GEOSPHERE Dedication: in Memory of Todd Christian Feeley (1961–2015) Gary S
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Appendix A. Supplementary Material to the Manuscript
Appendix A. Supplementary material to the manuscript: The role of crustal and eruptive processes versus source variations in controlling the oxidation state of iron in Central Andean magmas 1. Continental crust beneath the CVZ Country Rock The basement beneath the sampled portion of the CVZ belongs to the Paleozoic Arequipa- Antofalla terrain – a high temperature metamorphic terrain with abundant granitoid intrusions that formed in response to Paleozoic subduction (Lucassen et al., 2000; Ramos et al., 1986). In Northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina this Paleozoic metamorphic-magmatic basement is largely homogeneous and felsic in composition, consistent with the thick, weak, and felsic properties of the crust beneath the CVZ (Beck et al., 1996; Fig. A.1). Neodymium model ages of exposed Paleozoic metamorphic-magmatic basement and sediments suggest a uniform Proterozoic protolith, itself derived from intrusions and sedimentary rock (Lucassen et al., 2001). AFC Model Parameters Pervasive assimilation of continental crust in the Central Andean ignimbrite magmas is well established (Hildreth and Moorbath, 1988; Klerkx et al., 1977; Fig. A.1) and has been verified by detailed analysis of radiogenic isotopes (e.g. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd) on specific systems within the CVZ (Kay et al., 2011; Lindsay et al., 2001; Schmitt et al., 2001; Soler et al., 2007). Isotopic results indicate that the CVZ magmas are the result of mixing between a crustal endmember, mainly gneisses and plutonics that have a characteristic crustal signature of high 87Sr/86Sr and low 145Nd/144Nd, and the asthenospheric mantle (low 87Sr/86Sr and high 145Nd/144Nd; Fig. 2). In Figure 2, we model the amount of crustal assimilation required to produce the CVZ magmas that are targeted in this study. -
Full-Text PDF (Final Published Version)
Pritchard, M. E., de Silva, S. L., Michelfelder, G., Zandt, G., McNutt, S. R., Gottsmann, J., West, M. E., Blundy, J., Christensen, D. H., Finnegan, N. J., Minaya, E., Sparks, R. S. J., Sunagua, M., Unsworth, M. J., Alvizuri, C., Comeau, M. J., del Potro, R., Díaz, D., Diez, M., ... Ward, K. M. (2018). Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes. Geosphere, 14(3), 954-982. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01578.1 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY-NC Link to published version (if available): 10.1130/GES01578.1 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Geo Science World at https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01578.1 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: PLUTONS: Investigating the Relationship between Pluton Growth and Volcanism in the Central Andes GEOSPHERE Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes GEOSPHERE; v. 14, no. 3 M.E. Pritchard1,2, S.L. de Silva3, G. Michelfelder4, G. Zandt5, S.R. McNutt6, J. Gottsmann2, M.E. West7, J. Blundy2, D.H. -
AN OCCURRENCE of the ASSEMBLAOE, NATIVE SULFTIR- COVELLITE-"Cu5 6,Fe,S6.S"", AUCANQUILCHA, CHILE Aran H. Cr-Etr&L
THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL. 55, MAY_JUNE, 1970 AN OCCURRENCE OF THE ASSEMBLAOE, NATIVE SULFTIR- COVELLITE-"Cu5 6,Fe,S6.s"",AUCANQUILCHA, CHILE AraN H. Cr-etr<, Deportmentof GeologicalSciences, Queen's U niaersity, Kingston, Ontario. AssrnA.cr A mineral with composition near to CusFeSo has been found associated with nzrtive sulfur and covellite in the volcanic sulfur deposit at Aucanquilcha. Microprobe, optical and X-ray powder diffraction data match closell'a previously reported occurrence at Nu- kundamu, Fiji. Comparison with equilibrium synthesis by Kullerud and others indir:ates formation in the temperature range 434-482"C. INrnonucrroN Electron probe microanalysis(L6vy, 1967; Sillitoe and Clark, lt69) of naturally-occurring,supergene idaite has cast considerabledoub1. on the equation (Frenzel, 1959) of this not uncommon sulfi.de with the phaseof generalformula Cur r,Fe,Se.s,1 (Yund, 1963), which has h,een synthesizedby Merwin and Lombard (1937), Roseboomand Kullerud (1958),and Yund and Kullerud (1966).Idaite has been shown to have the compositionCurFeSa, or Cu3FeS4-,1orrd there is as yet no evidence of solid solution in nature between this and more copper-rich comF,osi- tions.The well-establishedX-ray powder data"(a:3.772 A; c:11.1U A; Yund, 1963) for hexagonal Cus.s,Fe"Se.r, are only with difficulty recon- ciled with thoseof natural idaite (Frenzel,1959, 1963), and L6vy (I\167) has suggestedthat Frenzel'soriginal powder data may be adequately fitted to a stannite-type,tetragonal cell. A differencein crystal struclure between thesephases is supported by the dissimilar reflectivity disper- sion profi.lesof natural idaite (L6vy, 1967; Sillitoe and Clark, 1969) and the synthetic "Cu5FeS6"of Merwin and l-ombard (1937; inLlvy, 1967). -
Burns Et Al 2015.Pdf
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 422 (2015) 75–86 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Recording the transition from flare-up to steady-state arc magmatism at the Purico–Chascon volcanic complex, northern Chile ∗ Dale H. Burns a, ,1, Shanaka L. de Silva a, Frank Tepley III a, Axel K. Schmitt b, Matthew W. Loewen a a College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97731, USA b Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The long-term evolution of continental magmatic arcs is episodic, where a few transient events of high Received 6 December 2014 magmatic flux or flare-ups punctuate the low-flux magmatism or “steady state” that makes up most Received in revised form 31 March 2015 of the arc history. How this duality manifests in terms of differences in crustal architecture, magma Accepted 1 April 2015 dynamics and chemistry, and the time scale over which transitions occur is poorly known. Herein Available online 22 April 2015 we use multiscale geochemical and isotopic characteristics coupled with geothermobarometry at the Editor: T. Mather Purico–Chascon Volcanic Complex (PCVC) in the Central Andes to identify a transition from flare-up to ∼ Keywords: steady state arc magmatism over 800 kyr during which significant changes in upper crustal magmatic Central Andes dynamics are recorded. continental arc evolution The PCVC is one of the youngest volcanic centers related to a 10–1 Ma ignimbrite flare-up in the ignimbrite flare-up Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central Andes. -
Outlook on Climate Change Adaptation in the Tropical Andes Mountains
MOUNTAIN ADAPTATION OUTLOOK SERIES Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Tropical Andes mountains 1 Southern Bogota, Colombia photo: cover Front DISCLAIMER The development of this publication has been supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in the context of its inter-regional project “Climate change action in developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems from a sub-regional perspective”, which is financially co-supported by the Government Production Team of Austria (Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Tina Schoolmeester, GRID-Arendal Environment and Water Management). Miguel Saravia, CONDESAN Magnus Andresen, GRID-Arendal Julio Postigo, CONDESAN, Universidad del Pacífico Alejandra Valverde, CONDESAN, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Matthias Jurek, GRID-Arendal Björn Alfthan, GRID-Arendal Silvia Giada, UNEP This synthesis publication builds on the main findings and results available on projects and activities that have been conducted. Contributors It is based on available information, such as respective national Angela Soriano, CONDESAN communications by countries to the United Nations Framework Bert de Bievre, CONDESAN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and peer-reviewed Boris Orlowsky, University of Zurich, Switzerland literature. It is based on review of existing literature and not on new Clever Mafuta, GRID-Arendal scientific results generated through the project. Dirk Hoffmann, Instituto Boliviano de la Montana - BMI Edith Fernandez-Baca, UNDP The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the Eva Costas, Ministry of Environment, Ecuador views or policies of UNEP, contributory organizations or any Gabriela Maldonado, CONDESAN governmental authority or institution with which its authors or Harald Egerer, UNEP contributors are affiliated, nor do they imply any endorsement. -
Nonforested Terrestrial Ecosystems Report
Assessment Forest Plan Revision Final Nonforested Terrestrial Ecosystems Report Prepared by: Kim Reid Rangeland Management Specialist for: Custer Gallatin National Forest February 16, 2017 1 Custer Gallatin National Forest Assessment – Nonforested Terrestrial Ecosystems Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Process, Methods and Existing Information Sources .................................................................................... 2 Scale .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Current Forest Plan Direction ....................................................................................................................... 4 Custer Forest Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Gallatin Forest Plan ................................................................................................................................... 7 Existing Condition ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Key Ecosystem Components ..................................................................................................................... 7 Structure and Composition .................................................................................................................. -
Geologic Map of the Sedan Quadrangle, Gallatin And
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS SERIES I–2634 Version 2.1 A 25 20 35 35 80 rocks generally fall in the range of 3.2–2.7 Ga. (James and Hedge, 1980; Mueller and others, 1985; Mogk and Henry, Pierce, K.L., and Morgan, L.A., 1992, The track of the Yellowstone hot spot—Volcanism, faulting, and uplift, in Link, 30 5 25 CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS 10 30 Kbc Billman Creek Formation—Grayish-red, grayish-green and gray, volcaniclastic mudstone and siltstone ၤ Phosphoria and Quadrant Formations; Amsden, Snowcrest Range and Madison Groups; and Three Overturned 45 20 10 30 20 P r 1988; Wooden and others, 1988; Mogk and others, 1992), although zircons have been dated as old as 3.96 Ga from P.K., Kuntz, M.A., and Platt, L.B., eds., Regional geology of eastern Idaho and western Wyoming: Geological 40 Ksms 45 Kh interbedded with minor volcanic sandstone and conglomerate and vitric tuff. Unit is chiefly 30 30 25 45 45 Forks Formation, Jefferson Dolomite, Maywood Formation, Snowy Range Formation, Pilgrim Ksl 5 15 50 SURFICIAL DEPOSITS quartzites in the Beartooth Mountains (Mueller and others, 1992). The metamorphic fabric of these basement rocks has Society of America Memoir 179, p. 1–53. 15 20 15 Kbc volcaniclastic mudstone and siltstone that are gray and green in lower 213 m and grayish red above; Estimated 40 Qc 5 15 Qoa Limestone, Park Shale, Meagher Limestone, Wolsey Shale, and Flathead Sandstone, undivided in some cases exerted a strong control on the geometry of subsequent Proterozoic and Phanerozoic structures, Piombino, Joseph, 1979, Depositional environments and petrology of the Fort Union Formation near Livingston, 15 25 Ksa 50 calcareous, containing common carbonaceous material and common yellowish-brown-weathering 60 40 20 15 15 (Permian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Ordovician, and Cambrian)—Limestone, Ksa 20 10 10 45 particularly Laramide folds (Miller and Lageson, 1993). -
Inactive Mines on Gallatin National Forest-Administered Land
Abandoned-Inactive Mines on Gallatin National Forest-AdministeredLand Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Abandoned-Inactive Mines Program Open-File Report MBMG 418 Phyllis A. Hargrave Michael D. Kerschen CatherineMcDonald JohnJ. Metesh PeterM. Norbeck RobertWintergerst Preparedfor the u.s. Departmentof Agriculture ForestService-Region 1 Abandoned-Inactive Mines on Gallatin National Forest-AdministeredLand Open-File Report 418 MBMG October 2000 Phyllis A. Hargrave Michael D. Kerschen Catherine McDonald John J. Metesh Peter M. Norbeck Robert Wintergerst for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service-Region I Prepared Contents List of Figures .V List of Tables . VI IntToduction 1 1.IProjectObjectives 1 1.2AbandonedandInactiveMinesDefined 2 1.3 Health and Environmental Problems at Mines. 3 1.3.1 Acid-Mine Drainage 3 1.3.2 Solubilities of SelectedMetals 4 1.3.3 The Use of pH and SC to Identify Problems. 5 1.4Methodology. 6 1.4.1 Data Sources : 6 1.4.2Pre-Field Screening. 6 1.4.3Field Screening. 7 1.4.3.1 Collection of Geologic Samples. 9 1.4.4 Field Methods ' 9 1.4.4.1 Selection of Sample Sites 9 1.4.4.2 Collection of Water and Soil Samples. 10 1.4.4.3 Marking and Labeling Sample Sites. 10 1.4.4.4ExistingData 11 1.4.5 Analytical Methods """"""""""""""""'" 11 1.4.6Standards. 12 1.4.6.1Soil Standards. 12 1.4.6.2Water-QualityStandards 13 1.4.7 Analytical Results 13 1.5 Gallatin National Forest 14 1.5.1 History of Mining 16 1.5.1.1 Production 17 1.5.1.2Milling 18 1.6SummaryoftheGallatinNationaIForestInvestigat~on 19 1.7 Mining Districts and Drainages 20 Gallatin National Forest Drainages 20 2.1 Geology "' ' '..' ,.""...' ""." 20 2.2 EconomicGeology. -
Proposed Action–Revised Forest Plan, Custer Gallatin National Forest
United States Department of Agriculture Proposed Action–Revised Forest Plan, Custer Gallatin National Forest Forest Service January 2018 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (for example, Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. -
Roads and Trails Environmental Assessment
Environmental Assessment GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST ROAD AND TRAIL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS USDA Forest Service Gallatin National Forest Montana February, 2009 Responsible Official: Mary Erickson Forest Supervisor For Further Information, Contact: Steve Christiansen, Project Leader Gallatin National Forest P.O. Box 130 Bozeman, MT 59771 (406) 587-6701 “The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDAs TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202)720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.” Gallatin National Forest Road and Trail Projects Environmental Assessment Table of Contents PAGE CHAPTER 1 – PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1-1 Introduction 1-1 General Location and Geographic Setting 1-1 Proposed Action 1-2 Need and Purpose 1-2 CHAPTER 2 – ALTERNATIVES 2-1 Introduction -
Volcanology and Petrology of Volcán Miño, Andean Central Volcanic Zone
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Claire M. McKee for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on June 29, 2001. Title: Volcanology and Petrology of VolcáIi Miño, Andean Central Volcanic Zone. Redacted for Privacy Anitá'L. Grunder Volcán Miño (21011'S) is located on the westernmost periphery of a long- lived complex of stratovolcarioes and domes called the Aucanquilcha Complex. The Aucanquilcha Complex ranges in age from 11 Ma to 1-lolocene and lies along the main N-S trending axis of Quaternary volcanoes in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). Volcán Aucanquitcha lies at the center of the complex and forms a ridge extending 10 km in an east-west direction; defined by a distinct cluster of andesite and dacite stratocones, dacite domes and a prominent collapse structure and two debris avalanche deposits. In contrast to the main edifice, Volcán Miño (5611 m) is a steep-sided, symmetric andesitic stratovolcano. Volcán Miño lavas range in age from 3.0 to 3.7 Ma and eruptive products are dominantly two-pyroxene ± hornblende andesites. Basaltic andesites and dacites are rare. - ----- - ------ ---I, ..--.- __, IuIVULJ, LII Volcán Miño lavas conform to regional med- to high-potassium caic-alkaline trends and are characterized by subduction-related light rare earth and large ion lithophile-element enrichments and high field strength element depletions. Miño lavas are distinctive in that they display a restricted range in whole-rock composition, 60±2 weight percent Si02. Despite this whole- rock compositional homogeneity, lavas are texturally and mineralogically diverse as evidenced by variations of proportions and textures of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and amphibole in assemblages with similar weight percent Si02. -
Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Morgan J. Salisbury for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology presented on June 3, 2011. Title: Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations Abstract approved: ________________________________________________________________________ Adam J.R. Kent This dissertation combines volcanological research of three convergent continental margins. Chapters 1 and 5 are general introductions and conclusions, respectively. Chapter 2 examines the spatiotemporal development of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in the Lípez region of southwest Bolivia, a locus of a major Neogene ignimbrite flare- up, yet the least studied portion of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. New mapping and laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite from 56 locations, coupled with paleomagnetic data, refine the timing and volumes of ignimbrite emplacement in Bolivia and northern Chile to reveal that monotonous intermediate volcanism was prodigious and episodic throughout the complex. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of 13 ignimbrites from northern Chile previously dated by the K-Ar method improve the overall temporal resolution of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex development. Together with new and updated volume estimates, the new age determinations demonstrate a distinct onset of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrite volcanism with modest output rates beginning ~11 Ma, an episodic middle phase with the highest eruption rates between 8 and 3 Ma, followed by a general decline in volcanic output. The cyclic nature of individual caldera complexes and the spatiotemporal pattern of the volcanic field as a whole are consistent with both incremental construction of plutons as well as a composite Cordilleran batholith.