complete the distance only if they gain a clear bike length's lead over their opponent and when there is no longer a likelihood of a collision between themself and their opponent, or that such a movement would influence the final outcome of the race. • The lead competitor may involuntarily drop down to end the race below the black gauge line. The competitor in second place may not try moving left when the opponent is in the lane, even if, within the lane, the opponent is riding close to the red line. The opening formed by the free part of the lane plus the strip below the black line and the blue band might tempt the second competitor to attempt to overtake on the causes a collision the second competitor to have left but that would be a “flagrant offence”. entered the lane shall be deemed to have caused the accident. • If, during the final sprint down the home straight, the lead competitor swings right and • A competitor in second place attacking from out of the lane, the second competitor may take the right of the track and apparently passing the opportunity to pass the leader on the left, their opponent in the sprinters' lane shall not be but without dropping down onto the blue band. entitled to “crowd” the opponent to make them After such a manoeuvre the first competitor suddenly reduce speed or swerve on to the blue may not swing back into the sprinters' lane if band to avoid a fall. occupied by their opponent. • In an event involving three or four competitors • If the lead competitor is riding on the black the competitor following the leader in the line their opponent, when attacking, shall keep sprinters' lane and hemmed in to their right by above the red line. If the opponent passes close the third rider (who is hugging the red line) may to the lead competitor in the lane and not during the final sprint try slipping between the other two competitors. If they establish a clear cycle-length lead over the third competitor they may complete their manoeuvre so long as it in no way puts the third or fourth competitors riding above the lane (ie above the red line) at risk of falling.
For a diagrammatic overview of the sprinters’ lane regula- tions please refer to Annexure 8.
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7.10 VELODROME LINE MARKINGS
Below is a diagram which outlines the velodrome line markings.
• Referee’s podium: the best position for the judge referee is outside the infield with an overall view of the track. • Finish line: is a 4cm black line with a 34cm white line on either side, 72cm in total, extending to a vertical plane on the safety fence for a minimum height of 80cm. • Judges podium: a raised platform at the finish line to give judges the optimum view of the finish line. • Starters podium: situated centre of the track infield. • 200m line: extends the full width of the track, the line is usually white. • Pursuit lines: are in the centre of each straight exactly opposite each other. They are 4cm wide red lines and marked half the width of the track. • Cote d’azur (or blue band): is 60cm wide and marks the inside of the track. • Measuring line: a 4cm wide black line 20cm from the inside edge of the blue band. This line is marked every five metres and numbered every ten metres. • Sprinters line: a 4cm wide red line 90cm from the inside of the blue band. • Stayers line: a light blue line marked at one third the width of the track and mainly used for the motor pace races.
Page 40 Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual
Annexures
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual
Annexure 1
Club Chief Commissaire's Race Report
Event: Date:
Chief Commissaire:
Principals:
Race Report:
Field was made up of: 25 A grade riders 22 B grade riders 15 C grade riders
A group of 6 riders broke away at the 15km mark, 3 of these riders went the wrong way as the corner marshal was not there. He had gone for a drink and lunch.
The 3 riders who went the wrong way rode 5km shorter than race distance; the three riders came 1st 2nd and 3rd.
Official Scratching: 5 riders from the A grade group
Fines/Warnings imposed: 15 riders warned for crossing double white line.
Weather Conditions: Fine and Sunny with light cross winds.
Other relevant comments: 2 riders were hanging on the back of a car for about 10 kms and were given a warning.
Signed by Chief Commissaire
Date: / /
Form to be completed with a list of all riders and returned within 7 days to: State Technical Commission State Secretary (copy)
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 2 Gear Charts for Cycling
Chain Wheel Diameter 0.700 Ring/ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Cog 38 6.965 6.429 5.970 5.572 5.224 4.916 4.643 4.399 4.179 3.980 3.799 3.634 39 7.148 6.598 6.127 5.718 5.361 5.046 4.765 4.515 4.289 4.085 3.899 3.729 40 7.331 6.767 6.284 5.865 5.499 5.175 4.888 4.630 4.399 4.189 3.999 3.825 41 7.515 6.937 6.441 6.012 5.636 5.304 5.010 4.746 4.509 4.294 4.099 3.921 42 7.698 7.106 6.598 6.158 5.773 5.434 5.132 4.862 4.619 4.399 4.199 4.016 43 7.881 7.275 6.755 6.305 5.911 5.563 5.254 4.978 4.729 4.504 4.299 4.112 44 8.064 7.444 6.912 6.452 6.048 5.693 5.376 5.093 4.839 4.608 4.399 4.208 45 8.248 7.613 7.070 6.598 6.186 5.822 5.499 5.209 4.949 4.713 4.499 4.303 46 8.431 7.782 7.227 6.745 6.323 5.951 5.621 5.325 5.059 4.818 4.599 4.399 47 8.614 7.952 7.384 6.891 6.461 6.081 5.743 5.441 5.169 4.922 4.699 4.494 48 8.798 8.121 7.541 7.038 6.598 6.210 5.865 5.556 5.279 5.027 4.799 4.590 49 8.981 8.290 7.698 7.185 6.736 6.339 5.987 5.672 5.389 5.132 4.899 4.686 50 9.164 8.459 7.855 7.331 6.873 6.469 6.109 5.788 5.499 5.237 4.999 4.781 51 9.347 8.628 8.012 7.478 7.011 6.598 6.232 5.904 5.608 5.341 5.099 4.877 52 9.531 8.798 8.169 7.625 7.148 6.728 6.354 6.019 5.718 5.446 5.199 4.973 53 9.714 8.967 8.326 7.771 7.286 6.857 6.476 6.135 5.828 5.551 5.299 5.068
Chain Wheel Diameter 0.699 Ring/ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Cog 38 6.955 6.420 5.961 5.564 5.216 4.909 4.637 4.393 4.173 3.974 3.794 3.629 39 7.138 6.589 6.118 5.710 5.353 5.038 4.759 4.508 4.283 4.079 3.893 3.724 40 7.321 6.758 6.275 5.857 5.491 5.168 4.881 4.624 4.393 4.183 3.993 3.820 41 7.504 6.927 6.432 6.003 5.628 5.297 5.003 4.739 4.502 4.288 4.093 3.915 42 7.687 7.096 6.589 6.150 5.765 5.426 5.125 4.855 4.612 4.393 4.193 4.011 43 7.870 7.265 6.746 6.296 5.902 5.555 5.247 4.970 4.722 4.497 4.293 4.106 44 8.053 7.433 6.903 6.442 6.040 5.684 5.369 5.086 4.832 4.602 4.393 4.202 45 8.236 7.602 7.059 6.589 6.177 5.814 5.491 5.202 4.942 4.706 4.492 4.297 46 8.419 7.771 7.216 6.735 6.314 5.943 5.613 5.317 5.051 4.811 4.592 4.393 47 8.602 7.940 7.373 6.882 6.452 6.072 5.735 5.433 5.161 4.915 4.692 4.488 48 8.785 8.109 7.530 7.028 6.589 6.201 5.857 5.548 5.271 5.020 4.792 4.583 49 8.968 8.278 7.687 7.174 6.726 6.330 5.979 5.664 5.381 5.125 4.892 4.679 50 9.151 8.447 7.844 7.321 6.863 6.460 6.101 5.780 5.491 5.229 4.991 4.774 51 9.334 8.616 8.001 7.467 7.001 6.589 6.223 5.895 5.600 5.334 5.091 4.870 52 9.517 8.785 8.158 7.614 7.138 6.718 6.345 6.011 5.710 5.438 5.191 4.965 53 9.700 8.954 8.314 7.760 7.275 6.847 6.467 6.126 5.820 5.543 5.291 5.061
Formula = wheel diameter x 3.142 x chain wheel divided by back sprocket
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 3
Basic Accident Report Form
Name
Date of Accident
Time of Accident
Contact Number
Was there a parent or coach with them? Yes / No
Parents Name
Coaches Name
Nature of injury
Brief description of events that led to the injury
Was first aid administered? Yes / No Was an ambulance called? Yes / No Was the injured person taken to hospital? Yes / No Was a doctor in attendance? Yes / No Any other relevant information
Signed by Chief Commissaire
Date
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 4
Commissaire’s Equipment Check List
Before the commissaire leaves home on the day of an event they should make sure that they have attended to all details and have all the equipment required with them or that the equipment required will be at the venue.
Below is a suggested list of items that a commissaire might take to an event. This is a guide only and each commissaire must ensure they have everything they need to perform their duties in a thorough and professional manner.
Rule Book Radio for communications Notebook Mobile phone Whistle Phone contacts for emergencies Details of the event, start times etc Camera for official use (commissaires Pens, pencils, highlighters should not be seen taking photographs Clipboard for personal use during events) Protest and Appeal forms Check that all the other appointed Stopwatch officials are available Calculator Some small tools such as pliers, knife, screwdriver Refreshments if a long event Tape measure
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 5 Club Checklist for Road Races
Leading up to the event: Gain approval from and follow the sanctioning procedures required by CA Develop a plan for how the event will be organised, scheduled and a layout of the venue and race course Inspect the race course for safety Apply for a traffic permit to conduct a race on an open road from the relevant police traffic branch Advise the local ambulance of the event, date, venue and best access Advertise the event to members and other riders Complete bookings for required resources including first aid, toilets, catering and traffic controllers Advise the media of the event and provide pre race press release and follow-up the event with results and a press release Organise commissaires, race officials and other volunteers Assemble the required equipment including safety signage, approved flags, whistle and bell, shade tents, stop watches, megaphones or PA system, catering equipment, video camera and result sheets for judges, radios or communication equipment and brooms to sweep debris off course Prepare equipment and a system for rider registration including race numbers, start lists, a holder for riders' memberships, pens, clipboards, money float and money box, tables and chairs Order the trophies and prizes as required
On the day of the event: Inspect the race course and note any road works, parked vehicles or other obstacles which must be advised to riders at the pre race briefing Traffic management plan considered and approved where required Place safety signage, witches hats and similar on the course Check course for debris especially the corners and sweep clear if necessary Provide the appointed commissaire with a copy of the traffic permit Plan and conduct the pre race briefings of commissaires, officials, volunteers and competitors Provide a map / plan of the race venue for commissaires, officials, competitors and others Ensure that all traffic marshals/wardens, first aid, commissaires and officials are in their designated place before the event commences Ensure suitably qualified first aid / medical attendants are on site Balance up the reasonable time demands on officials and volunteers and provide them refreshments and toilet breaks Mobile phone or means of communication available (in case of emergency)
Before the event: Warning to riders to obey all road rules and not to ride dangerously Warning regarding any particular identified risk and precautions to be taken (take slow around dangerous corner) Highlight any particular rules of the race that you will focus on Request that riders claim places after the event
Following the event: Ensure that all results are agreed and finalised Make all necessary presentations Remove all signage and safety equipment Clean venue of equipment and litter to better than original condition Publicise the results in the media and send a copy to the relevant member state
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 6 Guide to Timing Events
Timekeepers should always ensure that their stopwatches are in good working condition. You should familiarise yourself with the stopwatch functions prior to competition (refer to instruction manual).
Recording Times for Road Race Finishes
Generally if a group of riders finish at the same time they will be awarded with the same time. If, for example, one rider is 20 metres in front of a bunch of 10 chasing riders, the time of the lead rider should be recorded when they finish. The next time is that of the lead rider of the chasing bunch. This should apply to all finishing riders, however when determining the number of places you require (for prize money as an example), it may not be necessary to clock every finisher.
In a road handicap event where a 'fastest time' is required, the timekeeper will need to ensure that a race time is recorded (less handicap) for the 1st scratch rider and perhaps the 2nd and 3rd as well in case of disqualification. It is even advisable to time for each bunch as often the fastest time may come from the 2nd scratch bunch.
Recording time for Individual Road Time Trials
A simple, easy-to-use start list should be prepared of all riders contesting the event. Riders should leave at 1 minute intervals. The stopwatch is started 1 minute prior to the first rider leaving the start area. The first rider (#1) leaves 1 minute after starting the stopwatch (1 min), with the next rider (#2) leaving at 2 minute and so on. The starting time of each rider must be deducted from the elapsed time shown on the stopwatch at the finish to determine the elapsed time of the ride.
For example, rider #5 departs at the 5 minute mark and crosses the line at 30.05 min for the 25km time trial. The rider’s actual race time is finish time (30.05 min) minus start time (5.0 min) which equates to a final time of (25.05 min) for the 25km event. If the club is fortunate enough to have a computer available then start lists and recorded net times can be keyed into the computer. Using an excel spreadsheet will provide officials an automatic sorting of places for each category within minutes of the finish of the event. If a competitor arrives late they may start in the 1 minute time gap allocated between riders. However, if another competitor is about to start within 10 seconds then the late rider must wait until 10 seconds after this competitor before they can start.
Any cyclist incurring a time penalty for starting early or gaining an advantage on the course would have that penalty added to the net time. Please note time is taken when the front wheel of the bicycle crosses the finish line. Below is an example of time trial results.
Rider # Name Start (min) Finish (min) Final Time (min) 1 V Vincent 1 32.42 31.42 2 N Gates 2 33.45 31.45 3 J Harris 3 32.18 29.18 4 C Carter 4 30.34 26.34 5 J Butler 5 30.05 25.05
Timing of Criteriums
Criteriums are normally run to a clock on lapsed time plus laps at the end of the allotted time, eg JW19 at Championships would ride 30 minutes plus 3 laps.
It is good to have an idea how long a lap takes by using the split function on the watch; this sometimes helps to estimate the amount of laps to the prescribed time. For example if the time to
Page 47
Commissaire Level 1 Accreditationcomplete 1 Programlap of the Manual circuit is 2 minutes, then riders would normally perform 15 laps of the course prior to indicating the additional 3 laps to complete the event. Please note that the last lap should be indicated by ringing the bell.
There may be primes (or intermediate sprints) during the prescribed time period - a promoter may want two sprints during the 30 minutes. Sprints can be allocated when you want them but you need to advise the riders of all sprints before the start of the event.
Timing for track events
In general the timing of track events is taken from when the starter’s gun is fired or the whistle blast to indicate the start of the race to the point at the finish when the front wheel tangent meets the finish line. However if electronic timing is used it will be timed automatically with the timing pads at the variously point on the track.
In pursuit events times every half lap should be taken so that in the event of a mishap the commissaires can work out the location for restarts.
There are multiple track events which require timing and commonsense prevails in most of these events. The timekeeper must be familiar with the equipment available and become competent with the workings. During scratch race, handicaps, elimination and points races times can be recorded, however final placing’s and following the racing rules would be of higher importance.
When using a stopwatch please remember “always have back up and make sure this works”.
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual Annexure 7
Sprinters’ Lane Diagrams
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Commissaire Level 1 Accreditation Program Manual
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