Kenya A-S and B-D Mammal Survey Report (2010-2015)
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Distribution, Utilization and Management of the Extra-Limital Common Warthog (Phacochoerus Africanus) in South Africa
Distribution, utilization and management of the extra-limital common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) in South Africa Monlee Swanepoel Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Conservation Ecology and Entomology) in the Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University Promoter: Prof Louwrens C. Hoffman Co-Promoter: Dr. Alison J. Leslie March 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained herein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously submitted it, in its entirety or in part, for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following persons and institutions: My supervisors, Dr. Alison J. Leslie and Prof. Louwrens C. Hoffman for invaluable assistance, expertise, contribution and support and patience. The Meat Science team of Department of Animal Sciences at Stellenbosch University, including the technical and support staff for their extensive assistance, support and encouragement Academics, staff and colleagues of this institution and others for their contribution and assistance. An especial thank you to Prof. Martin Kidd, Marieta van der Rijst, Nina Muller, Erika Moelich, Lisa Uys, Gail Jordaan, Greta Geldenhuys, Michael Mlambo, Janine Booyse, Cheryl Muller, John Achilles, Dr. -
Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya 2012-2021
Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya 2012-2021 Compiled by: Moses Litoroh, Patrick Omondi, Richard Kock and Rajan Amin Plate 4. Winds 2 Family crossing the Ewaso Ng’iro River, Samburu National Reserve - Lucy King, Save the Elephants ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, we thank the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Director, Julius Kipng’etich and KWS Board of Trustees for approving this as a priority activity amongst the core business of KWS. Conservation and We also sincerely thank Keith Lindsay, Winnie Kiiru and Noah Sitati for preparing Management Strategy the background information and facilitating the eleven consultative for the Elephant stakeholder-workshops that were held across the country. This ensured the in Kenya views of as many stakeholders as possible were accommodated into this strategy document. Special thanks to all the stakeholders of the final strategy 2012-2021 development workshop, held at Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, which © Kenya Wildlife Service included representatives from United Republic of Tanzania; Uganda Government and the Government of Southern Sudan that finally formulated this National Elephant Management and Conservation Strategy. Our sincere gratitude also to the following individuals for reviewing the first draft : Munira Anyonge Bashir, Julian Blanc, Holly Dublin, Francis Gakuya, Ian Douglas-Hamilton, Ben Kavu, Juliet King, Lucy King, Margaret Kinnaird, Ben Okita, Lamin Seboko, Noah Sitati, Diane Skinner, Richard Vigne and David Western. Frontcover: We are greatly indebted to the following institutions for funding the formulation of this strategy : Born Free Foundation; CITES MIKE Programme; Darwin Initiative Plate 1. African Elephant. Samantha Roberts, Zoological / CETRAD; KWS; People’s Trust for Endangered Species; Tusk Trust; United States Society of London Fish and Wildlife Service; World Wildlife Fund (EARPO) and Zoological Society of London (ZSL). -
Multiscale Perspectives of Species Richness in East Africa
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Analysis of the relation between ungulate species richness in East Africa and climatic and remotely sensed productivity indices Mohammed Y Said1,2,∗, Andrew K Skidmore2, Jan de Leeuw2, Hesbon M Aligula1 Lalit Kumar 2 and Herbert H T Prins3 1Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS), P.O. Box 47146 Nairobi, Kenya 2International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands 3Tropical Nature Conservation and Vertebrate Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate whether climatic or remotely sensed indices are a better predictor of ungulate species richness. Our hypothesis is that the remotely sensed index the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) integrates the influence of climatic and environmental factors, it should be a better predictor of species richness than climatic variables. The study was conducted in East Africa, which has high ungulate species diversity. Out of 95 ungulate species found in Africa, 55 are found within this sub-region. The vegetation is highly heterogeneous, with great variability in productivity that is influenced by the spatial and seasonal distribution of climatic variables, including precipitation and temperature. Species richness was regressed against each environmental variable, using linear, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential models. A test of the equality of two population regression coefficients was used to compare the models. The results show that the strongest correlates of species richness were rainfall and NDVI, with 69% and 55% of the variance explained. A unimodal pattern was exhibited for ungulate species richness with both rainfall and NDVI. -
Fitzhenry Yields 2016.Pdf
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ii DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii GENERAL ABSTRACT Fallow deer (Dama dama), although not native to South Africa, are abundant in the country and could contribute to domestic food security and economic stability. Nonetheless, this wild ungulate remains overlooked as a protein source and no information exists on their production potential and meat quality in South Africa. The aim of this study was thus to determine the carcass characteristics, meat- and offal-yields, and the physical- and chemical-meat quality attributes of wild fallow deer harvested in South Africa. Gender was considered as a main effect when determining carcass characteristics and yields, while both gender and muscle were considered as main effects in the determination of physical and chemical meat quality attributes. Live weights, warm carcass weights and cold carcass weights were higher (p < 0.05) in male fallow deer (47.4 kg, 29.6 kg, 29.2 kg, respectively) compared with females (41.9 kg, 25.2 kg, 24.7 kg, respectively), as well as in pregnant females (47.5 kg, 28.7 kg, 28.2 kg, respectively) compared with non- pregnant females (32.5 kg, 19.7 kg, 19.3 kg, respectively). -
Forest Cover and Change for the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya Circa 2000 to Circa 2010
Forest cover and change for the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya circa 2000 to circa 2010 Final report Karyn Tabor, Japhet J. Kashaigili, Boniface Mbilinyi, and Timothy M. Wright Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Biodiversity Values of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests ....................................... 2 1.2 The threats to the forests ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Trends in deforestation ................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 The importance of monitoring ...................................................................................................... 8 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1 study area ............................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Mapping methodology ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Habitat change statistics ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Map validation -
A National Park in Northern Rhodesia 15
A National Park in Northern Rhodesia 15 A NATIONAL PARK IN NORTHERN RHODESIA By a Proclamation dated 20th April, 1950, the Governor of Northern Rhodesia has established a National Park, to be known as the Kafue National Park. This new park covers some 8,650 square miles roughly in the central Kafue basin, between latitudes 14° and 16° 40' S. It contains a wide range of country from the comparatively drv sandy lands of the south to the big rivers, swamps, and heavy timber of the northern section. The magnificent Kafue River dominates the whole central portion, adding scenic beauty to the attraction of wild life. The park contains representatives of most species of the fauna of Northern Rhodesia. Primates are represented by the Rhodesian Baboon, the Vervet Monkey, and the Greater and Lesser Night-Apes. There are Elephant and Black Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Lion, Leopard, Cheetah, and numbers of the smaller carnivora. Antelope include Eland, Sable, Roan, Liehtenstein's Hartebeest, Blue Wildebeest, Kudu, Defassa Waterbuck, Bushbuck, Reedbuck, Puku, Impala, Oribi, Common, Blue, and Yellow-backed Duikers, Klipspringer, and Sharpe's Stein- buck. There are Red Lechwe and Sitatunga in the Busango Swamp in the north, Hippopotamus in numbers in the Kafue and its larger tributaries. Zebra are common, Warthog and Bushpig everywhere. Birds are abundant. The park is uninhabited apart from certain small settle- ments, on a limited section of the Kafue River, belonging to the indigenous Africans under their tribal chief Kayingu. These people must be accorded their traditional local hunting rights, but such will affect only a small fraction of the whole vast wild area. -
African Mammals (Tracks)
L Gi'. M MM S C A POCKET NATURALISru GUIDE HOOFED MAMMALS Dik-Dik Madoqua spp . To 17 in. (43 cm) H Small antelope has a long, flexible snout. .,9-10 in. Common Hippopotamus Klipspringer Hippopotamus amphibius Oreatragus oreotroqus To 5 ft. (1.5 m) H To 2 ft. (60 cm) H Has dark 'tear stains' at the corner of the eyes. Downward-pointing hooves give the impression it walks on 'tiptoe'. Found in rocky habitats. White Black Steenbok Raphieerus eampestris 1 in. White Rhinoceros To 2 ft. (60 cm) H Large ears are striped inside. Ceratotherium simum Muzzle has a dark stripe. To 6 ft. (l.B m) H 9-10 in. t Has a square upper lip. The similar black rhinoceros has a , pointed, prehensile upper lip. t . eWhite '~'rBlack . Common Duiker " . Sylvieapra grimmia ". To 28 in. (70 cm) t1 t Has a prominent black 1 in. 'a: stripe on its snout. Inhabits woodlands Hyena lion and shrubby areas. t Forefoot , e+ Oribi 24-28 in. Ourebia ourebi African Elephant To 2 ft. (60 em) H Note short tail and black 1.5 in. Loxodonto africana Hind foot spot below ears. Inhabits To 14 ft. (4.2 m) H grassland savannas. Hind print is oval-shaped. t This guide provides simplified field reference to familiar animal tracks. It is important to note that tracks change depending on their age, the surface Hippopotamus they are made on, and the animal's gait (e.g., toes are often splayed when Springbok running). Track illustrations are ordered by size in each section and are not Antidorcas marsupialis To 30 in. -
Evaluating Support for Rangeland‐Restoration Practices by Rural Somalis
Animal Conservation. Print ISSN 1367-9430 Evaluating support for rangeland-restoration practices by rural Somalis: an unlikely win-win for local livelihoods and hirola antelope? A. H. Ali1,2,3 ,R.Amin4, J. S. Evans1,5, M. Fischer6, A. T. Ford7, A. Kibara3 & J. R. Goheen1 1 Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA 2 National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 3 Hirola Conservation Programme, Garissa, Kenya 4 Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, London, UK 5 The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, CO, USA 6 Center for Conservation in the Horn of Africa, St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, USA 7 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Keywords Abstract Beatragus hunteri; elephant; endangered species; habitat degradation; rangeland; In developing countries, governments often lack the authority and resources to restoration; tree encroachment; antelope. implement conservation outside of protected areas. In such situations, the integra- tion of conservation with local livelihoods is crucial to species recovery and rein- Correspondence troduction efforts. The hirola Beatragus hunteri is the world’s most endangered Abdullahi H. Ali, Department of Zoology and antelope, with a population of <500 individuals that is restricted to <5% of its his- Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, torical geographic range on the Kenya–Somali border. Long-term hirola declines WY, USA. have been attributed to a combination of disease and rangeland degradation. Tree Email: [email protected] encroachment—driven by some combination of extirpation of elephants, overgraz- ing by livestock, and perhaps fire suppression—is at least partly responsible for Editor: Darren Evans habitat loss and the decline of contemporary populations. -
Parasites of South African Wildlife. XIX. the Prevalence of Helminths in Some Common Antelopes, Warthogs and a Bushpig in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
Page 1 of 11 Original Research Parasites of South African wildlife. XIX. The prevalence of helminths in some common antelopes, warthogs and a bushpig in the Limpopo province, South Africa Authors: Little work has been conducted on the helminth parasites of artiodactylids in the northern 1 Ilana C. van Wyk and western parts of the Limpopo province, which is considerably drier than the rest of the Joop Boomker1 province. The aim of this study was to determine the kinds and numbers of helminth that Affiliations: occur in different wildlife hosts in the area as well as whether any zoonotic helminths were 1Department of Veterinary present. Ten impalas (Aepyceros melampus), eight kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), four blue Tropical Diseases, University wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), two black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou), three gemsbok of Pretoria, South Africa (Oryx gazella), one nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), one bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), one Correspondence to: waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), six warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and a single bushpig Ilana van Wyk (Potamochoerus porcus) were sampled from various localities in the semi-arid northern and western areas of the Limpopo province. Email: [email protected] New host–parasite associations included Trichostrongylus deflexus from blue wildebeest, Postal address: Agriostomum gorgonis from black wildebeest, Stilesia globipunctata from the waterbuck and Private bag X04, Fasciola hepatica in a kudu. The mean helminth burden, including extra-gastrointestinal Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa helminths, was 592 in impalas, 407 in kudus and blue wildebeest, 588 in black wildebeest, 184 in gemsbok, and 2150 in the waterbuck. Excluding Probstmayria vivipara, the mean helminth Dates: burden in warthogs was 2228 and the total nematode burden in the bushpig was 80. -
Mammalian Predators Appropriating the Refugia of Their Prey
Mamm Res (2015) 60:285–292 DOI 10.1007/s13364-015-0236-y ORIGINAL PAPER When prey provide more than food: mammalian predators appropriating the refugia of their prey William J. Zielinski 1 Received: 30 September 2014 /Accepted: 20 July 2015 /Published online: 31 July 2015 # Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland (outside the USA) 2015 Abstract Some mammalian predators acquire both food and predators) may play disproportionately important roles in their shelter from their prey, by eating them and using the refugia communities. the prey construct. I searched the literature for examples of predators that exhibit this behavior and summarize their taxo- Keywords Predator–prey . Dens . Herbivore . Behavior . nomic affiliations, relative sizes, and distributions. I hypothe- Habitat . Resting . Foraging sized that size ratios of species involved in this dynamic would be near 1.0, and that most of these interactions would occur at intermediate and high latitudes. Seventeen species of Introduction Carnivorans exploited at least 23 species of herbivores as food and for their refugia. Most of them (76.4 %) were in the Mammals require food and most require shelter, either to pro- Mustelidae; several small species of canids and a few tect them from predators or from thermal stress. Carnivorous herpestids were exceptions. Surprisingly, the average mammals are unique in that they subsist on mobile food predator/prey weight ratio was 10.51, but few species of pred- sources which, particularly if these sources are vertebrates, ators were more than ten times the weight of the prey whose may build their own refuges to help regulate their body tem- refugia they exploit. -
The Ecology of Large-Spotted Genets Within an Urban Landscape and to Determine What Factors Facilitate Their Ability to Persist in an Urban Environment
i The ecology of large-spotted genets within an urban landscape Craig D. Widdows Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Discipline of Ecological Sciences School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Science and Engineering University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Campus 2015 i ABSTRACT Urbanization is one of the most damaging and rapidly expanding forms of anthropogenic landscape modification and is having profound consequences on biodiversity worldwide. The global increase in urbanization has resulted in exclusion of many carnivore species from human- altered landscapes due to a variety of anthropogenic impacts. However, despite the negative impacts of urbanization on carnivores, certain species such as large-spotted genets (Genetta tigrina) exhibit an ability to persist within urban areas. Despite their extensive distribution range, large-spotted genets are poorly studied in comparison to other African carnivores, with a handful of studies conducted on genetics, activity patterns and diet. Furthermore, no studies have focused on their ecology in an urban environment. There have been increasing reports of large-spotted genets within urban areas throughout KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The mosaic of patches of native vegetation within this urban landscape provides habitats for a variety of wildlife species. The main aim of the study was to investigate the ecology of large-spotted genets within an urban landscape and to determine what factors facilitate their ability to persist in an urban environment. Residential interviews were conducted to ascertain information pertaining to behavioural observations, land use as well as wildlife conflict and public perceptions of genets. Chi-square (2) goodness-of-fit tests were used to determine significant differences in the frequency of responses. -
Cephalophus Natalensis – Natal Red Duiker
Cephalophus natalensis – Natal Red Duiker listed two subspecies, including C. n. natalensis from KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), eastern Mpumalanga and southern Mozambique, and C. n. robertsi Rothschild 1906 from Mozambique and the regions north of the Limpopo River (Skinner & Chimimba 2005). Assessment Rationale This species is restricted to forest patches within northeastern South Africa and Swaziland. They can occur at densities as high as 1 individual / ha. In KZN, there are an estimated 3,046–4,210 individuals in protected areas alone, with the largest subpopulation of 1,666–2,150 Sam Williams individuals occurring in iSimangaliso Wetland Park (2012– 2014 counts; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpubl. data). This Regional Red List status (2016) Near Threatened subpopulation is inferred to have remained stable or B2ab(ii,v)* increased over three generations (2000–2015), as the previous assessment (2004, using count data from 2002) National Red List status (2004) Least Concern estimated subpopulation size as 1,000 animals. While no Reasons for change Non-genuine change: other provincial subpopulation estimates are available, New information they are regularly recorded on camera traps in the Soutpansberg Mountains of Limpopo and the Mariepskop Global Red List status (2016) Least Concern forests of Mpumalanga, including on private lands outside protected areas (S. Williams unpubl. data). TOPS listing (NEMBA) None Reintroductions are probably a successful conservation CITES listing None intervention for this species. For example, reintroduced individuals from the 1980/90s are still present in areas of Endemic No southern KZN and are slowly moving into adjacent *Watch-list Data farmlands (Y. Ehlers-Smith unpubl. data). The estimated area of occupancy, using remaining (2013/14 land cover) Although standing only about 0.45 m high forest patches within the extent of occurrence, is 1,800 (Bowland 1997), the Natal Red Duiker has km2.