DOCSLIB.ORG

Mesoproterozoic–Early Cretaceous Provenance and Paleogeographic Evolution of the Northern Rocky Mountains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mesoproterozoic–Early Cretaceous Provenance and Paleogeographic Evolution of the Northern Rocky Mountains Mesoproterozoic–Early Cretaceous provenance and paleogeographic evolution of the Northern Rocky Mountains: Insights from the detrital zircon record of the Bridger Range, Montana, USA Chance B. Ronemus†, Devon A. Orme, Saré Campbell, Sophie R. Black, and John Cook Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173480, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3480, USA ABSTRACT Jurassic detritus into the foreland basin to rels et al., 1996, 2011; Gehrels and Ross, 1998; dominate by the Early Cretaceous. Park et al., 2010; Laskowski et al., 2013). These The Bridger Range of southwest Montana, ancient sources may consist of first-cycle grains USA, preserves one of the most temporally INTRODUCTION derived from Precambrian basement provinces extensive sedimentary sections in North or more recent magmatism. However, zircons America, with strata ranging from Meso- Sedimentary rocks in the Bridger Range of are more commonly sourced from erosion and proterozoic to Cretaceous in age. This study southwest Montana, USA, record the Mesopro- recycling of previously deposited sedimentary presents new detrital zircon geochronologic terozoic–Mesozoic history of sedimentation in rock (e.g., Schwartz et al., 2019). data from eight samples collected across this this region of North America, with Mesopro- The evolution of sedimentary provenance is mountain range. Multidimensional scaling terozoic to Cretaceous stratigraphy exposed as strongly influenced by tectonic factors (Gehrels, and non-negative matrix factorization sta- a generally eastward dipping homoclinal panel 2014). Tectonic events, such as rifting and moun- tistical analyses are used to quantitatively across the range (Fig. 1). The >8 km of stratig- tain building, trigger drainage reorganization unmix potential sediment sources from these raphy collectively record critical information and uplift new sediment sources. These changes and 54 samples compiled from previous stud- about source-to-sink relationships in this portion are recorded in the detrital zircon record, which ies on regional correlative strata. We inter- of Laurentia during much of the Mesoprotero- can be used to assess the tectonic and paleo- pret these sources based on reference data zoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic. During this time geographic evolution of the region (e.g., Fuentes from preserved strata with detrital zircon interval, the western margin of North America et al., 2011; Doe et al., 2012; Laskowski et al., signatures likely representative of ancient underwent rifting associated with the breakup 2013; Beranek et al., 2016). While similar sediment sources. We link these sources to of Proterozoic supercontinents and subsequent analyses have been conducted on some correla- their sinks along sediment dispersal path- thermal relaxation and early Paleozoic passive tive strata across the North American continent ways interpreted using available paleo- margin sedimentation (e.g., Devlin and Bond, (e.g., Fuentes et al., 2011; Gehrels et al., 2011; geographic constraints. Our results show 1988; Sears et al., 1998). The western margin of Laskowski et al., 2013; May et al., 2013; Geh- that Mesoproterozoic strata in southwest North America transitioned to an active margin rels and Pecha, 2014), southwestern Montana is Montana contain detritus derived from the likely beginning in the Devonian (e.g., Dorobek comparatively less studied. Our new data from nearby craton exposed along the southern et al., 1991; Crafford, 2008; Beranek et al., this region provide new constraints on the evo- margin of the fault-bounded Helena Embay- 2016). This margin became tectonically consoli- lution of the provenance of sediment feeding ment. Middle Cambrian strata were domi- dated with eastward subduction of the Farallon basins occupying this region and the coupled nated by the recycling of local sources eroded plate underneath North America by Late Juras- tectonic evolution driving these changes. Spe- during the development of the Great Uncon- sic time, culminating in Cordilleran orogenesis cifically, we test or constrain: (1) the hypothesis formity. In Devonian–Pennsylvanian time, and the creation of a ∼3000 km fold-thrust belt that Middle Cambrian strata deposited during provenance in southwest Montana shifted to and foreland basin system (e.g., DeCelles, 2004; the Sauk transgression sourced most of their more distal sources along the northeastern Yonkee and Weil, 2015). Throughout this evolu- detritus from the underlying basement (e.g., to southeastern margins of Laurentia, but tion, southwestern Montana occupied a central Malone et al., 2017; Matthews et al., 2018); (2) more western basins received detritus from position near the western margin of Laurentia. the timing and nature of the regional transition outboard sources along a tectonically com- Consequently, the strata deposited there provide from northern/northeastern-dominated sedi- plicated margin. By the Late Jurassic, prov- a crucial record of this tectonic history. mentary provenance (i.e., Gehrels and Pecha, enance in the developing retroarc foreland Siliciclastic intervals in these rocks contain 2014) to eastern/southeastern-dominated prov- basin system was dominated by Cordilleran detrital zircons, which can be radiometrically enance (i.e., Chapman and Laskowski, 2019) magmatic arcs and fold-thrust belt sources to dated to determine their crystallization age (e.g., during the Paleozoic; (3) the hypothesis that the west. Eastward propagation of the fold- Gehrels et al., 2006). Sampling large populations exotic terranes off the west coast of Laurentia thrust belt caused recycling of Paleozoic and of zircons from strata spanning a broad tempo- provided sediment to Paleozoic strata preserved ral and spatial interval can reveal changes in in the Northern Rocky Mountains (e.g., Beranek Chance B. Ronemus http://orcid.org/0000-0001- regional sediment routing systems through com- et al., 2016); (4) the timing of the shift from 6345-9589 parison of the distributions of detrital zircon ages eastern- to western-dominated provenance in †[email protected]. to potential ancient sediment sources (e.g., Geh- the Jurassic foreland basin system (e.g., Fuentes GSA Bulletin; March/April 2021; v. 133; no. 3/4; p. 777–801; https://doi.org/10.1130/B35628.1; 8 figures; 2 tables; 1 supplemental file. published online 14 August 2020 © 2020 The Authors. Gold Open Access: 777 This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/133/3-4/777/5236215/777.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Ronemus et al. et al., 2011); and (5) the hypothesis that Early in the Bridger Range spanning Mesoprotero- Rocky Mountain region (Northern Rockies), Cretaceous intraforeland uplifts controlled zoic through Cretaceous time. This data set, herein considered from southern Wyoming, regional provenance patterns (DeCelles, 1986). consisting of 2133 analyses from eight original USA to southern Alberta/British Columbia, In this paper, we present a detrital zircon samples, is coupled with 8691 analyses from 54 Canada. This study couples descriptive statisti- data set sampled from a stratigraphic section samples (Table 1) compiled from the Northern cal analysis (e.g., Vermeesch, 2013; Saylor and 778 Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 133, no. 3/4 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/133/3-4/777/5236215/777.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Mesoproterozoic–Early Cretaceous provenance and paleogeographic evolution of the Northern Rocky Mountains Figure 1. (A) Generalized map of the North- region through time and test existing hypotheses a passive margin along the western margin of ern Rocky Mountain regions shows the dis- for the tectonic processes driving this evolution. Laurentia (Bogdanova et al., 2009). In Middle tribution of major Precambrian–Mesozoic Cambrian time, thermal relaxation of this rifted tectonic features. The Bridger Range, Mon- GEOLOGIC SETTING margin along with rising eustatic sea levels led to tana, USA (yellow) lies at the intersection of a period of transgressive sedimentation referred the Wyoming Province, the Belt Basin, the The north-trending Bridger Range, adjacent to as the Sauk transgression (Sloss, 1963). The Sevier Belt, the Laramide Province, and the to Bozeman in southwest Montana, exposes oldest Phanerozoic rocks in the Bridger Range “Basin and Range” province of Neogene Archean metamorphic and Mesoproterozoic were depositing during this period (McMannis, extension (not depicted). HM—Highland through Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Fig. 1). 1955). Throughout Paleozoic time, this domi- Mountains; TR—Tobacco Root Mountains; This range is situated in a region of overlap nantly passive margin-style marine sedimenta- RR—Ruby Range; GR—Gravelly Range; among four major tectonic provinces each with tion on the stable shelf of the North American MGR—Madison and Gallatin ranges; its own distinctive structural style (Fig. 1A). craton gradually transitioned to an active colli- BT—Beartooth Mountains; BT Shelf— These are: (1) a series of extensional structures sional margin, marked by terrane accretion and Beartooth shelf; NA—North America. Can- in the cratonic basement associated with the enigmatic mountain building events on the west- ada: BC—British Columbia; AB—Alberta; Mesoproterozoic development of the Belt Basin ern margin of Laurentia (Dickinson, 2006). In SK—Saskatchewan. USA: WA—Wash- (Winston, 1986); (2) a fold-thrust belt active in the Late Devonian–early Mississippian,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: a Primer
    U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Fossil Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory April 2009 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer Work Performed Under DE-FG26-04NT15455 Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory Prepared by Ground Water Protection Council Oklahoma City, OK 73142 405-516-4972 www.gwpc.org and ALL Consulting Tulsa, OK 74119 918-382-7581 www.all-llc.com April 2009 MODERN SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: A PRIMER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) under Award Number DE‐FG26‐ 04NT15455. Mr. Robert Vagnetti and Ms. Sandra McSurdy, NETL Project Managers, provided oversight and technical guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Bakken – the Biggest Oil Resource in the United States?
    Winter 2011 Oil & Natural Gas Program Newsletter Bakken – The Biggest Oil Resource in the United States? The announcement of the acquisition of large acreage positions in the Bakken play has become a fairly regular event. Leasing activity in the Bakken has exploded over the last five years and bonus payments per acre CONTENTS have jumped. Total lease bonus payments exceeded $100 million in 2009 (Figure 1). Bakken – The Biggest Oil Resource in the United States? ...1 The heightened acquisition activity is driven by the Bakken’s immense potential. In 2008, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated Commentary ...................................2 that the U.S. portion of the Bakken formation contains between 3 and 4.3 Successful Oil Production in billion barrels (a mean of 3.63 billion barrels) of undiscovered, recoverable the Bakken Formation .................6 oil, ranking it among the very largest U.S. oil plays. The Bakken—An Unconventional Petroleum The number of producing wells and Reservoir System ................9 and volume of oil production has Crude Souring in the Bakken ....11 grown with the growth in leasing and drilling (Figure 2). Production Geomechanical Study has reached nearly 8 million barrels of the Bakken .................................13 per month from roughly 4500 Bakken Requires Outlet for producing wells. Increased Production ................. 16 E&P Snapshots ............................ 18 The Bakken Formation Upcoming Meetings and The Bakken petroleum system is Presentations ............................... 20 part of a larger depositional system CONTACTS laid down in the Williston Basin during the Phanerozoic period with Roy Long Figure 1: Lease payments in North Dakota’s portion sediments up to 16,000 feet thick.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Oil Production in the Bakken Formation
    EvolutionEvolution ofof OilOil ProductionProduction inin thethe BakkenBakken FormationFormation JulieJulie A.A. LeFeverLeFever NorthNorth DakotaDakota GeologicalGeological SurveySurvey PlaysPlays ofof thethe BakkenBakken FormationFormation ¾¾ ConventionalConventional BakkenBakken (pre(pre--1987)1987) ¾¾ CycleCycle 11 –– AntelopeAntelope StructureStructure (1950s(1950s –– 60s)60s) ¾¾ CycleCycle 22 –– DepositionalDepositional EdgeEdge (1970s(1970s –– 80s)80s) ¾¾ HorizontalHorizontal DrillingDrilling ofof thethe BakkenBakken ShaleShale (post(post--1987)1987) ¾¾ HorizontalHorizontal DrillingDrilling ofof thethe BakkenBakken MiddleMiddle MemberMember (2001(2001 toto present)present) ConventionalConventional BakkenBakken CycleCycle 11 –– AntelopeAntelope FieldField ¾¾DiscoveryDiscovery WellWell ¾¾ StanolindStanolind -- #1#1 WoodrowWoodrow StarrStarr ¾¾ InitialInitial PotentialPotential (536(536 BO;BO; 0.10.1 BW)BW) ¾¾ AntelopeAntelope FieldField ¾¾ 5252 wells;wells; 12.512.5 millionmillion BO;BO; 1010 BCFBCF GasGas ¾¾ ““SanishSanish SandSand”” ¾¾ CompletionCompletion MethodMethod Conventional Bakken Exploration between Cycles ¾¾ElkhornElkhorn RanchRanch ¾¾ ShellShell OilOil Co.Co. -- #41X#41X--55--11 GovernmentGovernment ¾¾NessonNesson AnticlineAnticline ¾¾ #1#1 B.E.B.E. HoveHove ¾¾ IPIP -- 756756 BOPD,BOPD, 33 BWPDBWPD ¾¾ CompletionCompletion MethodMethod ConventionalConventional BakkenBakken CycleCycle 22 –– DepositionalDepositional LimitLimit ¾¾StratigraphyStratigraphy && StructureStructure ¾¾ ThinThin BakkenBakken ¾¾ MultipleMultiple PaysPays
    [Show full text]
  • Montana Forest Insect and Disease Conditions and Program Highlights
    R1-16-17 03/20/2016 Forest Service Northern Region Montata Department of Natural Resources and Conservation Forestry Division In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY and OIL and GAS PROSPECTS of the HUNTLEY FIELD, Montanj
    GEOLOGY AND OIL AND GAS PROSPECTS OF THE HUNTLEY FIELD, MONTANj By E. T. HANCOCK. INTRODUCTION. The Huntley field is in Yellowstone and Big Horn counties, south- central Montana, and embraces an area of about 650 square miles, part of which lies northwest and part southeast of Yellowstone River. The field has railroad facilities that are exceptionally good for this general region, being traversed by the main lines of the Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroads. These roads furnish excellent shipping facilities at Huntley, Warden, Ballantine, Pompeys Pillar, and other points. Acknowledgments. In presenting this report the writer desires to express his thanks to David White for valuable suggestions and criticisms, to T. W. Stanton and F. H. Knowlton for the identifica­ tion of fossils, and to C. E. Dobbins for assistance in the detailed mapping. He also wishes to call attention to the public service rendered by oil and gas operators who have furnished records of deep borings and by individuals who have contributed in various ways to the success of the investigation. Earlier investigations. The Huntley field is in reality an ex­ tension of the Lake Basin field, which was mapped by the writer during the summer of 1916.1 The geologic investigation of the region including the Lake Basin and Huntley fields began with the Northern Transcontinental Survey of 1882. Prior to that time geologists had described certain struc­ tural features and the stratigraphic succession at points closely ad­ jacent to these fields, such as Judith Gap, the canyon of the North Fork of the- Musselshell, and the Bridger Range, but almost noth­ ing had been written concerning the geology of the area herein de­ scribed.
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum Geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous
    Petroleum Geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville and Jurassic Ellis Groups, Southern Alberta, Canada Kim Manzano-Kareah *, Shell International Exploration and Production, Houston, USA [email protected] The variation of oil quality in southern Alberta, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada is primarily due to differences in oils generated from different source rocks and biodegradation of oils in reservoirs. 280 oil samples were collected and analysed by GC and GC-MS, in order to assess the nature and extent of these petroleum systems. Oils from Lower Cretaceous Mannville and Jurassic Ellis Group reservoirs in southern Alberta, Canada (T1-40; R1-25W5) were generated from at least five different source rocks. The proven/probable source rocks include: the Devonian Duvernay Formation (Family D), the Devonian-Mississippian Exshaw Formation (Family E), a probable Paleozoic source (Family M), a probable Jurassic source (Rierdon/Fernie shales; Family F), and the Cretaceous Ostracod Zone (Family Q). Family D oils are restricted to the northernmost part of the study area (Provost field). Biodegradation and the mixing of degraded with non-degraded oils are the main factors controlling the variation in oil quality within a given family. The much improved understanding of oil families and degree of biodegradation allow for more accurate mapping of likely oil migration pathways. Known reservoir trends, subcrop edges, structure, hydrodynamics, the distribution and quality of known oil pools can all be integrated into mapping migration paths. This allows for more accurate mapping of likely oil and gas migration pathways, which can be used for prospect risking and for the ranking of exploration plays.
    [Show full text]
  • North-Central Montana
    Petrology of the Eagle Sandstone, Bearpaw Mountains Area, North-Central Montana By DONALD L. GAUTIER INVESTIGATIONS OF SHALLOW GAS RESERVOIRS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1521 Prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Depart1Tl£nt of Energy Composition and burial history of an important conventional shallow methane reservoir in the northern Great Plains UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1981 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data . Gautier, Donald L. Petrology of the Eagle Sandstone, Bearpaw Mountains area, north-central Montana. (Investigations of shallow gas reservoirs in the northern Great Plains) (Geological Survey Bulletin 1521) Bibliography: p. 52 1. Sandstone-Montana-Bearpaw Mountains region. 2. Gas, Natural-Geology­ Montana-Bearpaw Mountains region. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: Geological Survey Bulletin 1521. QE75.B9 no. 1521 [QE471.15.S25] 557.3s 81-607963 [552'.5] AACR2 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Absuact:---------------------------------------------------- 1 In~uction------------------------------------------------- 2 ~~un~--------------------------------------------- 4 Acknowledgments-------------------------------------- 5 Geologic Setting----------------------------------- 6 Hydrocarbons in the Eagle Sandstone------------------------ 8 Lithology----------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • MBMG 505-Jefferson-V2.FH10
    GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE CENOZOIC DEPOSITS OF THE UPPER JEFFERSON VALLEY MBMG Open File Report 505 2004 Compiled and mapped by Susan M. Vuke, Walter W. Coppinger, and Bruce E. Cox This report has been reviewed for conformity with Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology’s technical and editorial standards. Partial support has been provided by the STATEMAP component of the National Cooperative Geology Mapping Program of the U.S. Geological Survey under contract Number 03HQAG0090. CENOZOIC DEPOSITS OF THE UPPER JEFFERSON VALLEY Cenozoic deposits are the focus of the Geologic Map of the upper Jefferson Valley. The map is largely a compilation of previous mapping with additional interpretations based on aerial photos and limited additional field work. Older rocks are included to show their relations to the Cenozoic deposits, but they are generalized on the map. Lithologic descriptions of the Cenozoic deposits are given in the map explanation (p. 17). References used for the map compilation are shown on p. 15. The northern and southern parts of the map are discussed separately. NORTHERN PART OF MAP AREA Quaternary deposits A variety of Quaternary deposits blanket much of the slope area of the Whitetail and Pipestone Creek valleys between the flanks of the Highland Mountains and Bull Mountain (Fig. 1). East and southeast of these Quaternary slope deposits are more isolated areas of partly cemented Pleistocene gravels on pediments. One of these gravel deposits near Red Hill (Fig. 1) yielded a late Pleistocene vertebrate assemblage including cheetah, horse, camel, and large mountain sheep. Radiocarbon dates from the lowest part of the sequence range between 10,000 and 9,000 14C yr.
    [Show full text]
  • Redfern-Keily Park Management Plan Draft for Public Review
    Redfern-Keily Park Management Plan Draft for Public Review Disclaimer: This draft management plan contains preliminary proposals that are subject to change and therefore may not necessarily reflect the position of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy. At the conclusion of the planning process, a revised management plan will be approved by the Ministry. January 2019 Cover Page Photo Credit: Al Hansen, BC Parks Area Supervisor Foreword by BC Treaty 8 First Nations WELCOME to our homeland. The Beaver (Dunne-za, Dane-zaa), Cree, Saulteau, Slavey (Dene), and TseK’ hene indigenous groups have occupied these lands since time immemorial. Treaty 8 was signed in the spirit of Peace and Friendship on June 21, 1899. British Columbia Treaty 8 Territory is hundreds of thousands of square kilometres in size and includes 8 groups: Blueberry River First Nations, Doig River First Nation, Fort Nelson First Nation, Halfway River First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, Prophet River First Nation, Saulteau First Nations and West Moberly First Nations. Our relationship to the land has and continues to be the spiritual basis for our mode of life. The land has always, and will continue to, provide shelter, food, clothing, and the economic resources for our livelihood. As a First Nation, we have an obligation to implement our inherent rights that are affirmed by the Constitution Act, 1982. This includes sustainability of our resources in order for us to hunt, trap, fish, and continue our mode of life. Prior to the arrival of the Europeans we were actively involved in the management of our territories: the lands understood us and we understood the land.
    [Show full text]
  • Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana
    Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 348 Carboniferous Formations and Faunas of Central Montana By W. H. EASTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 348 A study of the stratigraphic and ecologic associa­ tions and significance offossils from the Big Snowy group of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows : Eastern, William Heyden, 1916- Carboniferous formations and faunas of central Montana. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1961. iv, 126 p. illus., diagrs., tables. 29 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 348) Part of illustrative matter folded in pocket. Bibliography: p. 101-108. 1. Paleontology Montana. 2. Paleontology Carboniferous. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic Carboniferous. I. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, B.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract-__________________________________________ 1 Faunal analysis Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 1 Faunal relations ______________________________ 22 Purposes of the study_ __________________________ 1 Long-ranging elements...__________________ 22 Organization of present work___ __________________ 3 Elements of Mississippian affinity.._________ 22 Acknowledgments--.-------.- ___________________
    [Show full text]
  • A Mesoproterozoic Iron Formation PNAS PLUS
    A Mesoproterozoic iron formation PNAS PLUS Donald E. Canfielda,b,1, Shuichang Zhanga, Huajian Wanga, Xiaomei Wanga, Wenzhi Zhaoa, Jin Sua, Christian J. Bjerrumc, Emma R. Haxenc, and Emma U. Hammarlundb,d aResearch Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, 100083 Beijing, China; bInstitute of Biology and Nordcee, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; cDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Section of Geology, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; and dTranslational Cancer Research, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden Contributed by Donald E. Canfield, February 21, 2018 (sent for review November 27, 2017; reviewed by Andreas Kappler and Kurt O. Konhauser) We describe a 1,400 million-year old (Ma) iron formation (IF) from Understanding the genesis of the Fe minerals in IFs is one step the Xiamaling Formation of the North China Craton. We estimate toward understanding the relationship between IFs and the this IF to have contained at least 520 gigatons of authigenic Fe, chemical and biological environment in which they formed. For comparable in size to many IFs of the Paleoproterozoic Era (2,500– example, the high Fe oxide content of many IFs (e.g., refs. 32, 34, 1,600 Ma). Therefore, substantial IFs formed in the time window and 35) is commonly explained by a reaction between oxygen and between 1,800 and 800 Ma, where they are generally believed to Fe(II) in the upper marine water column, with Fe(II) sourced have been absent. The Xiamaling IF is of exceptionally low thermal from the ocean depths. The oxygen could have come from ex- maturity, allowing the preservation of organic biomarkers and an change equilibrium with oxygen in the atmosphere or from ele- unprecedented view of iron-cycle dynamics during IF emplace- vated oxygen concentrations from cyanobacteria at the water- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • FORT BELKNAP RESERVATION List of Topics
    FORT BELKNAP RESERVATION List of Topics BACKGROUND Reservation Overview Regional Geologic Overview GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW Geologic History Summary of Play Types CONVENTIONAL PLAY TYPES Play 1 - Shallow Cretaceous Biogenic Gas Play Play 2 - Northern Plains Biogenic Gas Play Plays 3,4,5 - Jurassic/Cretaceous and Mississippian Plays UNCONVENTIONAL / HYPOTHETICAL PLAY TYPES Plays 6,7 - Fractured Bakken and Cambrian Sandstone Plays REFERENCES Historical Background of the OVERVIEW (i.e. joint ventures) in contrast to procedures and regulatory minimums imposed Assiniboine and Gros Ventre Tribes at Fort Belknap by the previous 1938 Minerals Leasing Act. The 1982 Act further provides that FORT BELKNAP RESERVATION The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was created in 1887 as the home for the individual Indian allottees may join agreements negotiated for tribal lands. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre Tribes Assiniboine and Gros Ventre Indian Tribes. The ancestors of these tribes have section entitled Operating Regulations discusses the procedures for obtaining lived on the northern plains for several centuries. The Assiniboine were allottee participance in the negotiated agreement. recognized by Europeans as part of the great Sioux Nation and speak a Siouan Principal components for the formal corporate proposal should include the TRIBAL HEADQUARTERS: Fort Belknap Agency, Montana language. However, their name is taken from a Chippewa word referring to area(s) of interest, type of contract, elaboration of proposed agreement terms, GEOLOGIC SETTING: Williston Basin "those who cook with stones." At some point in time the Assiniboine bands points of potential negotiation, diligence commitments (i.e. drilling), bonus broke with the traditional Sioux and allied themselves with the Cree.
    [Show full text]