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Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., Kimura, G., Lallema nt, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 314/315/316 Expedition 314 methods1 Expedition 314 Scientists2 Chapter contents Introduction Introduction . 1 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 314 is the first step in a multiexpedition, multiyear project to carry out the Logging while drilling . 1 Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE). The Onboard data flow and quality check . 6 three expeditions that make up Stage 1 of the project focus on Log characterization and lithologic coring and logging operations at high-priority riserless sites on interpretation . 7 the Kumano transect. During Expedition 314, we focused exclu- Physical properties . 8 sively on in situ measurements of subseafloor physical properties, Structural geology and geomechanics . 9 lithology, stress, and geomechanics using logging-while-drilling Log-seismic correlation . 11 (LWD) techniques, including real-time uphole data transmission References . 13 (commonly referred to as measurement while drilling [MWD]). In Figures . 15 this chapter, we explain the operation of LWD instruments and Tables. 29 the physical principles behind the geophysical measurements ob- tained. In addition, we describe the methods used by shipboard scientists to arrive at the data analyses and interpretations re- ported in the site chapters of this volume. Logging while drilling During Expedition 314, six LWD and MWD tools were deployed under the contract by the Global Ocean Development Inc. with Schlumberger Drilling and Measurements Services. LWD surveys have been successfully conducted during previous Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and IODP expeditions on the JOIDES Resolution with various tools of different generations, focusing on density, porosity, resistivity, gamma ray, and sonic velocity measurements. ODP Leg 196 was the last use of LWD in the Nankai Trough off Cape Muroto, ~200 km southwest of the current locations (Mi- kada, Becker, Moore, Klaus, et al., 2002). During Expedition 314, the first operation of a ground-breaking complex drilling project with multiple expeditions over several stages, scientists con- ducted LWD at all NanTroSEIZE Stage 1 sites using the most ad- vanced tools in scientific ocean drilling history. 1 Expedition 314 Scientists, 2009. Expedition 314 LWD and MWD tools measure different parameters. LWD tools methods. In Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., measure in situ formation properties with instruments that are lo- Kimura, G., Lallema nt, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, cated in special drill collars immediately above the drill bit. The D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition LWD and MWD tools used during Expedition 314 include several of 314/315/316 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Schlumberger’s VISION series tools, namely geoVISION, adnVISION, Program Management International, Inc.). sonicVISION, and seismicVISION, in addition to MWD and annu- doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.112.2009 lar-pressure-while-drilling (APWD) tools. Figure F1 shows the con- 2 Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists’ addresses. figuration of the LWD-MWD bottom-hole assembly (BHA), and Proc. IODP | Volume 314/315/316 doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.112.2009 Expedition 314 Scientists Expedition 314 methods the set of measurements recorded from LWD-MWD ers for the science party to interpret. Data flow is tools are listed in Tables T1, T2, and T3. described in the next section. LWD measurements are made shortly after the hole is opened with the drill bit and before continued Systems and tools drilling operations adversely affect in situ properties Depth tracking systems and borehole stability. Fluid invasion into the bore- hole wall is also reduced relative to wireline logging LWD tools record data as a function of time. The because of the shorter elapsed time between drilling Schlumberger integrated drilling and logging (IDEAL) and taking measurements. MWD tools measure surface system records the time and depth of the drill downhole drilling parameters (e.g., collar rotation) string below the rig floor. LWD operations aboard the and annulus pressure and assure communication be- D/V Chikyu require accurate and precise depth track- tween tools. During drilling operations, these mea- ing and the ability to independently measure and surements are combined with surface rig floor pa- evaluate the position of the traveling block and top rameters for easier drilling monitoring (e.g., weight drive system in the derrick, heave of the vessel by the on bit, torque, etc.) and quality control. The APWD action of waves/swells and tides, and action of the sensor is included with the MWD sensors for safety motion compensator. The length of the drill string monitoring and provides measurements of down- (combined length of the BHA and the drill pipe) and hole pressure in the annulus, which are also con- the position of the top drive in the derrick are used to verted to equivalent circulating density (ECD; den- determine the depth of the drill bit and rate of pene- sity of the circulating drilling fluid when pumping). tration. The system configuration is illustrated in Fig- Downhole pressure and ECD are crucial parameters ure F2. A hook-load sensor is used to measure the used to detect any inflow from the formation or ob- weight of the load on the drill string and can be used struction (collapse of borehole walls), characterized to detect whether the drill string is in-slips or out-of- by increases in APWD and ECD, or loss of circulation slips. When the drill string is in-slips (i.e., the top of caused by permeable formations or faults, character- the drill string is hung on the rig floor by the “slip” ized by a decrease in APWD. tool and is detached from the top drive) and motion from the blocks or motion compensator will not The key difference between LWD and MWD tools is have any effect on the depth of the bit, the draw- that LWD data are recorded into downhole memory works encoder information does not augment the re- and retrieved when the tools reach the surface, corded bit depth. It is clear when the drill string is whereas MWD data and a selection of LWD data are out-of-slips (i.e., the drill string is connected to the transmitted through the drilling fluid within the top drive and is free from the rig floor). The heave of drill pipe by means of a modulated pressure wave the ship will still continue to affect the bit depth (mud pulsing) at a rate of 6 bps (bits per second) and whether the drill string is in-slips or out-of-slips. monitored in real time. The term LWD is often used more generically to cover both LWD and MWD type The rig instrumentation system used by the drillers measurements, as the MWD tool is required during measures and records heave and the motion of the any LWD operation to provide communication be- cylinder of the active compensator among many tween the LWD tools and the surface. other parameters at the rig floor. The Chikyu uses a crown-mounted motion compensator (CMC) (Fig. The LWD equipment is battery powered and uses F2), which is installed on the top of the derrick to re- erasable/programmable read-only memory chips to duce the influence of heave on the drill string and to store the logging data until they are downloaded. raise the accuracy of the bit weight measurement. The LWD tools take measurements at evenly spaced The CMC is united with the crown block, which is a time intervals using a downhole clock installed in stationary pulley, and absorbs tension by moving the each tool and are synchronized with a depth track- crown block up and down according to the hull’s up ing system on the rig that monitors time and drilling and down motion. When the crown block oscillates, depth. After drilling, the LWD tools are retrieved and the difference is absorbed by the change in the posi- the data downloaded from each tool to a computer. tion of the horizontally overhung pulley even Synchronization of the uphole and downhole clocks though the length of cable changes between the allows merging of the time-depth data (from the sur- drawworks and the deadline anchor. face system) and the downhole time-measurement data (from the tools) into depth-measurement data files. The resulting depth-measurement data are Measurement-while-drilling (PowerPulse) and transferred to the processing systems in the Down- annulus pressure tools hole Data Processing Room for the Logging Staff Sci- The MWD tool is the most basic but most important entist and systematically distributed to the data serv- tool for operation data. This tool allows real-time Proc. IODP | Volume 314/315/316 2 Expedition 314 Scientists Expedition 314 methods two-way communication between LWD tools and These scientific measurements include gamma ray the surface. MWD tools have previously been de- values, resistivity, bulk density, neutron porosity, ployed during ODP Legs 188 (O’Brien, Cooper, Rich- compressional velocity (P-wave), and seismic wave- ter, et al., 2001), 196 (Mikada, Becker, Moore, Klaus, forms. Measurement parameters from each LWD col- et al., 2002), and 204 (Tréhu, Bohrmann, Rack, Tor- lar were updated at rates corresponding to 15 cm to res, et al., 2003) and IODP Expeditions 308 (Flem- 1.5 m depth intervals, depending on the initialized ings, Behrmann, John, et al., 2006) and 311 (Riedel, values and rate of penetration (ROP) of the tool (Ta- Collett, Malone, et al., 2006). During Expedition bles T4, T5). The combination of all these data con- 314, the Schlumberger MWD PowerPulse tool was firmed the operational status of each tool and pro- used in combination with the APWD tool for pilot vided real-time logs for identifying lithologic hole drilling and with LWD tools in other applica- contacts and potential shallow-water flow or over- tions (Fig.
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