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THE NABATAEANS and LYCIANS Zeyad Al-Salameen

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21 Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 21-29 Copyright © 2008 MAA Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. THE NABATAEANS AND LYCIANS Zeyad al-Salameen Nabataean Centre for Archaeological Studies Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Wadi Mousa- Petra, P. O. Box 270, JORDAN e-mail: [email protected] Received: 24/11/2007 Accepted: 10/12/2007 Abstract Archaeological discoveries in Nabataean major places such as Petra and Hegra (Madain Saleh) reflect a clear exogenous influence. This study will therefore try to study the possible Lycian influence upon the Nabataean cultural achievements especially in terms of the content of the tomb inscriptions and the design of the tombs. KEYWORDS: Nabataeans, Lycians, Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions, Nabataean architecture 22 ZEYAD AL-SALAMEEN INTRODUCTION mentions that "litigation" was behind the foreigners' existence in Petra but It has been argued by several there might have been other scholars that the Nabataeans had motivations beside litigation such as contacts with several people such as commerce. Pliny hinted to Nabataean Charcenians, Indians, Chinese and the activities outside Nabataea. He said Egyptians and these contacts were that Furat, a town on the bank of the inevitable and influential (for more “Pasitigris”, was subject to the king of details see Gogte 1990:300-1; Charax: “this is resorted to by people McKenzie 1990:99). This is confirmed from Petra, who make the journey by the discovery of various Nabataean from there to Charax, a distance of archaeological materials in many twelve miles by water, using the tide” places outside Nabataea, such as in (VI.XXXII.145). Sidon (CIS II 160), Antioch (Wenning Historical chronicles do not 1987:23), Puteoli (CIS II 158), Cos, provide enough examples of cross- Delos and Miletus (Roche 1996:79; cultural marriages between Schmid 1999:279,283), Southern Nabataeans and other cultures. The Arabia (Potts 1991), and other places. only Nabataean cross marriage is Unfortunately, we do not have mentioned by Josephus who says that enough historical sources to shed light Herod Antipas married the daughter on the non-political Nabataean of the Nabataean king Aretas IV (9 contacts with the surrounding BC-AD 40) and after a lengthy contemporary civilizations1. There are marriage, Antipas divorced his wife limited historical references to the and married Herodias (Jewish Nabataeans’ possible foreign relations. Antiquities 18.109). Strabo, for example, in his Geography In 2003 the author had the refers to the existence of foreigners opportunity to discuss the Nabataean inside Nabataea. He said that there relations with other people with were "many Romans and many other professor John Healey who hinted that foreigners sojourning there, and that there was a possible link between the he [not Strabo but one of his friends] Lycians, who inhabited the saw that the foreigners often engaged southwestern parts of Anatolia by the in litigation, both with one another early first millennium and spoke an and with the natives, but that none of Indo-European language and the the natives prosecuted one another Nabataeans, who had settled in the and that they in every way kept peace northern part of Arabia around the with one another” (XVI.4.21). Strabo fifth-fourth centuries B.C. (for the geographical locations of Nabataea 1 The most important references for the political history of the Nabataeans are Josephus’ two and Lycia, see, Map 1). This paper will main books, The Jewish War and The Jewish try, therefore, to comprehend this Antiquities. In covering the history of the Jews possible link archaeologically. Before and the Romans, he comes across the we proceed we should identify the Nabataean relations with the Jews during times Lycians and Nabataeans of peace and war. THE NABATAEANS AND LYCIANS 23 Map (1) The geographical locations of Nabataea and Lycia WHO WERE THE LYCIANS? second century B.C. regarding the Roman alliance with the Jews. The "Lycians" is a name given to Lycia was under the control of the the people who inhabited Lycia which Persian Empire in 546 B.C. when one is located on the southwestern coast of of the generals of Cyrus II conquered Asia Minor in Anatolia. It is Asia Minor and they ruled Lycia until mentioned in many historical sources. 468 BC. Later, it was conquered by Herodotus states that the Lycians Alexander the Great in 333 BC. In 309 came from Crete under Serapedon, BC Ptolemy took over Lycia and probably through Miletus (Histories 1). during this period Greek culture, art They were named after Lycus, the son and language were adopted by the of Pandion II, king of Athens who was Lycians. In 197 B.C. Antiochus III exiled by his brother Aegeus and conquered Lycia and the Lycians were settled among the Termilae (The granted freedom in 169 BC. Lycia Geography of Strabo 14:3.10). Homer became a Roman province in 46 A.D. states that the Lycian contingent Under the Roman rule, Lycia enjoyed fighting at Troy was said to have been relative independence until the time of led by two esteemed warriors: Augustus (for more details see, Childe Sarpedon and Glaucus (Iliad II). I 1981: 55-80). Macc. 15:23 mentions that Lycia was The remaining ruins include many among the recipients of a letter from rock-cut tombs and dating from the the Roman consul Lucius Piso in the 5th Century B.C. The Lycians cut their 24 ZEYAD AL-SALAMEEN tombs in the rock and these tombs Charax. Westwards they reached bear inscriptions (see for example Greece and Rome and northwards Schweyer 2002). Almost all the tomb they seem to have reached Phoenicia inscriptions are written in two and Anatolia, as we shall discuss different languages: Greek, which can below. Nabataeans are known as be dated to the first three centuries of merchants who worked as middlemen the Roman Empire and Lycian, which who controlled and monopolized the are older that the Greek and can be trade of aromatics, which were highly dated to the fifth and fourth centuries prized by the ancients. These B.C. (Pembroke 1965:218). commodities were highly esteemed by the Romans, Greeks, Chinese, WHO WERE THE NABATAEANS? Charecenes and possibly the Lycians. The location of Nabataean and Lycia They were a group of Arabian both help to flourish this trade. tribes who settled in Northern Arabia Nabataea’s strategic location made it a and the southern parts of the Levant bridge between the "producers" and during the fifth-fourth centuries B.C. the "consumers" of these During the period between the second merchandises. Additionally, the main century B.C. and the first century A.D. incense trade passed via these they established a kingdom that territories. Lycia, on the other hand, covered modern Jordan, northern was located on the main trade routes Arabia, southern Syria and southern between Cyprus and the Levant in the Palestine. Their kingdom came to an east; Greece and the Anatolian coast in end in A.D. 106 when it was annexed the west; and Egypt to the south (Keen to the Roman Empire by Trajan 1998: 31-33). It is located also close to (Bowersock 1970: 37-47) the Greek islands which witnessed Petra, the Nabataeans' capital, was Nabataean activities (see map 1). A an active commercial metropolis bilingual inscription was found in receiving goods from various Miletus which is not far away from producers such as Arabia, India, East Lycia and dedicated by Syllaeus the Africa and China. These commodities Nabataean Minister during his visit to were then to be distributed to other Rome during the last decade of the nations. Archaeological fieldworks in first century B.C.(Figure 1) (Cantineau Nabataea provide ample evidence for 1978:46) international and regional interaction. Pottery, coins and inscriptions have been found outside Nabataea including Southern Arabia, the Arabia Gulf, the Mediterranean basin and Italy (For more details see al-Salameen 2004: 45ff). Eastwards the Nabataeans Figure 1 Miletus bilingual Nabataean- probably reached India, China and Greek inscription (Cantineau 1978.46) THE NABATAEANS AND LYCIANS 25 Another dated Nabataean In the light of the aforementioned inscription was found in Cos island evidence it is not surprising to and dedicated the construction of a postulate that the Nabataeans reached temple to the goddess al-‘Uzza (Roche Lycia which is located within the 1996:79). Traces of a bilingual Mediterranean basin, an area which Nabataean-Greek inscription have also had close links with the Nabataeans. been discovered in Delos (Schmid The legacy of the Nabataeans is 2004: 415-426). The letters of this mostly represented in religious inscription are somewhat unclear and heritage. Nabataean tombs and only a few words can be read and temples are scattered in many areas of refer to the Nabataean minister their cities which indicate that religion Syllaeus of Obodas and probably and afterlife played an integral role in mention the Nabataean god Dushara their belief. In this article I am not (Figure 2) (Roche 1996:83-84). going to go into these aspects but will try to shed some light on the Nabataean tomb inscriptions and their similarities to the Lycian sepulchral inscriptions. Additionally, this paper will try to measure the range of Nabataean-Lycian architectural influence especially in terms of tomb architecture. NABATAEAN AND LYCIAN Figure 2 Traces of a bilingual Nabataean- TOMB INSCRIPTIONS Greek inscription found in Delos (Roche 1996:Figure 2) The longest and most important Nabataean inscriptions have been found in Hegra and these are tomb Additionally, a sculptured head inscriptions and they provide us with has been found in Delos and that evidence of Nabataean juridical and maybe was a part of the dedications legal aspects (Healey 1993; Abdelaziz presented by Syllaeus during his trip 2005:189-199).
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