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2017 Dudley Meghan J Thesis.Pdf (11.13Mb) UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE IDENTIFYING SOCIALIZED LANDSCAPES IN THE BRIDGER MOUNTAINS, MONTANA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By MEGHAN J. DUDLEY Norman, Oklahoma 2017 IDENTIFYING SOCIALIZED LANDSCAPES IN THE BRIDGER MOUNTAINS, MONTANA A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Bonnie L. Pitblado, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Asa R. Randall ______________________________ Dr. Patrick Livingood © Copyright by MEGHAN J. DUDLEY 2017 All Rights Reserved. To my parents, Cum amore omnia somnia teneo cum auxilio. Acknowledgements My research simply would not have been possible with a number of people supporting me throughout the thesis process. First and foremost, I want to thank Jack Fisher of Montana State University and Bob Donahoe for introducing me to the archaeology of the Bridger Mountains when I was an undergraduate and continuing to support my interest into this project. It is because of their hard work and dedication to the archaeology of the Bridger Mountains that I could conduct my analyses. Whether that support came in allowing me to use databases they compiled or taking me on hikes throughout the mountains to visit sites, I cannot thank them enough for everything they have done. I also want to thank my thesis committee for their patience and support through this process. Bonnie Pitblado, who has always encouraged my ideas, offered key insights about Rocky Mountain archaeology in general as well as how to capture my ideas both in writing and in presentations. Without those skills and knowledge as well as funding support, I would be lost. Asa Randall also provided invaluable input on and suggestions of the study of socialized landscapes, the foundation of my research. Without Patrick Livingood’s guidance, I could not have tackled the archaeological statistics or ArcGIS analyses incorporated here. I also wish to thank William Ankele for the countless hours spent providing editing feedback and ArcGIS support when troubles arose. Financially, I could not have conducted my research without grants from the Charles Redd Center of Brigham Young University and the Graduate Student Senate at the University of Oklahoma. Their contributions are greatly appreciated. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xi Abstract .......................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Theories of Landscape Archaeology .............................................................. 7 History of Landscape Archaeology ............................................................................ 7 Culture-History and Landscape Archaeology ...................................................... 8 Processualism and Landscsape Archaeology ....................................................... 8 Post-Processualism and Landscape Archaeology .............................................. 10 Contemporary Approaches to Landscape Archaeology ..................................... 13 Landscape Archaeological Theories in the Rocky Mountains ................................. 17 Summary ................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3: Developing a Methodology to Identify Socialized Landscapes ................... 21 Using de Certeau’s (1984) Espace and Tour for Social Landscapes in the Rocky Mountains ..................................................................................................... 22 The Challenge of Identifying Socialized Landscapes in the Rocky Mountains ....... 24 Overcoming the Challenge: Developing a Methodology ......................................... 27 Mountains as Resources ..................................................................................... 30 Mountains as Symbols ........................................................................................ 30 Mountains as Wilderness .................................................................................... 32 Mountains as Refuges ......................................................................................... 32 v Mountains as Recreation .................................................................................... 33 Mountains as Composite Landscapes ................................................................. 34 Applying Landsdcape Expectations through Analyses ............................................ 35 Espace Analyses ................................................................................................. 36 Tour Analyses ..................................................................................................... 37 Summary ................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 4: Pilot Study Area Background Information ................................................... 39 The Natural Place of the Bridger Mountains: Geology and Environment ............... 39 Geology .............................................................................................................. 43 Current Environment .......................................................................................... 44 Paleoenvironment ............................................................................................... 45 The Culture History of the Bridger Mountains ........................................................ 47 Paleoindian Period (11,050 – 8,600 rcybp) ........................................................ 48 Archaic Period (8,600 – 1,350 rcybp) ................................................................ 54 Late Pre-Contact Period (1,350 – 200 rcybp) ..................................................... 58 History of Archaeological Research in the Bridger Mountains ............................... 59 Summary ................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 5: Pilot Study Methods ..................................................................................... 67 Dating Sites in the Bridger Mountains ..................................................................... 68 Analyses Conducted ................................................................................................. 69 Espace Analyses ................................................................................................. 69 Tour Analyses ..................................................................................................... 73 Summary ................................................................................................................... 75 vi Chapter 6: Results ........................................................................................................... 76 Projectile Point Typologies and Dating of Sites ....................................................... 76 Site Types and the Evenness Index Scores ............................................................... 78 Paleoindian Period .................................................................................................... 80 Espace Analysis: Site Function .......................................................................... 81 Espace Analysis: Site Location .......................................................................... 83 Espace Analysis: Site Viewsheds ....................................................................... 86 Tour Analysis: Least-Cost Paths ........................................................................ 88 Summary of Analysis Results for the Paleoindian Period .................................. 90 Early and Middle Archaic Periods ........................................................................... 91 Espace Analysis: Site Function .......................................................................... 93 Espace Analysis: Site Location .......................................................................... 95 Espace Analysis: Site Viewsheds ....................................................................... 99 Tour Analysis: Least-Cost Paths ...................................................................... 101 Summary of Analysis Results for the Early and Middle Archaic Periods ....... 104 Late Archaic Period ................................................................................................ 105 Espace Analysis: Site Function ........................................................................ 107 Espace Analysis: Site Location ........................................................................ 108 Espace Analysis: Site Viewsheds ..................................................................... 112 Tour Analysis: Least-Cost Paths ...................................................................... 114 Summary of Analysis Results for the Late Archaic Period .............................
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