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Re-Visiting Large Historical Earthquakes in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera

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Re-Visiting Large Historical Earthquakes in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Research Collection Journal Article Re-visiting large historical earthquakes in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Author(s): Dimaté, Cristina; Rivera, Luis; Cisternas, Armando Publication Date: 2005-01 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000033443 Originally published in: Journal of Seismology 9(1), http://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-005-1413-2 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Journal of Seismology (2005) 9: 1–22 C Springer 2005 Re-visiting large historical earthquakes in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Cristina Dimat´e1,2,3, Luis Rivera2 & Armando Cisternas2 1Ingeominas, Diag. 53 No 34-53, Bogota,´ Colombia; 2Institut de Physique du Globe, Universite´ Louis Pasteur, 5 rue Rene´ Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; 3ETH, Institute of Geophysics, ETH, Hoenggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, e-mail: [email protected] Received 6 November 2002; accepted in revised form 14 May 2004 Key words: Colombian Eastern Cordillera, historic seismicity, macroseismic source parameters Abstract A re-assessment of the historic seismicity of the central sector of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera (EC) is made by revision of bibliographic sources, by calibration with modern instrumental earthquakes, and by interpretations in terms of current knowledge of the tectonics and seismicity of the region. Throughout the process we have derived an equation to estimate Mw for shallow crustal earthquakes in Colombia using the length of isoseismal VIII, LVIII: [Mw] = 1.85 log LVIII + 2.7 We also derived an equation to evaluate Mw for Colombian crustal earthquakes using the rupture length, L, estimated generally from the aftershock distribution of strong earthquakes: [Mw] = 1.77 log L + 3.9 We calculated average attenuation parameters for intermediate depth and shallow earthquakes that may be used, combined with other observations, to estimate the focal depth of historical events. Our final picture shows three distinct regions of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera (EC) where historical earthquakes are distributed. (a) The southern sector, from the P´aramo de Sumapaz down to the Colombian Massif where the largest crustal earthquakes ∼ 3 = . have occurred (1827, M 7 /4; 1967, Mw 7 0). (b) The central sector, between the P´aramo de Sumapaz and Tunja with moderate to large earthquakes associated to the reverse faults on the piedmonts (the 1805 earthquake, ∼ 3 ∼ 1 3 M 6 /4,onthe western flank, and the 1743, 1923 and 1995 with M 6 /2,6/4, and 6.5, respectively, on the eastern flank). (c) The northern sector, to the north of Tunja, which is characterized by recurrent earthquakes probably = ∼ 3 ≥ associated with major reverse faults in the axial zone (e.g., 1646, I0 VIII; 1724, M 6 /4; 1755, I0 VIII; and ∼ 3 ∼ 1928, M 5 /4). Two events appear to be related to the axial faults to the south of Bogot´a: those in 1644 (M 6) and 1917 (M = 7.1). The 1785 earthquake might have been an intraplate event in the subducting plate under the EC. Events in 1616 and 1826, which caused damage along the axial zone of the Cordillera near Bogot´a, have no historical records precise enough to allow the estimation of their location and size, but their epicentres are probably not farther than some tens of kilometers from Bogot´a. Introduction populated the Sabana de Bogot´a and the Piedmont of the EC at the time of the Spanish colonization. For ex- Ancient references relative to the occurrence of large ample, the legend of the Guayupe Indians, who inhab- earthquakes in the central Colombian Andean region ited the foothills of the Cordillera at the east of Bogot´a are found in the mythology of the native people that and the neighboring Llanos Orientales tells of the god 2 Chibchacun condemned by god Bochica to carry the The most comprehensive compilation of historic earth on its shoulders, and shaking it when changing seismicity in Colombia has been done by Ram´ırez side or laying down, producing earthquakes (Acosta, (1975). After him several studies, mainly those per- 1844; Alvarez, 1987). formed during local microzonation projects, have de- Although at the arrival of the Spanish conquerors tailed and completed this information. For the region of at the Sabana de Bogot´a (Bogot´a Plateau) the region our study, the works of Alvarez (1985), Espinosa (1993, was densely populated, there are very few written tes- 1994a,b,c, 1996) and Salcedo and G´omez (2000), to- timonies of what could be the effects of earthquakes in gether with those of Ram´ırez (1975), and CERESIS the town. The first report found is that of the 1566 (1985) are the basic sources. earthquake which was felt in Bogot´a. Probably the The zone of this study corresponds to the central most relevant contributions to the description of his- sector of the Colombian EC around Bogot´a. In this torical earthquakes in the colonial period come from work we re-examine large historical earthquakes which reports and narrations of missionaries and refer espe- have caused important damage to Bogot´a. That is, those cially to damage on churches. We find also on these which gave rise to intensities VII or larger. We also accounts important information on landslides and ef- examine several events located in the zone of study, fects on the landscape, a key tool, though difficult to not so destructive for the city but large enough to be quantify, to estimate earthquake parameters in the An- considered of seismotectonic relevance. The selected dean region (e.g., Ojeda, 1995; Escall´on and Ojeda, set of earthquakes is shown in Figure 1 and the original 1997). locations are summarized in Table 1. Figure 1. Historical earthquakes and epicentral intensities in the central region of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. The 1928 earthquake in Table 1 is not shown. In black lines, main active faults; in gray lines, secondary faults (after Taboada et al., 2000). EC Eastern Cordillera. 3 Table 1. Significant earthquakes in the central region of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera ∗ ∗∗ Date Epicenter Latitude N Longitude W I0 IBog. Sources February 1616 Cajic´a (Cundinamarca) 5.00 74.00 VII – (5) 16 March 1644 Chipaque (Cundinamarca) 4.50 74.00 IX – (4) 3 April 1646 Sogamoso (Boyac´a) 5.72 72.95 VIII – (3) November 1724 Chita (Boyac´a) 6.19 72.48 ≥VII – (3) 18 October 1743 P´aramo Chingaza (Cund.) 4.68 73.93 VIII VII (10), (1), (5) 1755–1759(?) G´ameza (Boyac´a) 5.80 72.31 ≥VII – (3) 7 December 1785 P´aramo Chingaza (Cund.) 5.26 74.20 IX VIII (1), (10), (5) 16 June 1805 Honda (Tolima) 5.30 74.50 IX – (10) 18 June 1826 Sop´o (Cundinamarca) 4.80 73.90 VIII VII (10), (5) 16 November 1827 Timan´a (Huila) 1.90 75.90 X VIII (1), (5), (4) 31 August 1917 P´aramo Sumapaz (Cund.) 4.26 74.15 IX VIII (5), (10) 22 December 1923 Paratebueno (Cund.) 4.40 73.20 VIII VII (5), (10) 7 January 1924 Gachal´a (Cund.) 4.70 73.50 VIII – (5) 1November 1928 El Milagro (Casanare) 5.50 71.50 VII – (5) 9 February 1967 Los Cauchos (Huila) 2.93 74.83 IX VI (5), (11), (10) 23 November 1979 El Cairo (Valle) 5.18 75.58 VIII VI (6) 6 June 1994 P´aez (Cauca) 2.86 76.08 XI – (7) 19 January 1995 Tauramena (Casanare) 5.01 72.95 X – (7), (9), (2) 25 January 1999 C´ordoba (Quind´ıo) 4.45 75.73 X – (8) ∗Epicentral intensity; ∗∗Intensity at Bogot´a. (1) Alvarez (1987). (2) Dimat´eetal. (2003). (3) Espinosa (1994a). (4) Espinosa (1994b). (5) Espinosa (1994c). (6) Espinosa (1996). (7) Ingeominas (2000a). (8) Ingeominas (2000b). (9) Pulido and Tapias (1995). (10) Ram´ırez (1975). (11) Su´arez et al. (1983). Our purpose is to estimate earthquake parameters 1928), were also relocated after evaluation of damages from macroseismic data for significant earthquakes in and tectonic setting. the EC and to relate them to current tectonics. To In the first part of this article, we develop re- achieve this purpose, we compare the historical earth- lationships between intensity and source parameters quakes in the region with modern ones whose location for Colombian earthquakes, and in the second we re- and source parameters are known. During the process evaluate the size and location of relevant historic events we develop relationships between intensity data and in the EC. In order to illustrate the extent of damages source parameters for Colombian earthquakes, and es- and to give an overview of destructive earthquakes in timate attenuation parameters for a set of modern ‘ref- the EC we describe in some detail along the paper the erence’ earthquakes. The approach used to evaluate the effects of the most significant earthquakes in the re- source parameters of historic earthquakes depended on gion. Description of historic earthquakes with insuffi- the extent and quality of the intensity data: for those cient data, which are not examined in detail, is left for events with a relatively complete isoseismal map (1827 the appendix. and 1917) we estimate the size by using the relation- ship between the extent of the isoseismal VIII and the Intensity data magnitude; for events with dispersed but sufficient in- tensity data (1644, 1743 and 1785), the size is esti- For most of the events in this study, the original doc- mated by qualitative comparison with the ‘reference’ uments on which intensity evaluation was based were or recent earthquakes, and for events with scarce data not available, and it was out of the scope of this work a guess was made based on comparisons with recent to re-evaluate intensity data.
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