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Univerza V Ljubljani Fakulteta Za Družbene Vede UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jana Kulevska Mentorica: redna profesorica dr. Ljubica Jelušič ANGAŽIRANOST MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI V MAKEDONIJI IN ODZIV LOKALNEGA PREBIVALSTVA (ŠTUDIJE PRIMEROV MIROVNIH OPERACIJ OD LETA 1992 DO 2005) Magistrsko delo Ljubljana 2007 KAZALO SEZNAM KRATIC 4 1 UVOD ................................................................................................................................. 7 2 METODOLOŠKO-HIPOTETIČNI OKVIR..................................................................... 11 2.1 Predmet proučevanja in cilji analize .............................................................................. 11 2.2 Hipoteze ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Metode analize ............................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Struktura magistrske naloge........................................................................................... 14 2.5 Temeljni koncepti in pojmi ............................................................................................ 15 2.5.1 Republika Makedonija ................................................................................................ 15 2.5.2 Mednarodna skupnost ................................................................................................. 16 2.5.3 Mirovne operacije ....................................................................................................... 17 3 ANGAŽIRANOST MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI V MAKEDONIJI: OD OSAMOSVOJITVE DO KRIZE – PRVA FAZA ........................................................ 22 3.1 Dogajanje v Republiki Makedoniji od njene osamosvojitve do krize ........................... 22 3.1.1 Pot do priznanja in odnosi z mednarodno skupnostjo................................................. 26 3.1.2 Izvori ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti Republike Makedonije..................................... 28 3.1.2.1 Notranji viri ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti............................................................. 29 3.1.2.1.1 Politično dogajanje v prvi fazi analize .................................................................. 29 3.1.2.1.2 Ekonomska situacija.............................................................................................. 36 3.1.2.1.3 Medetnični odnosi kot izvor ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti................................. 38 3.1.2.2 Zunanji dejavniki ogrožanja nacionalne varnosti..................................................... 44 3.1.2.2.1 Odnosi s sosednjimi državami............................................................................... 44 3.1.2.2.2 Vzpon OVK na Kosovu in posledice kosovske krize ........................................... 52 3.1.3 Makedonska zunanjepolitična opredelitev in odnosi z EU in Natom ......................... 57 3.1.3.1 Makedonska zunanjepolitična opredelitev ............................................................... 57 3.1.3.2 Odnosi z EU ............................................................................................................. 58 3.1.3.3 Odnosi z ZDA in zvezo Nato ter vloga Nato v prvi fazi analize ............................. 58 3.2 Prva faza angažiranosti mednarodne skupnosti v Makedoniji (1992–2000): preventivna diplomacija ....................................................................................................... 61 3.2.1 Vloga OZN v Makedoniji ........................................................................................... 62 3.2.2 Vloga ICFY v Makedoniji........................................................................................... 68 3.2.3 Vloga OVSE v Makedoniji ......................................................................................... 69 4 VPLETENOST MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI V REŠEVANJE KRIZE V MAKEDONIJI – DRUGA FAZA.................................................................................... 72 4.1 Začetek krize .................................................................................................................. 74 4.2 Kriza............................................................................................................................... 81 4.3 Vpletenost mednarodne skupnosti v reševanje krize v Makedoniji............................... 89 4.4 Razplet krize................................................................................................................... 96 5 ANGAŽIRANOST MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI V MAKEDONIJI V OBDOBJU PO KRIZI – TRETJA FAZA.......................................................................... 103 5.1 Makedonija po ohridskem sporazumu ......................................................................... 103 5.2 Angažiranost mednarodne skupnosti po podpisu mirovnega sporazuma .................... 120 5.2.1 Vloga zveze Nato ...................................................................................................... 120 5.2.2 Vloga EU................................................................................................................... 124 5.2.3 Vloga OVSE.............................................................................................................. 129 5.2.4 Sodelovanje mednarodnih organizacij in institucij pri implementaciji 2 ohridskega sporazuma v Makedoniji................................................................................. 132 6 ODNOS LOKALNEGA PREBIVALSTVA DO ANGAŽIRANOSTI MEDNARODNE SKUPNOSTI ........................................................................................ 135 6.1 Odnos lokalnega prebivalstva v prvi fazi analize......................................................... 137 6.2 Odnos lokalnega prebivalstva med krizo in po njej ..................................................... 141 6.3 Odnos lokalnega prebivalstva do predstavnikov mednarodne skupnosti .................... 146 7 SKLEP............................................................................................................................. 155 8 SEZNAM LITERATURE............................................................................................... 163 8.1 Knjige........................................................................................................................... 163 8.2 Dokumenti.................................................................................................................... 163 8.3 Članki v znanstvenih in strokovnih revijah ter zbornikih ............................................ 164 8.4 Prispevki, gradivo, analize z medmrežja...................................................................... 166 8.5 Drugi uporabljeni viri................................................................................................... 175 8.6 Seznam opravljenih intervjujev.................................................................................... 176 3 SEZNAM KRATIC ANA Albanska narodna armada ARM Armadata na Republika Makedonija (Vojska Republike Makedonije) BDP Bruto domači proizvod BiH Bosna in Hercegovina CIVPOL Civil Police (policijski opazovalci) DA Demokratska alternativa (Demokratična alternativa) DPA Demokratska partija na Albancite, Partia Demokratike Shqiptare (Demokratska stranka Albancev) DUI Demokratična unija za integracijo EAR European Agency for Reconstruction (Evropska agencija za obnovo) ECMM European Community Monitoring Mission (Opazovalna misija ES) ES Evropske skupnosti EU Evropska unija EUMM EU Monitoring Mission (Nadzorna misija EU) EUPAT Police Advisory Team (Policijska svetovalna skupina EU) EVOP Evropska varnostna in obrambna politika FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Nekdanja jugoslovanska republika Makedonija) HRW Human Rights Watch (Organizacija za varstvo človekovih pravic) ICFY International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (Mednarodna konferenca za nekdanjo Jugoslavijo) ICG International Crisis Group (mednarodna krizna skupina) ICITAP International Criminal Investigative Training and Assistance Program (Mednarodni program za izobraževanje in asistenco pri kriminalističnih preiskavah) ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (Mednarodno kazensko sodišče za območje nekdanje Jugoslavije) IMF International Monetary Fund (Mednarodni denarni sklad) IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting (inštitut za poročanje o vojni in miru) JLA Jugoslovanska ljudska armada 4 JV Jugoslovanska vojska KFOR Kosovo Force (Sile za Kosovo) KPC Kosovo Protection Corps (Zaščitna enota za Kosovo) KVSE Konferenca za varnost in sodelovanje v Evropi LDP Liberalna demokratska partija (Liberalno-demokratska stranka) LP Liberalna partija (Liberalna stranka) LPM Liberalna partija na Makedonija (Liberalna stranka Makedonije) MANU Makedonskata akademija na naukite i umetnostite (Akademija za znanost in umetnost) MDS Mlada demokratsko-progresivna stranka MLK Marksisti in leninisti Kosova MTV Makedonskata televizija (Makedonska nacionalna televizija) NATO (Nato) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Organizacija severnoatlantskega NDP Narodna demokratska partija, Partia Demokratike Popullore (Narodna demokratska stranka) ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (Urad za demokratične institucije in človekove pravice) ONA Osvobodilna narodna armada OVK Osvobodilna vojska Kosova OVPMB Osvobodilna vojska Preševa, Medvedje in Bujanovca OVSE Organizacija za varnost in sodelovanje v Evropi OZN Organizacija združenih narodov PDP Partija za demokratični prosperitet,
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