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Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade James B Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II Volume 10 Article 10 2005 A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade James B. Hooper Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hooper, James B. (2005) "A Calculated Crusade: Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Crusade," Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II: Vol. 10 , Article 10. Available at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol10/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hooper: A Calculated Crusade A Calculated Crusade 87 88 Historical Perspectives March 2005 A Calculated Crusade: a number of territories—including Jerusalem—known as the Crusader States. After stabilizing the region as Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Cru- much as possible, a practical problem emerged. Since sade all the Muslims had not been expelled from the Levant, the two sides would be forced to live in peace together. James B. Hooper While the war had been founded on cultural incompat- When Urban II preached the First Crusade to the ibility and religious opposition, neither side could Council of Clermont at the end of the 11th century, he justify genocide. When Christians had gained firm urged a pre-emptive strike against the Muslims whose control of the Holy Land and had established the military advances continually threatened the eastern Crusader States, they allowed Muslims and Jews to boundaries of the Byzantine Empire. Exhorting his live under their jurisdiction with relative freedom, spiritual subjects to “destroy that vile race from the adopting “an attitude of relative tolerance towards lands of our friends,” Urban inspired an emotional other creeds.”2 According to Jonathan Phillips, the response from western Christians based on the fact Christians lived side-by-side with Muslims not neces- that their Muslim opponents differed so greatly from sarily out of any religious concession, but simply them in culture, religion, and ethnicity.1 The popular because “it was impractical for the Franks to drive out polarization of light versus dark, Christ versus Mo- or persecute all those who did not observe the Latin hammed, west versus east, and good versus evil filled rite.”3 many Europeans with hatred and ignited the flames of The interfaith communities that developed as a crusade that would not be extinguished for hundreds result of the First Crusade led to a dramatic rise in of years. However, closer examination of the Crusades cross-cultural contact. Although there was no love and the relationships developed therein reveal that a lost between Christians and Muslims, out of necessity diametric reduction of the conflict is grossly inaccu- and comparative advantage, they began trading with rate. In fact, the intimate trade relationships that the one another. The Muslims could obtain goods from Venetians developed as a result of the early Crusades the East that were not available in great quantities in gave them specific knowledge which proved paramount Europe, while in exchange, the westerners could offer in the redirection of the Fourth Crusade through raw materials from the countryside as well as finished Constantinople. goods from the more specialized urban centers of the As the First Crusade took form and the Holy Land medieval west. In addition, the Crusaders who settled erupted in religious conflict, the Christians occupied 2Jonathan Phillips, “The Latin East,” in Jonathan Riley- 1Fulcher of Chartres, “Urban II’s Call for a Crusade,” in S.J. Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1999), 115. Allen and Emilie Amt, eds., The Crusades: a Reader (Broadview, 3 2003), 40. Ibid. Published by Scholar Commons, 2005 1 Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II, Vol. 10 [2005], Art. 10 A Calculated Crusade 87 88 Historical Perspectives March 2005 A Calculated Crusade: a number of territories—including Jerusalem—known as the Crusader States. After stabilizing the region as Venice, Commerce, and the Fourth Cru- much as possible, a practical problem emerged. Since sade all the Muslims had not been expelled from the Levant, the two sides would be forced to live in peace together. James B. Hooper While the war had been founded on cultural incompat- When Urban II preached the First Crusade to the ibility and religious opposition, neither side could Council of Clermont at the end of the 11th century, he justify genocide. When Christians had gained firm urged a pre-emptive strike against the Muslims whose control of the Holy Land and had established the military advances continually threatened the eastern Crusader States, they allowed Muslims and Jews to boundaries of the Byzantine Empire. Exhorting his live under their jurisdiction with relative freedom, spiritual subjects to “destroy that vile race from the adopting “an attitude of relative tolerance towards lands of our friends,” Urban inspired an emotional other creeds.”2 According to Jonathan Phillips, the response from western Christians based on the fact Christians lived side-by-side with Muslims not neces- that their Muslim opponents differed so greatly from sarily out of any religious concession, but simply them in culture, religion, and ethnicity.1 The popular because “it was impractical for the Franks to drive out polarization of light versus dark, Christ versus Mo- or persecute all those who did not observe the Latin hammed, west versus east, and good versus evil filled rite.”3 many Europeans with hatred and ignited the flames of The interfaith communities that developed as a crusade that would not be extinguished for hundreds result of the First Crusade led to a dramatic rise in of years. However, closer examination of the Crusades cross-cultural contact. Although there was no love and the relationships developed therein reveal that a lost between Christians and Muslims, out of necessity diametric reduction of the conflict is grossly inaccu- and comparative advantage, they began trading with rate. In fact, the intimate trade relationships that the one another. The Muslims could obtain goods from Venetians developed as a result of the early Crusades the East that were not available in great quantities in gave them specific knowledge which proved paramount Europe, while in exchange, the westerners could offer in the redirection of the Fourth Crusade through raw materials from the countryside as well as finished Constantinople. goods from the more specialized urban centers of the As the First Crusade took form and the Holy Land medieval west. In addition, the Crusaders who settled erupted in religious conflict, the Christians occupied 2Jonathan Phillips, “The Latin East,” in Jonathan Riley- 1Fulcher of Chartres, “Urban II’s Call for a Crusade,” in S.J. Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1999), 115. Allen and Emilie Amt, eds., The Crusades: a Reader (Broadview, 3 2003), 40. Ibid. http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol10/iss1/10 2 Hooper: A Calculated Crusade A Calculated Crusade 89 90 Historical Perspectives March 2005 in the Levant harvested such cash crops as sugar and Alexandria at the time. Indiscriminately referred to as cotton, as well as millet, maize, grapes and olives for Rumi, the Italians are mentioned in a number of other export, making the East a thriving commercial center.4 documents buying indigo and brazilwood, a material Most of this economic activity took shape in the form grown in India and used as a red dye for textiles. In of the Islamic kharaj, a tax system where the indige- another letter, the Italians are involved in the purchase nous subjects of the Crusader States paid their Chris- of large quantities of flax. The author of the letters is tian rulers from their crops.5 under the impression that the Rumi will pay excessive Before the Crusades, the Mediterranean was prices for these commodities, and will pay the same for already the scene of a robust inter-cultural economy. poor quality flax as high quality flax. This assessment The merchant city-states of Southern Italy, especially seems to indicate either the value and scarcity of these Amalfi, dominated trade in the Southeast Mediterra- products in the west, or the incompetence of the nean in places such as Jerusalem and Alexandria. Italians. One letter specifically identifies Genoese The Amalfitans were mostly involved in the import of merchants in Alexandria, so we know that the luxury items from the East for the wealthy courts and Amalfitans did not operate a maritime monopoly.7 monasteries throughout Southern Europe and the But, prior to the crusades, the involvement of northern Byzantine Empire. These southern Italian merchants Italian merchants in Egyptian commerce was neither maintained a level of maritime dominance throughout regular nor widespread.8 the tenth and eleventh centuries, and it was only later Interestingly enough, the advent of the crusading that the Venetians, the Pisans and the Genoese era undermined the Amalfitans’ commercial superior- surpassed their southern rivals in the control of the ity. Tied up in the politics of the turbulent region of Levant microeconomy.6 southern Italy, the Amalfitans could not coordinate a Nevertheless, Northern Italians did have an eastern fleet for the First Crusade, and their northern counter- Mediterranean presence in the pre-Crusading years. parts managed to obtain the privilege of the crusaders A huge collection of correspondence and contracts for their naval assistance and religious devotion. In found in Old Cairo contains hundreds of letters exchange for their commitment to the crusading cause pertaining to Egyptian and Mediterranean trade during by 1104, the Genoese received the first honors, receiv- the period from 900-1300.
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