DOCSLIB.ORG

Designing Fine Particles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Designing Fine Particles 2014 No. 1 January- February Designing Fine Particles Development and Application of Particle Processing That Enables the Fabrication of New Materials New Year’s Greetings When I was a graduate student in the United States more than will assemble structural-materials researchers specialized in 30 years ago, my thesis advisor said to me, "Is it common that focused research. Similar to the Nano-GREEN/WPI-MANA Japanese people don’t like discussions? Discussion and interac- Building, which was completed two years ago, we have chosen tion are very important not only for research, but also for any- a design that would encourage people to communicate infor- thing that involves creativity. When Einstein was alone, he used mally with each other. Theoretical Research Building at the to have discussions by mumbling to himself." I realized how Namiki site, which was rebuilt to assemble the experts in theory true this is, looking back at my own career as a researcher; I and computational research, is also expected to provide a com- always had good discussion partners. fortable space for daily discussions. In this manner, NIMS is attempting to advance innovation by As the President of NIMS, my goal is to bringing together diverse minds of peo- create an ideal environment for people- ple from a wide range of disciplines and interaction, which I believe is important cultural backgrounds. We strongly en- for innovation. How can we make this courage interaction and discussion happen? There are two essential factors: among them. people and shared space. Furthermore, NIMS promotes research People are the first and most obvious collaboration and actively seeks outside requirement. Not everyone is capable of partnerships. In our effort to promote holding a lively discussion with him or collaboration with the private sector in herself, as Einstein is said to have done. 2013, we added three collaborative re- It is important to be surrounded by good search centers in Japan, and a third inter- partners and fellow researchers with national joint research center at National whom one can hold open-minded discus- Taiwan University. We also signed sev- sions. eral collaboration agreements with aca- demic and public research institutions Researchers in cutting-edge fields gath- within and outside Japan, including the er at NIMS, and we are committed to University of Rennes 1 in France and the leading the world in materials research. This environment also Public Works Research Institute in Japan. contributes significantly to developing human resources. Al- though the number of female researchers is still small in Japan, We are going to enter the fourth year of the Third Five-year NIMS is making a positive effort to hire more of them. We are Program (FY2011 – FY2015). It is therefore time to work also looking for talented engineers. towards completing the projects for the current Five-year Program. I would greatly appreciate your continued support The other factor is shared space. Construction of the Struc- and cooperation in making NIMS a success in 2014. tural Materials Research Building has started at NIMS, which Prof. Sukekatsu Ushioda President, National Institute for Materials Science 02 NIMS NOW International 2014 January-February Designing Fine Particles Fine Designing Development and Application of Particle Processing That Enables the Fabrication New Materials There is a somewhat interesting substance that exists in the form of an "assembly." It is an "assembly of fine particles," whose coupling mechanism and nature differ from those of metal that melts into a mass or polymer materials that are flexible. Some materials made of an assembly of fine particles show greater resistance to ultra-high temperature, allow light transmission over a farther distance and show greater corrosion resistance, as compared to metal. A typical, well-known example is ceramics. Earlier research on these materials mostly focused on "what to assemble." Now, let us take one step forward. When we control the arrangement or structure of an assembly of fine particles, how will their nature change? Each one particle contains several elements. Then, what will we see if we shed light on "how" these elements are contained, rather than "what kind of elements" are contained and "how much" they are contained? Particle processing, featured in this issue, is an attempt to discover new functions and properties of materials that are made of an assembly of fine particles, by designing the arrangement or structure of fine particles as well as the combination and configuration of elements in each one particle. Designing of fine particles will make currently somewhat interesting materials more interesting. Photo : Nacása & Partners Inc. NIMS NOW International 2014 January-February 03 Designing Fine Particles Development and Application of Particle Processing That Enables the Fabrication of New Materials Development and Application of Fine Particle Processing That Enables the Fabrication of New Materials Unit Director, Materials Processing Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division Yoshio Sakka Five subthemes for promoting research using techniques in computer science. We also Subtheme 1: on particle processing promote mutual feedback of the results ob- Synthesis of nanoparticles and tained in the respective research areas. mesopores and their functionalization We are working on the precise structure con- In order to promote these research activities trol at all levels from the nanometer order to the comprehensively, we set the following five sub- On this subtheme, we work on the synthesis of micrometer order through more advanced par- themes. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram indicat- nanoparticles by various techniques and the ar- ticle processing, with the aim of creating envi- ing the connections between the research ele- rangement and integration thereof, as well as the ronmentally-friendly multifunctional inorganic ments and the research goals. The titles of the fabrication of regularly arranged pores of uniform materials (especially optical devices, fuel cells, respective subthemes and researchers assigned size and the use thereof. Si or Ge-based lumines- secondary battery materials) that will contribute thereto are as follows. cent nanoparticles described in the special fea- to solving issues related to the global environ- 1. Synthesis of nanoparticles and mesopores, ture are an example of the use of such nanoparti- ment and energy, using ubiquitous elements. and their functionalization (Yoshihiko Takeda: cles. We also engage in presenting the guidelines Particle processing involves such processes as Ion Beam Group, Quantum Beam Unit) for optimal designs of thermotherapy of cancer synthesis, surface modification, shaping, and cells with the use of magnetic nanoparticle mate- 2. Development of novel nanocarbon materi- sintering of fine particles. By putting these es- rials, and studying the formation of metal als and their functionalization (Kun’ichi Mi- sential technologies together, we are engaged nanoparticles in silica by fast heavy ion irradiation yazawa: Fullerene Engineering Group, Materials in (1) development of advanced processing with and the characterization of optical properties. Processing Unit) the use of nanoparticles, nanotubes and meso- pores, and creation and functionalization of 3. Development of advanced ultra-high pres- Subtheme 2: nanostructures, (2) development of advanced sure techniques and their application to mate- Development of novel nanocarbon processing for fabricating highly structure-con- rials science (Takashi Taniguchi: Ultra-High Pres- materials and their functionalization trolled inorganic materials by applying external sure Processes Group, Materials Processing Unit) fields such as a high magnetic field or electro- 4. Fabrication of highly structure-controlled On this subtheme, we focus on the develop- magnetic field and ultra-high pressure, and (3) ceramics (Yoshio Sakka: Advanced Ceramics ment and functionalization of environmentally- elucidation of the relationship between micro- Group, Materials Processing Unit) friendly novel nanocarbon materials. With re- structures and various functional properties, as 5. Search for functions and creation of multi- gard to shape-controlled fullerene compounds well as elucidation of the relationship between functional materials (Naoto Hirosaki: Sialon developed by NIMS such as fullerene nanofi- crystalline structures and functional expressions Group, Sialon Unit) bers, in particular, we carry out research on their Creation of Multifunctional Inorganic Materials by Advanced Application of Nanoparticle Processing (a) (b) Fig. 2 Minute schematic diagram of oriented alumina laminates pro- duced by depositing alumina particles in an electric field and a high magnetic field, imposed at different angles by turns, and the analyzed Development of processing technologies and materials that will contribute organization structure thereof. to environmental protection and energy conservation (a) Oriented laminates produced in an electric field and a high magnetic field imposed at an angle of 0° and 90°. (b) Oriented laminates produced in an electric field and a high magnetic field imposed at an angle of 0° Fig. 1 Schematic diagram indicating the relationship between the research elements and the research goals. and 45°. NIMS NOW International 2014 January-February use as superconducting materials or materials ment of advanced processing for fabricating tages, but many things about the sintering for photovoltaic devices.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Density, Viscosity, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Diffusion Coefficient Of
    A542 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 (3) A542-A546 (2018) Density, Viscosity, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Diffusion Coefficient of Organic Liquid Electrolytes: Part I. Propylene Carbonate + Li, Na, Mg and Ca Cation Salts Shiro Seki, 1,∗,z Kikuko Hayamizu, 2 Seiji Tsuzuki,3,z Keitaro Takahashi,1 Yuki Ishino,1 Masaki Kato,1 Erika Nozaki,4 Hikari Watanabe,4 and Yasuhiro Umebayashi4 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan 2Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan 3National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan 4Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan To investigate physicochemical relationships between ionic radii, valence number and cationic metal species in electrolyte solutions, propylene carbonate with Li[N(SO2CF3)2], Na[N(SO2CF3)2], Mg[N(SO2CF3)2]2 and Ca[N(SO2CF3)2]2 were prepared. The tem- perature dependence of density, viscosity, ionic conductivity (AC impedance method) and self-diffusion coefficient (pulsed-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance) was measured. The effects of cationic radii and cation valence number on the fluidity and transport properites (conductivity and self-diffusion coefficient) were analyzed. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Aspects of Fluorine in Chemistry and Biology
    Introduction: Basic Aspects of Fluorine in Chemistry and Biology COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1 Unique Properties of Fluorine and Their Relevance to Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology Takashi Yamazaki , Takeo Taguchi , and Iwao Ojima 1.1 Fluorine - Substituent Effects on the Chemical, Physical and Pharmacological Properties of Biologically Active Compounds The natural abundance of fl uorine as fl uorite, fl uoroapatite, and cryolite is considered to be at the same level as that of nitrogen on the basis of the Clarke number of 0.03. However, only 12 organic compounds possessing this special atom have been found in nature to date (see Figure 1.1) [1] . Moreover, this number goes down to just fi ve different types of com- pounds when taking into account that eight ω - fl uorinated fatty acids are from the same plant [1] . [Note: Although it was claimed that naturally occurring fl uoroacetone was trapped as its 2,4 - dinitrohydrazone, it is very likely that this compound was fl uoroacetal- dehyde derived from fl uoroacetic acid [1] . Thus, fl uoroacetone is not included here.] In spite of such scarcity, enormous numbers of synthetic fl uorine - containing com- pounds have been widely used in a variety of fi elds because the incorporation of fl uorine atom(s) or fl uorinated group(s) often furnishes molecules with quite unique properties that cannot be attained using any other element. Two of the most notable examples in the fi eld of medicinal chemistry are 9α - fl uorohydrocortisone (an anti - infl ammatory drug) [2] and 5 - fl uorouracil (an anticancer drug) [3], discovered and developed in 1950s, in which the introduction of just a single fl uorine atom to the corresponding natural products brought about remarkable pharmacological properties.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOCHEMICAL MINERALOGY by VLADIMIR IVANOVICH VERNADSKY and the PRESENT TIMES Boris Ye
    98 New Data on Minerals. 2013. Vol. 48 GEOCHEMICAL MINERALOGY BY VLADIMIR IVANOVICH VERNADSKY AND THE PRESENT TIMES Boris Ye. Borutzky Fersman Mineralogical museum, RAS, Moscow, [email protected] The world generally believes that “the science of science” about natural matter – mineralogy – became obsolete and was replaced by the new science – geochemistry, by V.I. Vernadsky. This is not true. Geochemistry was and is never separated from mineralogy – its fundament. Geochemistry studies behaviour of chemical elements main- ly within the minerals, which are the basic form of inorganic (lifeless) substance existence on the Earth conditions. It also studies redistribution of chemical elements between co-existing minerals and within the minerals, by vari- able conditions of mineral-forming medium during the mineral-forming processes. On the other hand, owing to V.I. Vernadsky, mineralogy became geochemical mineralogy, as it took in the ideas and methods of chemistry, which enables to determine chemical composition, structure and transformation of minerals during the certain geological processes in the Earth history. 1 photo, 20 references. Keywords: Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, mineralogy, geochemistry, geology, physics of solids, mineral-forming process, paragenesis, history of science. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky’s remark- into several stages. Forming his personality of able personality and his input to the Earth sci- scientist-mineralogist and the main input into ences, first of all, to mineralogy – changing it reformation of Russian mineralogy and creation from the trendy mineral collecting hobby, of mineralogical science in Russia are related observation of mineral beauty, art and culture with the early, “Moscow” stage (1988–1909). areas into the mineralogical science, are not to At that time, on the recommendation of profes- be expressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallurgical Chemistry in My Lifethis Paper Was Presented at the Spring
    Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 8 (2004) pp. 2489 to 2495 #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals OVERVIEW Metallurgical Chemistry in My Life* Noboru Masuko Metallurgical chemistry’s principle is that ‘‘the chemical process is governed by chemical potential.’’ Successful chemical process technology follows a route that does not go against the governance of chemical potential. In order to realize the technological objective, raw materials and a reactor are necessary, and after the principle is established, the method is supported by the reactor and advances in the materials that comprise such apparatus. Therefore, the technology is a fusion of material, apparatus, experience, and science, all of which are parts of the foundation of a technological method. The author’s involvement is described as an academician from the postwar recovery to the technological rearmament period. In the postwar recovery period, a systematic point-of-view was introduced to a technological principle using phase diagrams that clarified chemical potential, which was a new concept in the field of thermodynamics. In the technological rearmament period, technological evaluation was conducted from a philosophical standpoint. (Received April 26, 2004; Accepted June 2, 2004) Keywords: chemical potential, reactor, Eh-pH diagram, Eh-pH-pL diagram, potential diagram 1. Introduction 2. Chemical Potential Diagrams Ever since graduation from the university in 1957, I have 2.1 Eh-pH-pL diagram resided at the university and worked on joint research with Gibbs defined the intensive quantity of chemical potential metallurgical chemistry industries. Metallurgical chemistry in 1875. As appreciation increased that the concept of phase is a technology, and it has a principle and a method.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,756,056 Kimura Et Al
    USO05756056A United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,756,056 Kimura et al. 45) Date of Patent: May 26, 1998 54 PROCESS FOR RECOVERING RARE EARTH 4,968.504 11/1990 Rourke ........................................ 423/7 METAL FROM OXDE ORE BY 4,988.487 1/1991 Lai et al. ............................... 423/215 CONCENTRATION AND SEPARATION FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75 Inventors: Akira Kimura; Kosuke Murai; 0547 744 6/1993 European Pat. Off.. Hiromasa Yakushiji, all of Hachinohe. 295611 11/1991 Germany .............................. 423/21.1 Japan 2 034 074 471995 Russian Federation . 1715874. 2/1992 U.S.S.R. (73) Assignee: Pacific Metals Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Primary Examiner-Wayne Langel Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack (21) Appl. No.: 748,630 57 ABSTRACT 22 Filed: Nov. 13, 1996 A process for recovering scandium economically with high (30) Foreign Application Priority Data efficiency by concentration and separation from an oxide ore containing nickel and a small amount of scandium as well as Nov. 22, 1995 (JP) Japan .............................. 7-326281 a large amount of iron and/or aluminum comprises the steps (51) int. Cl. ..................... C01F 17/00 of acid leaching the oxide ore under a high-temperature. (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 423/21.1; 423/140; 423/150.1 high-pressure oxidative atmosphere while restraining leach 58) Field of Search ................................. 423/140, 150.1 ing of the iron and/or aluminum, thereby selectively leach 423/21.1 ing substantially all nickel and scandium from the ore. recovering the nickel from the resulting leaching solution as 56 References Cited a precipitated sulfide while not precipitating the scandium as a sulfide but leaving the total amount thereof in the solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Microwave Irradiation Process for Al–Sc Alloy Production
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Microwave Irradiation Process for Al–Sc Alloy Production Satoshi Fujii 1,2*, Eiichi Suzuki1, Naomi Inazu1, Shuntaro Tsubaki 1, Jun Fukushima3, Hirotsugu Takizawa3 & Yuji Wada1 Scandium is being explored as an alloying element for aluminium alloys, which are gaining importance as high-performance lightweight structural alloys in the transportation industry. Sc-rich ScAlN thin flms show strong piezoelectricity and can be fabricated on a hard substrate for use as wideband surface acoustic wave flters in next-generation wireless mobile communication systems. However, the use of ScAlN thin flms in microelectromechanical system devices is limited by the high cost of metallic Sc, which is due to the difculty in smelting of this material. Here, we propose a novel microwave irradiation process for producing Al-Sc alloys, with Mg ions as a reducing agent. Although scandium oxide is thermodynamically stable, intermetallic Al3Sc is obtained in high yield (69.8%) via a low- temperature (660 °C) reduction reaction under microwave irradiation. Optical spectroscopy results and thermodynamic considerations suggest a non-thermal equilibrium reaction with the univalent magnesium ions excited by microwave irradiation. Scandium is the 31st most abundant element in the earth’s crust, with a Clarke number of 22 ppm1. Sc metal was successfully extracted by Fisher et al. in 1937, using an electric feld melting system, and high-purity Sc (99%) was produced in 19652. However, pure Sc has become available only recently, and it is very expensive. Industrial research into Sc commenced with a patent from Alcoa, involving the addition of Sc to an Al alloy3.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium-Dioxide-Based Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalysis: Mechanistic Insight and Applications
    catalysts Review Titanium-Dioxide-Based Visible-Light-Sensitive Photocatalysis: Mechanistic Insight and Applications Shinya Higashimoto Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-(0)6-6954-4283 Received: 15 January 2019; Accepted: 14 February 2019; Published: 22 February 2019 Abstract: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most practical and prevalent photo-functional materials. Many researchers have endeavored to design several types of visible-light-responsive photocatalysts. In particular, TiO2-based photocatalysts operating under visible light should be urgently designed and developed, in order to take advantage of the unlimited solar light available. Herein, we review recent advances of TiO2-based visible-light-sensitive photocatalysts, classified by the origins of charge separation photo-induced in (1) bulk impurity (N-doping), (2) hetero-junction of metal (Au NPs), and (3) interfacial surface complexes (ISC) and their related photocatalysts. These photocatalysts have demonstrated useful applications, such as photocatalytic mineralization of toxic agents in the polluted atmosphere and water, photocatalytic organic synthesis, and artificial photosynthesis. We wish to provide comprehension and enlightenment of modification strategies and mechanistic insight, and to inspire future work. Keywords: Titanium dioxide (TiO2); visible-light-sensitive photocatalyst; N-doped TiO2; plasmonic Au NPs; interfacial surface complex (ISC); selective oxidation; decomposition of VOC; carbon nitride (C3N4); alkoxide; ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) 1. Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most practical and prevalent photo-functional materials, since it is chemically stable, abundant (Ti: 10th highest Clarke number), nontoxic, and cost-effective.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Hot-Dipped Al-Mg-Si.Hwp
    CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol.9, No.6(2010), pp.233~238 Hot-dipped Al-Mg-Si Coating Steel - Its Structure, Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties - Tooru TSURU† Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-S8-7, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan (Received October 13, 2009; Revised November 5, 2010; Accepted November 8, 2010) Hot-dipped Al-Mg-Si coatings to alternate Zn and Zn alloy coatings for steel were examined on metallographic structure, corrosion resistance, sacrificial ability, formation and growth of inter-metallic compounds, and mechanical properties. Near the eutectic composition of quasi-binary system of Al-Mg2Si, very fine eutectic structure of α-Al and Mg2Si was obtained and it showed excellent corrosion resistivity and sacrificial ability for a steel in sodium chloride solutions. Formation and growth of Al-Fe inter-metallic compounds at the interface of substrate steel and coated layer was suppressed by addition of Si. The inter-metallic compounds layer was usually brittle, however, the coating layer did not peel off as long as the thickness of the inter-metallic compounds layer was small enough. During sacrificial protection of a steel, amount of hydrogen into the steel was more than ten times smaller than that of Zn coated steel, suggesting to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Al-Mg-Si coating is expected to apply for several kinds of high strength steels. Keywords : Hot-dipped coating, Al-Mg-Si alloy, corrosion resistance, sacrificial protection, inter-metallic compounds, high strength steel, hydrogen embrittlement 1. Introduction 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry of Carbonate Sediments and Sedimentary Carbonate Rocks
    B CoitA SoSudH STATE OF ILLINOIS WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION VERA M. BINKS, Director Geochemistry of Carbonate Sediments and Sedimentary Carbonate Rocks Part IV- Bibliography Donald L. Graf %**APq DIVISION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN C. FRYE, Chief URBANA CIRCULAR 309 1960 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00004 0984 GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY CARBONATE ROCKS Part IV- B: Bibliography Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/geochemistryofca309graf GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY CARBONATE ROCKS Part IV- B: Bibliography Donald L. Graf INTRODUCTION The bibliography presented in this report was compiled as part of a basic review of selected topics in carbonate geochemistry presented in four recent publications of the Illinois State Geologi- cal Survey. The review has been prepared at the invitation of the United States Geological Survey, and the material will serve as the basis for a condensed treatment in the forthcoming revision of F. W. Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry. " Work done throughout the world in several areas of carbon- ate geochemistry was surveyed in this series. The areas covered included carbonate mineralogy and carbonate sediments (Part I, Circular 297), sedimentary carbonate rocks (Part II, Circular 298), distribution of minor elements in carbonate rocks and sediments (Part III, Circular 301), and the isotopic and chemical composi- tion of these materials (Part IV-A, Circular 308) . The bibliography that follows lists all references given in the four publications. A fifth part of this series will deal with aqueous carbonate systems.
    [Show full text]
  • General Index
    PLU – POS GENERAL INDEX PÄÄKKÖNENITE PALERMOITE “PARABOLEITE” Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia) United States Intermediate between boleite and pseudoboleite; Príbram (minute fibers) 25:386p,h Maine not valid species PABSTITE Mt. Mica 16:(372) Mineralogy of the boleite group; numerous world New Hampshire localities 5:286h United States North Groton, Grafton County (micro pris- PARABUTLERITE California matic) 3:280n Chile Kalkar quarry, Santa Cruz County (fl. bluish Palermo #1 mine: 4:232, 5:278, 9:(113); 17: 9: white) 325p prismatic to 5 mm 4:126 Chuquicamata 329d,c Santa Cruz County 9:(113) PARACELSIAN PALLADIUM PACHNOLITE Wales Brazil Greenland Gwynedd Minas Gerais Ivigtut: 2:27–28p; crystals to 4.5 cm 24:G33p, Bennallt mine 8:(390), 20:395 Córrego Bom Sucesso, near Serro (palladian 24:G34–35d,h,c; world’s best specimen platinum; dendritic, botyroidal, plumose) PARADAMITE 18:357 23:471–474p,q Norway Mexico Zaire Gjerdingen, Nordmarka region 11:85–86p Durango Shinkolobwe mine 20:(276) Ojuela mine 15:113p PAINITE PALLADOARSENIDE Namibia Burma Russia (formerly USSR) Tsumeb 13:142–143p 20: Mogok 341q Talnakh deposit, Siberia (auriferous) 13:(398) PARADOCRASITE PAKISTAN PALLADSEITE Australia Alchuri, Shigar Valley, north of Skardu, Gilgit Brazil New South Wales 24: 24: 24: 25: 19: Division 52s, 219s, 230s, 57s Minas Gerais Broken Hill (424) 24: Apaligun, above Nyet, Baltistan 52s Itabira (announced; grains) 9:40h,q PARAGONITE Bulbin, Wazarat district, Northern Areas 25:218s United States Bulechi pegamites, Shingus area, Gilgit Division PALYGORSKITE Georgia 16:395m, 16:396–398 Australia Graves Mountain (some muscovite id as) Chumar, Bakhoor Nala, above Sumayar village, Queensland 16:451 Nagar 24:52s Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Study of Sub-Grain Boundaries in Si Bulk Multicrystals
    3FTFBSDI Comprehensive Study of Sub-grain Boundaries in Si Bulk Multicrystals A new approach, combination of defects characterization (a) (b) technique using x-ray diffraction and model crystal growth n S o u i 5 t experiments, was applied to investigate the physics of Si b c - e 4 G r i B bulk multicrystals. This provides fundamental knowledge of m 30 d m d / 3 h e t sub-grain boundaries, which is of crucial importance to y n , s w n 20 2 i o t o y r improve crystal quality of Si bulk multicrystals applicable to i t , i G 1 d s / high efficiency solar cells. o m P 10 0 m y - -1 1 Over the past decade, Si bulk multicrystal has emerged 0 as the substrate material for commercial solar cells. To x 0 10 20 Position, x/mm No data accelerate the adoption of solar cells to the world, ongoing 10mm research targets further reductions in energy costs by Fig.2. (a) Cross-section of the sample, (b) distribution of sub- improving material performance, while reducing manufacturing GBs density analyzed by spatially-resolved x-ray diffraction. costs and raw material costs. We approached this issue from deep understanding of crystal physics of Si multicrystals, namely formation mechanism of multicrystalline structure study gave common recognition of sub-GBs as dominant and generation mechanism and properties of defects. The defects of the solar cells. former study lead us to proposal of the dendritic casting Although we were able to investigate structure, distribution method [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Activation of Manganese Metal with a Catalytic Amount of Lead and Me3sicl and Its Application to Organic Synthesis
    Activation of Manganese Metal with a Catalytic Amount of Lead and Me3SiCl and Its Application to Organic Synthesis Kazuhiko Takai Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, ReceivedJune 5, 2002 Abstract : The reducing ability of manganese metal can be utilized effectively by treatment with a catalytic amount of PbCl2 and Me3SiCl. This article discusses the following specific themes using the activated man- ganese metal as a reductant. 1) Generation of alkyl radicals and their trapping with a, a-unsaturated esters. 2) Three-component coupling reactions of alkyl iodides, electron-deficient olefins, and carbonyl compounds based on the concept of sequential generation of a radical and anionic species. 3) Sequential 1,4-addition. and Claisen rearrangement. 4) Generation of non-stabilized carbonyl ylides. 5) Selective reduction of iod- oform and its application to the synthesis of alkenylsilanes. and O(1s) peaks were observed (Figure 1).6 When the man- 1. Introduction ganese powder (A) was subjected to spattering for 14 min On the floor of deep oceans, manganese nodules deposit (B), broadening of two Mn peaks, Mn(2p1/2) and Mn(2p3/2), with associated metals, such as copper, nickel, and cobalt. was observed. However, it is difficult to distinguish between The Clarke number, i.e., weight % at the crust of the earth, of Mn-Mn and Mn-O peaks presumably due to a small differ- manganese is smaller than that of zinc, and thus, is a relative- ence in binding energy. Thus, the content of manganese oxide ly abundant metal. Manganese is slightly more expensive can be estimated by the atom ratio O / Mn, and the ratio was than zinc.
    [Show full text]