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Rethinking the Blues: How We Police in the U.S

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Rethinking the Blues: How We Police in the U.S RETHINKING THE BLUES: HOW WE POLICE IN THE U.S. AND AT WHAT COST JUSTICE POLICY INSTITUTE | MAY 2012 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 2 Mission: Reducing the use of incarceration and the justice POLICING TODAY IN THE U.S. ........................................................... 5 system and promoting policies WHAT DO POLICE DO? ............................................................... 5 that improve the well-being of BACKGROUND: WHY DO WE POLICE THE WAY WE DO? ...... 6 all people and communities. NEW POLICIES AND STRATEGIES CREATED THE PERCEIVED NEED FOR MORE POLICE .................................... 7 EXPENDITURES ON POLICING ROSE WITH NEW POLICIES AND STRATEGIES. .................................................................... 11 MORE POLICE ISN’T THE WAY TO MORE PUBLIC SAFETY ........ 16 THE ROLE OF COPS GRANTS IN REDUCING CRIME IS QUESTIONABLE. ........................................................................ 17 th PLACES WITH FEWER POLICE MAY BE JUST AS OR MORE 1012 14 Street, NW, Suite 400 SAFE ........................................................................................... 19 Washington, DC 20005 WITH CRIME DOWN, POLICE FOCUS ON DRUG OFFENSES TEL (202) 558-7974 ..................................................................................................... 21 Fax (202) 558-7978 SOME TYPES OF POLICING CAN LEAD TO MORE CRIME AND DISTRUST OF POLICE ...................................................................... 25 WWW.JUSTICEPOLICY.ORG MILITARIZATION OF POLICE DAMAGES COMMUNITIES AND LIVES, WITHOUT IMPROVING PUBLIC SAFETY ..................... 25 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF CURRENT POLICING STRATEGIES OUTWEIGH THE PUBLIC SAFETY BENEFITS ................................ 33 ARRESTS LEAD TO JUSTICE INVOLVEMENT WHICH HAS SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ........................... 33 LAW ENFORCEMENT HAS A DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT ON CERTAIN COMMUNITIES .................................................................. 37 Cover art “Blowback,” appears at PEOPLE OF COLOR ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY ARRESTED, Busboys and Poets, ESPECIALLY FOR DRUG OFFENSES ........................................ 37 Hyattsville, MD LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES, PARTICULARLY HOMELESS By artist Matthew Gifford COMMUNITIES, EXPERIENCE A CONCENTRATION OF (443) 764-9490 POLICE CONTACTS. .................................................................. 41 [email protected] POSITIVE INVESTMENTS IN COMMUNITIES PROMOTE PUBLIC SAFETY ............................................................................................... 44 RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 49 INTRODUCTION Although crime rates are at the lowest they have been in over 30 years,1 the number of arrests has declined only slightly between 2009 and 2010 2 and the U.S. still spends more than $100 billion on police every year 3 to fund 714,921 sworn police officers and an increasing number of militarized police units. Police play a vital role in protecting especially from the federal government. Even communities and holding accountable those though localities continue to fund and hire who have committed violent and property most police, the federal government infused offenses. However, police forces have more money into jurisdictions through such morphed over the years from a locally-funded laws as the Violent Crime Control and Law and managed entity to protect public safety, Enforcement Act of 1994, which established to also serving as a federally-funded jobs federal grants to fund local jurisdictions to initiative, an engine for surveillance, and a hire 100,000 police officers through militaristic special forces agency engaged in a Community Oriented Policing Services war on drugs, gangs, and youth. Federal (COPS) grants, positions localities would then government funds and involvement have need to fund themselves. As localities hired helped create large police forces that are thousands of new police officers, the U.S. saw disconnected from communities and operate dramatic increases in arrests and prison in a punitive rather than preventative way, populations. resulting in more arrests, more prison, and more costs to taxpayers, among other negative However, crime had already started to decline effects on communities. It is not just the sheer by the time these grants were distributed and number of police that lead to more arrests and implemented. Therefore, additional police more prison, but also the style of policing, only contributed to increases in arrests for which treats entire communities as though both serious and minor offenses, without they should be contained, surveilled, and significant additional impact on crime – punished. although law enforcement took credit for declines. The increases in arrests were, A confluence of factors created the current however, a likely major driver of incarceration policing system, including new theories about rates, which increased 39 percent from 19935 crime prevention, the focus on individual to 2010, reaching 732 per 100,000.6 And the users in the war on drugs, a general increase greatest impact of these policies was seen in in laws, and the adoption of new policing communities of color. strategies. 4 A surge in violent crime in the early 1990s also increased focus on police, With violent and property crime down, a Expenditures, not crime, drive increases greater percentage of arrests are now for other in police forces and arrests. Crime is at types of offenses, particularly drug offenses. the lowest levels it has been in over 30 These arrests, often for possession of very years, but funding for police increased 445 small amounts of drugs, carry tremendous percent between 1982 and 2007, with costs both to society and to the people federal funding increasing the most at 729 involved, who must then face the rest of their percent. While the economic slowdown life with the collateral consequences of a has slightly decreased law enforcement criminal record. spending, it still is not comparable to the drop in crime rates. The combined numbers of police, encouraged by federal funding and aggressive policing, More police don’t necessarily keep us are representative of a continued misguided safer. Studies of federally-funded police approach to keeping communities safe. programs, specifically Community Because the Department of Justice considers Oriented Policing Services (COPS), found “successful law enforcement policies” as those that the program did not significantly that increase the number of people arrested contribute to the dramatic decrease in and imprisoned, governments are crime over the last 30 years. Also, there is shortchanging the public in regards to public no clear correlation between spending safety at a very high cost. Policymakers more on police and lower violent crime should be directing funds toward true rates, as state level data on both shows. community-based and collaborative policing efforts, prevention, intervention, treatment, Crime is down, but arrests continue, education, and a host of other programs and especially for drug offenses. Violent and initiatives that have been shown to promote property crime rates have fallen 47 healthy, safe communities. When arrests are percent and 43 percent since 1991, when the bottom line instead of public safety and the crime rate was at its highest, but healthy, prosperous communities, our arrests have fallen only 20 percent. Instead priorities are skewed. of making arrests for violent and property crime, police are focusing on drug This report does not argue that there should offenses, especially small amounts of be no law enforcement, nor does it argue that drugs. Arrests for drug offenses have some communities are not seriously harmed increased 45 percent between 1993 and by crime, but rather that communities and the 2010, while arrests for violent and federal government should reconsider how property crime have fallen 27 and 22 much is being spent and on what type of percent, respectively. policing. A balanced approach is needed that concentrates on prevention and doesn’t result Militaristic policing does more harm in arrests and surveillance focused on than good. Drug task forces, S.W.A.T. communities of color. Perhaps even more teams, gang task forces, and other importantly, communities should reject militaristic styles of policing have resulted approaches to policing that are punitive and in corruption, deaths of innocent people, breed mistrust of police, undermining efforts wrongful convictions, and the to preserve public safety. The following are disproportionate arrest of people of color. some of the main findings from the report: These types of police forces have done very little to improve public safety, but consequences for individuals and negative significantly harm communities and the impacts on communities, including high image of police. taxpayer costs. Any social benefit accrued from aggressive enforcement of drug and Some communities are “quality of life” laws must be weighed disproportionately affected by policing: against these costs. People of color and lower income communities experience law enforcement Community-supportive and supported in a concentrated way. For Black policing protects public safety without communities, this is particularly true for the negative side effects. Policing drug arrests. Although Blacks make up 13 initiatives that are community-driven and percent of the population, they make up supported
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