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Application of Borehole Geophysics to Water-Resourcesinvestigations

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Application of Borehole Geophysics to Water-Resourcesinvestigations Tec hniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Chapter EI 0 APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS TO WATER-RESOURCESINVESTIGATIONS By W. Scott Keys and L. M. MacCary Book2 COLLECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director First printing 1971 Second printing 1976 Third printing 1981 Fourth printing 1985 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 For sole by the Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 PREFACE The series of manuals on techniques describes procedures for planning and executing specialized work in water-resources investigations. The material is grouped under major subject headings called “Books” and further subdivided into sections and chapters. Section E of Book 2 is on subsurface geophysical methods. Provisional drafts of chapt,ers are distributed to field offices of the U.S. Geological Survey for their use. These drafts are subject to revision because of experience in use or becauseof advancement in knolvledge, techniques, or equipment. After the technique described in a chapter is sufficiently developed, the chapter is published and is sold by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Esds Street, A.rlington, VA 22202 (authorized agent of Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office). l CONTENTS Page Page Preface. ........................................................................... III Resistivity logging.. .......................................... ____.______36 Glossary.. ................................................................... ..VII I Normal devices.. .................................................... 38 Abstract.. ........................................................................ 1 Principles and applications.. ...................... 38 Introduction.. .......................................................... ..-.... 1 Instrumentation ............................................ 44 Background.. ................................................... ..-.... 1 Calibration and standardization ................ 46 Purpose and scope................................................ 2 Bed-thickness effects .................................... 47 Why log?. ........................................................ ..~.... 2 Lateral devices.. .................................................... 49 Limitations.. ........................................................... 3 Principles and applications.. ...................... 49 Lithologic parameters .................................................. 4 Instrumentation ............................................ 49 Resistivity ....................................................... ..~.... 5 Bed-thickness effects .................................... 51 Formation factor.. ................................................ 6 Wall-resistivity devices ........................................ 51 Permeability.. ................................................. ..-.... 6 Focused devices ..................................................... 53 Porosity. ................................................................. 7 Induction device .................................................... 55 Specific yield.. ....................................................... 7 Principles and applications ._._____________________56 Grain size ............................................................... 8 Instrumentation. ........................................... 57 Fluid parameters.. ........................................................ 8 Calibration and standardization ._______________58 Fluid conductivity ......................................... ..~.... 8 Radius of investigation.. ............................. 58 Fluid temperature ................................................ 10 Extraneous effects.. ...................................... 58 Fluid movement ............................................. ..~.... 10 Nuclear logging ............................................................ 58 Moisture content ................................................... 10 Fundamentals of nuclear geophysics ................ 59 Log interpretation.. ...................................................... 10 Characteristics of radiation ....................... 59 Qualitative interpretation.. ................................. 10 Radiation statistics .............................. __.___._59 Quantitative interpretation ................................ 11 Radiation detection. ...................................... 61 Log calibration.. ............................................ 12 Quantitative interpretation.. ....................... 61 Standardizaton and log accuracy ...... 13 Natural-gamma logging.. .................................... 64 Composite interpretation.. ........................... ..~.... 15 Principles and applications.. ...................... 64 Geometric effects.. ................................................. 18 Instrumentation ............................................ 66 Radius of investigation. ............................. 18 Calibration and standardization _.______________66 Bed-thickness effects.. .................................. 18 Radius of investigation.. ...................... ..~.... 67 Borehole effects.. ................................................... 19 Extraneous effects.. ...................................... 67 Hole-diameter effects ............................ ..~.... 19 Gamma spectrometry.. ......................................... 67 Casing effects.. ....................................... ..-.... 19 Gamma-gamma logging ....................................... 70 Drilling effects.. ............................................. 20 Principles and applications.. ...................... 70 Logging equipment ....................................................... 21 Instrumentation .......... ..-..........................- .... 72 Spontaneous-potential logging.. .......................... ..-.... 23 Calibration and standardization.. .............. 72 Principles and applications ................................ 24 Radius of investigation.. ............................. 73 Instrumentation.. ........................................... ..-.... 28 Extraneous effects.. ...................................... 73 Calibration and standardization ........................ 28 Neutron logging .................................................... 74 Radius of investigation ........................................ 28 Principles and applications.. ...................... 74 Extraneous effects ................................................ 29 Instrumentation ............................................ 81 Resistance logging ....................................................... 30 Calibration and standardization.. .............. 82 Principles and applications. ............................... 31 Radius of investigation.. ............................. 83 Instrumentation.. ........................................... ..-.... 35 Extraneous effects ........................................ 84 Calibration and standardization ........................ 35 The use of radioisotopes in well logging _______.___ 86 Radius of investigation.. .............................. ..-.... 35 Acoustic logging .................................... _........_.._....._.... 88 Extraneous effects.. .............................................. 35 Principles and applications.. .............................. 88 V VI CONTENTS Page Page Acoustic logging - Continued Temperature logging -- Continued Instrumentation _ 91 Calibration and extraneous effects _____._.___.._._..._105 Calibration and standardization _ 92 Fluid-conductivity_logging_106 Radius of investigation ._92 92 Principles and applications ________________._______________ Extraneous effects . 93 93 Instrumentation ._..____.____._.._.............................~.... Caliper logging _______.___.________..................94 94 Calibration and extraneous effects ____________........ Principles and applications _ 94 Fluid-movement logging 109 Instrumentation ._.________.._._.._.....................97 97 Principles and applications .__._____.______109 Calibration and standardization ________.__...9898 Instrumentation _____________._._._...................114 Radius of investigation and extraneous Calibration and extraneous effects..........................118 effects ....... ..________.__..................................9999 Caiing logs ..___________.__.._.....................................118 Temperature logging .___.______________..................9999 Principles and applications _ 99 Index.........................................125 Instrumentation _____________.____._.....................____104_ ILLUSTRATIONS Page 1. Approximate resistivity of granular aquifers versus porosity for several water salinities ...................... 6 2. Electrically equivalent concentrations of a sodium chloride solution as a function of resistivity or conductivity and temperature ........................................................................................................................... 9 3. Neutron log and a plot of porosity measured in the laboratory ........................................................................ 14 4. Hypothetical response of nuclear logs in a mixture of quartz sand, clay, and water.. ................................ 15 5. The relationship of six different geophysical logs to lithology .......................................................................
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