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Fundamentals of Well-Log Interpretation 1 Developments in Petroleum Science, 15A fundamentals of well-log interpretation 1. the acquisition of logging data FURTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES 1 A.G. COLLINS GEOCHEMISTRY OF OILFIELD WATERS 2 W.H.FERTL ABNORMAL FORMATION PRESSURES 3 A.P. SZILAS PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF OIL AND GAS 4 C.E.B. CONYBEARE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN SANDSTONE BODIES 5 T.F. YEN and G.V. CHILINGARIAN (Editors) OIL SHALE 6 D.W. PEACEMAN FUNDAMENTALS OF NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION 7 G.V. CHILINGARIAN and T.F. YEN (Editors) BITUMENS, ASPHALTS AND TAR SANDS 8 L.P. DAKE FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 9 K.MAGARA COMPACTION AND FLUID MIGRATION 10 M.T. SILVIA and E.A. ROBINSON DECONVOLUTION OF GEOPHYSICAL TIME SERIES IN THE EXPLORATION FOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS 11 G.V. CHILINGARIAN and P. VORABUTR DRILLING AND DRILLING FLUIDS 12 T.D. VAN GOLF-RACHT FUNDAMENTALS OF FRACTURED RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 13 J. FAYERS (Editor) ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY 14 G. M6ZES (Editor) PARAFFIN PRODUCTS Developments in Petroleum Science, 15A well-log interpretation 1. the acquisition of logging data 0. SERRA Former Chef du Service Dhgraphies Differkes a la Direction Exploration de la SNEA (P), Pau, France and Geological Interpretation Development Manager, Schlum berger Technical Services Inc., Singapore (Translated from the French by Peter Westaway and Haydn Abbott) ELSEVIER ELF AQUITAINE Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1984 Pau ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 21 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Distributors for the United States and Canada: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC 52, Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. First edition 1984 Second impression 1985 Third impression 1988 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Serra, Oberto. Fundamentals of well-log interpretation (Developments in petroleum science; 15A- Translation of: Diagraphies differees. Bibliography: p. Includes index. Contents: v. 1. The aquisition of logging data. 1. Oil well logging. I. Title. II. Series. TN87 1.35.S47 13 1984 622'. 18282 83-2057 1 ISBN 0-444-42132-7 (U.S.: V. 1) ISBN 0-444-42132-7 (Vol. 15A) ISBN 0-444-41625-0 (Series) @>Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or. transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V./ Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, P.O. Box 330, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Special regulations for readers in the USA -This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem, Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photocopies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including photocopying outside of the USA, should be referred to the Dublisher. No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any meth- ods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in The Netherlands V PREFACE The relentless search for elusive hydrocarbon re- training of a physicist and informatician-bringing serves demands that geologists and reservoir en- to the field of geological analysis all the facets of gineers bring into play more and more expertise, modern technology. inventiveness and ingenuity. To obtain new data from Since this award, 0. Serra has, by virtue of his the subsurface requires the continual refinement of talents as an instructor and author, acquired a very equipment and techniques. large audience both in professional circles and in the This book describes! the various well-logging universities studying geological sciences. equipment at the disposal of geologists and reservoir This book is the result of a fruitful collaboration engineers today. It follows two volumes on involving several companies. It testifies to the desire carbonates, also published by Elf Aquitaine. of Elf Aquitaine to further an active policy of re- One can never over-emphasize the importance to search and training, disseminating knowledge of the geological analysis of basins, and sedimentology modern technical developments amongst its field per- in general, of the information which drilling a bore- sonnel. hole makes available to us. But this data would be It is hoped, that, in publishing this work, and incomplete, even useless, if not complemented by continuing the series, we may contribute to a better certain new techniques-well-logging in particular- understanding of geological sciences and their meth- which represent a tremendous source of information ods, fundamental to our search for energy and mineral both about hydrocarbons and the fundamental geol- resources. ogy of the rocks. We also hope to strengthen the bonds between the It required considerable enthusiasm and a de- “ thinkers” and the “doers”, those involved in re- termination to succeed on the part of the author to search, and those on the operational side. Progress bring the present work to its culmination, while at the depends as much on the deliberations of the one, as same time performing the daily duties of Manager of on the techniques and skill of the other, and a close the Log Analysis Section of the Exploration Dept. at collaboration between the two is essential. Explora- Elf Aquitaine. tion is no longer an exclusive domain of guarded Such qualities, indeed, earned Oberto Serra the secrets; information gathered in the course of major first Marcel Roubault award on March 21st, 1974, in projects must, wherever feasible, be made available to just recognition of “work concerned with methods all interested, particularly those most likely to put it and techniques, or with ideas and concepts, which to good use. have led to important progress in the exploration for, Finally, let us hope that, with this publication, we and development of, natural energy resources, the might make a modest contribution to Marcel discovery of new reservoirs, or the accomplishment of Roubault’s proud concept: “Geology at the service of major works”. The judges recognized in particular an Man”. invaluable liaison between the spirit of the naturalist, ALAIN PERRODON, Paris, March 1978 constantly tempered by reality, and the rigorous This Page Intentionally Left Blank vii FOREWORD TO THE FRENCH EDITION The development of hydrocarbon reservoirs fol- series on well-logging. It deals with the acquisition of lows complex natural laws dependent on a number of log data (tool principles, logging techniques), and factors. describes how the measurements are influenced by The geologist’s goal is to understand the processes the many aspects of the geology of the rocks. of hydrwarbon accumulation. For, simply, the better The second volume, currently under preparation, these are understood, the better are the chances of will cover in detail log interpretation and applica- discovering new hydrocarbon reserves. tions. The fields of geological study are several: sedi- mentology, structural geology, geochemistry, fluid geology, geophysics. Techniques are becoming con- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tinually more sophisticated to keep pace with the demands of modern hydrocarbon exploration. I wish to express my thanks to my colleagues C. Well-logging plays a particularly important role in Gras, L. Sulpice and C. Augier of Elf Aquitaine, for geophysics: their continual encouragement and constructive -well-logs provide an objective, continuous record criticism of the first volume during its initial prepara- of a number of properties of the rocks which have tion in French for publication; to G. Herve for his been drilled through; help in preparing the texts and figures for publica- -they are the link between geophysical measure- tion; to P. Pain for his humorous illustrations; and to ments on the surface, and subsurface geology; all anonymous draft-men and typists who contrib- -they provide numerical data, introducing the uted to this book. possibility of fairly rigorous quantification in the I also wish to express my gratitude to Schlum- description of sedimentological processes. berger for their permission to reproduce figures and It is no longer realistic to consider the geological texts from their various publications. description of a reservoir without incorporating log My thanks are also extended to Dresser-Atlas, data, Its omission would effectively exclude most of SPE of AIME, and SPWLA from whose publications the information potentially available from drill-holes, I have borrowed numerous figures. which itself represents a significant fraction of the Finally, I thank B. Vivet, Ph. Souhaite, J. Piger, J. total evidence on which the description can be based. Gartner and L. Dupal of Schlumberger Technical This book was conceived and written by a geolo- Services for their advice and criticism of the original gist. It is hoped it will provide geologists, (and, French text; A. Perrodon for his constant support indeed, all engineers involved in hydrocarbon ex- and encouragement; D. Bugnicourt for his advice on ploration and reservoir development) with a good numerous points; H. Oertli for his invaluable assis- understanding of well-logging techniques, and an ap- tance in editing and correcting the French text; and preciation of the wealth of information available Elf Aquitaine for their permission to publish this from log measurements, and their relevance in re- book. servoir description. The present work is the first of a two-volume OBERTO SERRA. Paris, March 1978 ... vlll FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH EDITION Following the suggestion of several people, I de- the French text and in bringing the present volume cided to translate my French book on Well Logging up to date. into English. At the same time I took the opportunity 1 should also like to mention the typists responsi- to improve and update the content by revising the ble for preparing the final draft for editing.
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