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Introducción Discusión ISSN 0373-580 X Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 35 (3-4): 207 - 213. 2000 REFLEXIONES SOBRE TAXONOMíA Y NOMENCLATURA DE DISCOMYCETES * IRMA J. GAMUNDÍ1 Summary: Reflections on taxonomy and nomenclature of Discomycetes.Two illustrative cases, extracted from mycologlcal literature are analyzed in their taxonomic and nomenclatural aspects. From these cases, objections are made on the selection of certain species for molecular studies derivingIn phylogenetic relationships or situations where temporal solution of nomenclatural problems has Influenced negatively in taxonomic studies. Cases analyzed are: Neolecta Speg. and Leotiaceae Corda. Key words: taxonomy, nomenclature, Discomycetes, Neolecta, Leotiaceae. Resumen: Se analizan, mediante dos “casos testigos”, extraídos de la literatura micológica, aspectos taxonómicos y nomenclaturales referentes a un género y una familia. Se destacan estos casos conflictivos donde se objeta la elección de especies para realizar estudios moleculares con el fin de establecer relaciones filogenéticas, o donde la solución temporal de problemas nomenclaturales ha influido negativamente sobre el desarrollo de estudios taxonómicos. Los casos analizados son: el género Neolecta Speg. y la familia Leotiaceae Corda. Palabras clave: taxonomía, nomenclatura, Discomycetes, Neolecta, Leotiaceae. INTRODUCCIóN Actualmente se producen a veces situaciones conflictivas para los taxónomos que deben aplicar La Taxonomía y la Nomenclatura son discipli¬ el Código de Nomenclatura. nas que, en cierto modo, tienen objetivos similares: Queremos presentar dos "casos testigo" extraí¬ ambas tratan de ordenar "cosas". Pero mientras la dos de mi experiencia con los hongos para Taxonomía comienza por ordenar cosas tangibles ejemplificar tales situaciones. (las especies), la Nomenclatura opera con algo más abstracto: los nombres. Ambas han marchado paralelamente a través de DISCUSIóN los siglos. Pero cuando la Nomenclatura comenzó a legislarse con de Candolle (1867) y perfeccionarse Caso I: Género Neolecta Speg. mediante los Códigos de NomenclaturaBotánica que Estudios taxonómicos sürgieron de los Congresos Internacionales, desde el de Viena en 1905 y consecutivamente en los suce¬ Neolecta fue descripto por Spegazzini (1881: sivos congresos hasta llegar al Código de Tokyo 218) como género nuevo monotípico que incluía.la (Greuter et al., 1994), la relación entre, ambas se descripción del holotipo: Neolecta flavovirescens fue alejando. El perfeccionamiento continuo de la Speg. Su sucinta descripción no fue publicada con Nomenclatura a través de los Artículos, Incisos y dibujos y es la que se transcribe aquí: Recomendaciones, complicó el panorama para los "Neolecta Speg. (n. gen.) Clavula stipite taxónomos. A ésto hay que agregar las modifi¬ imposita homogeneaque, tereti v. spatulato- caciones, mayores o menores, derivadas de las compressa, laeticolor; asci cylindracei, apara- opiniones de los taxónomos que integran el Comité physati,octospori, sporae globosae, simplicis, Internacional de Nomenclatura Botánica. hyalinae. Genus habitu cum Spathulea Fr. congruens, sporis globosis tamen ab omnibus adhuc 'Dedicado al Prof. Dr. Juan H. Hunzikeren ocasión de su 75° recensitis recedens. aniversario. " 'CONICET, Centro Regional Universitario Barlloche, Es de destacar que el carácter "operculado" e Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Río "inoperculado" de los ascos, descubierto por Boudier Negro, Argentina, e-mail: [email protected]. edu.ar. (1885) y que sirvió-para separar los discomicetes 207 Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 35 (3-4) 2000 en dos grupos, es aún un importante rasgo taxonó¬ Ascomycetes" publicado en la revista Systema mico que se utiliza para caracterizar Ordenes y Ascomycetum -primera revista dedicada exclusiva¬ Familias. Este trabajo marca un hito importante en mente a actualizar la taxonomía de Ascomycetes- la taxonomía de los discomicetes, pues a partir de mantuvieron la familia dudosamente en Pezizales. ahí los caracteres micromorfológicos fueron utili¬ Ya en la era de la secuenciación de bases del zados para la diferenciación de especies, géneros y ADN y de la filogenia basada en el cladismo, familias. Landvik et al. (1993) se interesaron por la tan dis¬ Hohnel (1919) opina que el asco es inoperculado cutida posición taxonómica de Neolecta. Utilizaron en N. flavovirescens. Eckblad (1968) en una el ADN ribosomal de N. vitellina extraído a partir monografía sobre los Géneros de Discomycetes de esporas y amplificado por el método PCR Operculados, excluye de éstos a Neolecta, pues al (reacción de cadenas de polimerasas) en el 18S y lo no visualizar el opérculo en el material tipo de N. compararon con el de especies de tres géneros de flavovirescens y sí un amplio poro, decide que Leotiales y cuatro de Pezizales. Luego realizaron "probablemente no es Operculado". un análisis cladístico basado en datos moleculares De acuerdo con los registros de préstamos de utilizando el programa PAUP, y cotejaron esos LPS entre 1968 y 1969, R. R Korf solicitó el tipo géneros con dos géneros de levaduras ascosporógenas de Neolectaflavovirescens. Resultado de ello (Korf, (Saccharomyces y Schizosaccharomyces) que se 1973) fue la transferencia de dos especies usaron como “outgroup”. De esto resultó que Neo¬ norteamericanas de Geoglossum Pers. a Neolecta lecta (Fig. 1) ocupa una posición bien aislada con Speg., con lo cual el género quedó constituido por respecto de géneros de Pezizales y Leotiales*s. lat. tres especies: (= Helotiales), de los cuales aparece como un grupo N. flavovirescens Speg. hermano (“sister group”). Excluyeron así la N..irregularis (Peck) Korf & Rogers posibilidad de que Neolecta perteneciera a N. vitellina (Bres.) Korf & Rogers. Lecanorales y consideraron que Neolectaceae Redhead, con suúnico género Neolecta Speg. y sus En su sinopsis de Discomycetes, Korf (1973) tres especies constituirían un nuevo Orden ubicó el género Neolecta en la familia Geo- Neolectales Landvik, O. E. Eriksson, Gargas & P. glossaceae, Orden Helotiales. Gustafsson, con las siguientes características: Redhead (1977), revisando las especies cana¬ dienses de Neolecta (N. irregularis y N. vitellina), “Ascomas claviformes, estipitados, de colores enfatizó la presencia de los siguientes caracteres: ausencia de parálisis en el himenio; falta de gan¬ Leotia chos en los ascos que surgen de manera palmada; 6 pared totalmente amiloide de los ascos, que poseen Cudonia un aparato de dehiscencia peculiar ("nasse apical" 3 < Spathularia de Chadefaud); ascoscarpos claviformes, ascomas -c de colores claros; terrícolas. Indudablemente, estos ü í Peziza caracteres son.muy peculiares y alejan al género tanto de Geoglossaceae como de Pezizaceae, lo que \ Gyromitra indujo a Redhead a proponer la familia Neólec- 4 Inermisia taceae, con Neolecta como género típico. Incluyó la familia en el Orden Lecanorales, debido a la •Plectania dehiscencia del asco. -HJ Eriksson(1981) enun tratado sobre Ascomycetes Neolecta bitunicados, reconoció la familia Neolectaceae, y Saccharomyces • en 1982 la incluyó en Pezizales, orden caracteriza¬ do por tener ascos operculados. Esta posición Schizosaccharomyces probablemente derive de lo peculiar del asco, con pared totalmente amiloide y ápice achatado, carac- Fiÿ'L Cladogmma donde se muestranlas relaciones entreNeolecta = , . j , , , „ . ., y otros géneros de Pezizales y Helotiales ( Leotiales s. lat.). tenstico de algunos generas de Pezizaceae. Eriksson Las lineas que delimitan grupos han sido agregadas por ,a autora. & Hawksworth (1988) en su "Outline of the DeLandvik(l993). 208 I. J. Gamundí, Taxonomía y nomenclatura de Discomycetes claros. Himenio sin paráfisis. Ascos cilindricos o peculiar como Neolecta, pero, la autora no incluyó algo claviformes, de paredes delgadas y amiloides. a la especie tipo: N. flavovirescens Speg. Ascosporas elipsoides, no septadas, hiali- nasTerrícolas”. Consideraciones nomenclaturales En el Diccionario de los Hongos, 8a. edición (Hawksworth et al., 1995) se acepta el Orden Neo- Desde el punto de vista de la Nomenclatura, lectales. basada en el sistema de tipos, todo arranca de un Estudios posteriores (Landvik, 1996) que consti¬ material tipo: Neolecta flavovirescens, excluido de tuyen parte de su tesis presentada en la Universidad los estudios moleculares y cladísticos realizados por de Umeá (Suecia), utilizando otras secuencias del Landvik (1996). ADNr (SSU y LSU) y usando además especies Aparte de la validez de los cladogramas, basados pertenecientes a levaduras anascosporógenas en pocos ejemplos (Fig. 1), ¿ sobre qué base se (brotantes), varios pyrenomicetes, un basidiomicete construyeron las relaciones? Sobre dos especies di¬ y un zygomycete, revelaron que Neolecta vitellina y ferentes del tipo del género, material que, según mis N. irregularis están relacionados con los llamados averiguaciones en el Instituto de Botánica Ascomycetes básales (levaduras ascosporógenas, Spegazzini (LPS), solamente consultaron Eckblad Taphrina), alejándose de la mayoría de los y Korf. Landvik, en una comunicación personal Ascomycetes superiores (con fructificación bien ("in lettera" 7/8/2000) dice: desarrollada) y de las levaduras brotantes, con los "No,Inever obtained any molecular results from que forman grupos hermanos (Fig. 2). Neolecta flavovirescens". "...Attemps to cultivate Desde el punto de vista taxonómico, estos Neolecta vitellina and obtainmolecular information estudios han resultado un verdadero avance en la from type species of the genus, N. flavovirescens, clarificación de laposición sistemática de un
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