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Diversity and Distribution of Small Carnivores in a Miombo Woodland Within the Katavi Region, Western Tanzania

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Diversity and Distribution of Small Carnivores in a Miombo Woodland Within the Katavi Region, Western Tanzania Diversity and distribution of small carnivores in a miombo woodland within the Katavi region, Western Tanzania Claude FISCHER*, Romain TAGAND and Yves HAUSSER Abstract The central Zambezi miombo woodlands represent an extended, unfenced ecosystem in Western Tanzania. Few biodiversity surveys have been conducted in this ecosystem, except in its National Parks. In 2007, we surveyed medium- and large-sized mammals in Mlele District, north of Katavi National Park, in an area managed by local communities. This survey was extended in summer 2012 to the neighbouring Rukwa Game Reserve. Transect surveys, camera-traps and opportunistic encounters de- tected 10 species of small carnivore out of the 14 potentially present in the combined area. Thus, the small carnivore guild was Bdeogale crassicauda appeared much more common than expected, and at least two species of genet and six of mongoose occur. diverse, despite the area’s low protection status. Bushy-tailed Mongoose Keywords: camera-trap survey, forest reserve, game reserve, transect survey Diversité et distribution des petits carnivores dans une zone boisée de miombo au sein de la région de Katavi, en Tanzanie occidentale Résumé - inventaireLes forêts dedes miombo mammifères représentent de taille un moyenne vaste écosystème et grande dansnaturel le districtet non-clôturé de Mlele, dans au l’Ouestnord du de Parc la Tanzanie. National deLe Katavi,nombre dans d’inven une zonetaires gérée faunistiques par les communautésréalisés dans cette locales. région En 2012, est réduit, cet inventaire à l’exception a été des élargi Parcs à la Nationaux. Réserve de En Chasse 2007, de nous Rukwa. avons Une mis combinaison sur pied un d’inventaires sur transects, par pièges-photographiques et par rencontres opportunistes nousBdeogale a permis crassicauda de détecter semblait la présence être plus de 10 espèces parmi les 14 potentiellement présentes dans cette région. La guilde des petits carnivores était donc diversifiée, et ce malgré un faible niveau de protection dans la zone d’étude. La Mangouste à queue touffue Motscommune clés qu’attendu et la présence d’au moins deux espèces de genettes et de six espèces de mangoustes a pu être confirmée. : inventaire par pièges-photographiques, inventaire sur transects, réserve de chasse, réserve forestière Introduction (Hausser et al evaluate the sustainability of such a community-based man- Extended areas of miombo woodlands – central Zambezi mi- agement approach. 2004). by assessing The objective the evolution was to developin space anda tool time to et al. 2004) – are still widespread in of the diversity and distribution for one group of organisms, western Tanzania. The Katavi region supports over 19,000 km² mammals. The survey was extended south of the beekeeping ofombo this woodlands ecosystem, (Burgess under varying protection status, from Na- zone in 2012, covering the northern half of neighbouring Ruk- tional Park (Katavi), through Game Reserves, Forest Reserves wa Game Reserve: an additional 1,200 km². This second step and community managed areas such as Wildlife Management aimed to compare the results of a management system allow- - ing communities to use natural resources, with one in which rating fences, so animals can roam across the entire ecosystem. local communities have only very limited access. These surveys AreasThis or Beekeeping still extensive Zones, natural to village ecosystem lands. hasThere had are few no mam sepa- are intended to occur yearly, to assess temporal trends. mal surveys, except in Katavi National Park and its immediate The present paper presents the surveys’ data on the pres- surroundings (Caro 1999a, 2011, Waltert et al. 2008). The few ence and distribution of small carnivores in the families con- data for the rest of the area are from aerial surveys (Stoner sidered by Small Carnivore Conservation: in Africa, Herpesti- et al. 2007) and, more locally, daytime transect counts using dae, Mustelidae, Nandiniidae and Viverridae. vehicles (Caro 1999b, 2008). These methods are adapted for larger mammal species, particularly in this kind of habitat, but Study areas the presence and distribution of many smaller or elusive spe- cies remains un-, or poorly, documented. In 2007, we initiated a detailed survey of the mammal north of Katavi National Park (Katavi NP) in the newly cre- community of 900 km² within a forest reserve and beekeep- atedThe firstMlele study district area, (Fig. Mlele 1). ItBeekeeping is dominated Zone by (Mlele miombo BKZ) wood lies- ing zone in the ecosystem’s centre (Fig. 1). This survey was lands, interspersed with few seasonally inundated swamps conducted in the framework of a community-based natural re- and grasslands totalling less than 5% of the area (Fig. 2). The area’s two plateaux are separated by a steep escarpment. The on local communities’ development of beekeeping activities north-east plateau lies at a mean altitude of 1,000 m and rep- source management project initiated in 2001, which focused Small Carnivore Conservation 60 , Vol. 48: 60–66, July 2013 Small carnivores in W Tanzania Fig. 1. Location of the study areas, Mlele Beekeeping Zone and the northern part of Rukwa Game Reserve, within the extended miombo woodlands of western Tanzania. resents two-thirds of the area. The south-west plateau has a Given the aim to assess status of many species of medium-sized mean altitude of around 1,400 m. and large mammals, camera-traps were set 60–100 cm above The second study area, northern Rukwa Game Reserve ground. The model used, the Cuddeback Capture, is easy to run, even for local people, relatively cheap, and produces pictures of NP (Fig. 1). Its landscape is much more rugged, with a high- er(Rukwa plateau GR-n), reaching lies south-east over 1,600 of m. Mlele A complex BKZ and system east of of Katavi deep small carnivores, whether by car or on foot, were noted. escarpments divides it into several canyons to the south and fairly good quality. Thirdly, all opportunistic encounters with- south-east. tion and distribution of the area’s mammals, excepting fossorial, The escarpments crossing both areas represent a side aerialThese and small techniques (body mass generated <1 kg) first species. results All surveyson the composireported here were conducted during the dry season, so some species us- gives a December–April wet season and a May–November dry ing the area might have gone undetected. All species recorded season.branch ofFew the water East bodiesAfrican are Rift. permanent: Both areas’ most seasonal of the climate area is during 2007–2010 are listed in Hausser et al. (in prep.). under very dry conditions for several months. Results Methods - The methods, detailed in Hausser et al. (in prep.), consisted of ence of one month per year. Total survey effort was 1,589 Surveys began in 2007 in Mlele BKZ, with a mean field pres each. In Rukwa GR-n we spent only two months in 2012, with three monitoring techniques. During the project’s first three ancamera-trap-days effort of 904 camera-trap-days. and five transects repeated five to six times years (2007−2009), transect surveys in four-wheel drive cars Ten species of small carnivores, of the 14 potentially pre- methodvisited extensive was abandoned portions in of 2011 the five because accessible the two road other stretches tech- - of Mlele BKZ (Fig. 2) early in the morning and by night. This- enth, African Palm Civet Nandinia binotata, was seen too poor- downs, linked to rough road conditions, rendered the method sent (after TAWIRI 2009), were identifiedGenetta (Table 1). An elev niques proved to be sufficient and because repeated car break Rukwa GR-n, a grid of camera-traps covered half of each study ly for certain identification. Genet identification to costly. Secondly, in 2011–2012 for Mlele BKZ, and in 2012 in species was difficult during direct encounters: they were seen only atGenets night wereand usuallyboth camera-trapped hid quickly. Even and one encountered genet camera- di- area. The grids consisted of non-contiguous squares of 10 × rectlytrap picture (on transects defied oridentification. opportunistically), always by night (Table 10 km, five in Mlele BKZ and four in Rukwa GR-n. These were 1). Two species of mongooses, Marsh Mongoose Atilax paludi- each divided in smaller squares of 2 × 2 km (Fig. 3). In each of nosus Bdeogale crassicauda, were the larger squares, 12 intersections delineated by the smaller detected only by camera-traps and only at night. Common Dwarf ofsquares 50 m aroundwere selected the selected randomly intersections to set a to camera-trap. improve the In prob the- Mongoose and Bushy-tailedHelogale parvula Mongoose and Common Slender Mongoose abilityfield, we to looked get pictures. for visible Camera-traps signs of mammal were set activity for periods in a radius of 21 Herpestes sanguineus were found only by direct encounters, only days. Some camera-traps set in the previous years to test the by day. White-tailed Mongoose Ichneumia albicauda system were placed opportunistically along roads and trails. Mongoose Mungos mungo were often seen directly, but were also and Banded 61 Small Carnivore Conservation , Vol. 48, July 2013 Fischer et al. Fig. 2. Vegetation of Mlele Beekeeping Zone and the northern part of Rukwa Game Reserve, Tanzania. Open woodland = miombo. Fig. 3. The camera-trap grid system in Mlele Beekeeping Zone and the northern part of Rukwa Game Reserve, Tanzania. Small Carnivore Conservation 62 , Vol. 48, July 2013 Small carnivores in W Tanzania Table 1. Small carnivore species potentially present
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