1189-1192) Fourth Crusade (1202-1204

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Third Crusade (1189-1192) Upon hearing of the defeat at the Battle of Hattin, a new call for help was sent. By March 1188, Henry II of England, Richard (Henry's son), Philip II of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I had sworn crusade vows. The French and English contingents were delayed in their departure by mutual suspicion. The Germany army was not delayed, but their progress disintegrated upon the death of Frederick I while crossing the Goksu river in June 1190. Henry II had died before even leaving on crusade, but Richard and Philip arrived in the Holy Land by the summer of 1191. They laid siege to Acre, which surrendered in July of that year. The two then worked out a compromise for who should control Jerusalem between the feuding parties from the dispute after Baldwin V's death. Philip then returned to the west, leaving behind part of his army. Richard I, however, still tried to reclaim Jerusalem. To prevent delay, Richard killed the prisoners from Acre and went on to seize Arsuf and Jaffa and to refortify Ascalon. However, upon hearing of political turmoil at home, he made a treaty with Saladin (signed on September 2, 1192) and left to return to England on October 9, 1192. In 1193, Saladin died. While both Philip and Richard claimed to want to return, neither did. But in spring 1197, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (son of Frederick I) mounted another campaign. This also ended in a truce on July 1, 1198 after Henry VI's death on September 28, 1197. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) In 1198, Pope Innocent II called for another crusade, and in November 1199 a group of French knights took crusade vows. A treaty was made with the doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo (who had been blinded in a pogrom against Latins in Constantinople) for aid in reaching the mideast. In 1202, when it became clear that they had fewer crusaders (and less money) than expected, some of the European forces seized the port of Zara from the king of Hungary, who was also under crusade vows, to earn their passage. In response Innocent III excommunicated the Venetians and forbade an attack on Byzantium This message did not arrive until too late, though whether or not it would not have made a difference is debatable. The crusaders captured Constantinople in 1203 and put Alexius IV on the throne. In late January 1204, Murzuphlus soon seized the throne and named himself Alexius V; he subsequently ordered the crusaders to leave. The crusaders responded by retaking Constantinople, this time plundering it as well. They then founded the Latin Empire out of territory conquered from Byzantium. Byzantines formed a government in exile and managed to retake Asia Minor by 1235. In 1261 they recaptured Constantinople, ending the Latin Empire. The fighting, however, further weakened the Byzantine Empire, and in 1453, the Ottoman Turks took over region, capturing Constantinople on May 29, 1453. .

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The Crisis of the Fourth Crusade in Byzantium (1203-1204) and the Emergence of Networks for Anti-Latin Reaction and Political Action
The Crisis of the Fourth Crusade in Byzantium (1203-1204) and the Emergence of Networks for Anti-Latin Reaction and Political Action Ilias GIARENIS In spite of a great number of important publications on the relevant issues,1 the Fourth Crusade and its impact in the Eastern Mediterranean are often – even nowadays – neither fully apprehended nor sufficiently explained. Important aspects of the rich scientific debate still are the collapse of the Byzantine state, the formation of smaller political entities, and the processes through which such immense changes took place. As is well known, the two most prominent among those successor polities were the States of Nicaea and of Epirus, which were both established mainly by members of the high Byzantine Constantinopolitan aristocracy;2 neverheless, the empire of Trebizond, where the imperial legacy of the Komnenoi had been considered as a solid ground for the Grand Komnenoi rulership, should also not be neglected in the study of the historical framework.3 The events of 1203/1204 led to the conquest of Constantinople by the Latin Crusaders, the milites Christi of the Fourth Crusade who had reached the Byzantine capital in a “diversion” from the declared original destination of the Crusade, i.e. Jerusalem. The latter, a Sacred *This paper is dedicated to Nikolaos G. Moschonas. 1 See D. E. Queller and Th. F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade. The Conquest of Constantinople, second edition, Philadelphia 1997; M Angold, The Fourth Crusade. Event and Context, [The Medieval World] Harlow 2003; J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, London 2004; Urbs Capta.
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INTRODUCTION the Capture of Constantinople by the Armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 Fragmented the Byzantine Empire. Territor
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Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman Times, Many People – Not Just Rich Kings and Bishops
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The Fourth Crusade Was No Different
Coastal Carolina University CCU Digital Commons Honors College and Center for Interdisciplinary Honors Theses Studies Fall 12-15-2016 The ourF th Crusade: An Analysis of Sacred Duty ‌ Dale Robinson Coastal Carolina University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/honors-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Dale, "The ourF th Crusade: An Analysis of Sacred Duty "‌ (2016). Honors Theses. 4. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/honors-theses/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Robinson 1 The crusades were a Christian enterprise. They were proclaimed in the name of God for the service of the church. Religion was the thread which bound crusaders together and united them in a single holy cause. When crusaders set out for a holy war they took a vow not to their feudal lord or king, but to God. The Fourth Crusade was no different. Proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1201, it was intended to recover Christian control of the Levant after the failure of past endeavors. Crusading vows were exchanged for indulgences absolving all sins on behalf of the church. Christianity tied crusaders to the cause. That thread gradually came unwound as Innocent’s crusade progressed, however. Pope Innocent III preached the Fourth Crusade as another attempt to secure Christian control of the Holy Land after the failures of previous crusades.
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Read Book the Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople
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The Byzantino-Latin Principality of Adrianople and the Challenge of Feudalism (1204/6–Ca
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Crusades, Martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096-1190
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The Massacre at Acre—Mark of a Blood-Thirsty King?
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Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade James B
Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II Volume 10 Article 10 2005 A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade James B. Hooper Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hooper, James B. (2005) "A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade," Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II: Vol. 10 , Article 10. Available at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol10/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hooper: A Calculated Crusade A Calculated Crusade 87 88 Historical Perspectives March 2005 A Calculated Crusade: a number of territories—including Jerusalem—known as the Crusader States. After stabilizing the region as Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Cru- much as possible, a practical problem emerged. Since sade all the Muslims had not been expelled from the Levant, the two sides would be forced to live in peace together. James B. Hooper While the war had been founded on cultural incompat- When Urban II preached the First Crusade to the ibility and religious opposition, neither side could Council of Clermont at the end of the 11th century, he justify genocide. When Christians had gained firm urged a pre-emptive strike against the Muslims whose control of the Holy Land and had established the military advances continually threatened the eastern Crusader States, they allowed Muslims and Jews to boundaries of the Byzantine Empire.
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The German Crusade of 1197–1198
This is a repository copy of The German Crusade of 1197–1198. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82933/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Loud, GA (2014) The German Crusade of 1197–1198. Crusades, 13 (1). pp. 143-172. ISSN 1476-5276 © 2015, by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Ashgate Publishing in Crusades on 01 Jun 2014, available online: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ashgate/cru/2014/00000013/00000001/art000 07. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 The German Crusade of 1197-98 G.A. Loud University of Leeds [email protected] Abstract This article reconsiders the significance of the German Crusade of 1197-8, often dismissed as a very minor episode in the history of the Crusading movement.
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Germanic Poetry Surrounding the Third Crusade: the Role of Lyric in Portraying Crusade Attitude
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