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Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation Case Studies of Non-timber Forest Product Systems Product Forest of Non-timber Case Studies Forest products, livelihoods and conservation livelihoods products, Forest Forest products, livelihoods and conservation Forest products, Case Studies of Non-timber Forest Product Systems livelihoods and VOLUME 3 - LATIN AMERICA conservation Case Studies of Non-timber Forest Product Systems Non timber forest products (NTFPs) provide important sources of subsistence, income and employment everywhere there are forests (and sometimes even where there are none). With new emphasis on poverty alleviation and livelihood VOLUME 3 - LATIN AMERICA improvement in national and international development agendas, this group of products seems to offer means to increasing welfare in an environmentally sound way. And yet, despite more than a decade of research and targeted development projects, systematic understanding of the economic behaviour of Editors NTFPs, and their role and potential in conservation and development, remains Miguel N. Alexiades and Patricia Shanley weak. L V atin America To help fill this gap, a large group of researchers combined efforts to compare olume 3 and contrast individual cases of commercial NTFP production, processing and trade from throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. The cases represent a range of product kinds, geographic, biophysical, social, and economic conditions. As a part of the research process, the cases were described in narrative reports. This book, along with the companion volumes, presents the full set of 61 cases from Asia (Vol. 1: 21 cases), Africa (Vol. 2: 17 cases) and Latin America (Vol. 3: 23 cases). The reports are organized to present a standard set of information to support comparative analysis, but the authors also included rich detail, Shanley N. Alexiades and Patricia Miguel Editors idiosyncrasies and analyses of issues and opportunities in their own cases. Individually, the cases provide a wealth of interesting and useful information. Collectively, they offer an invaluable resource for researchers, development practitioners and conservation workers interested in understanding the links between commercialisation, livelihoods and forest conservation. Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation Case Studies of Non-Timber Forest Product Systems VOLUME 3 - LATIN AMERICA Editors Miguel N. Alexiades and Patricia Shanley © 2005 by CIFOR All rights reserved. Published in 2004 Printed by SMK Grafika Desa Putera, Indonesia Cover photo by Patricia Shanley ISBN 979-3361-24-7 ISBN 979-3361-23-9 (Volumes 1-3) Language editing: Glen Mulcahy Copy-editing: Henning Pape-Santos Illustrations: Iskak Syamsudin Design: Yoeli Setiawan, Gideon Suharyanto and Eko Prianto Maps: Andy Darmawan National Library of Indonesia Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation. Case Studies of Non-Timber Forest Product Systems. Volume 3 – Latin America / edited by Miguel N. Alexiades and Patricia Shanley p.cm. ISBN 979-3361-24-7 1. Non-timber forest products 2. Livelihoods 3. Conservation 4. Case studies 5. Latin America Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel: +62 (251) 622622 Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements xii Foreword xiii Chapter 1 Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation: Case Studies of Non-Timber Forest Product Systems 1 Miguel N. Alexiades and Patricia Shanley FOODS AND SPECIES Chapter 2 Allspice [Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill], A Non-timber Forest Product of Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico 23 Miguel Ángel Martínez, Virginia Evangelista, Myrna Mendoza, Francisco Basurto and Cristina Mapes Chapter 3 Mamey Zapote [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn], A Mexican Forest Fruit of High Commercial Value 43 Yolanda Nava-Cruz and Martín Ricker Chapter 4 Taming Wild Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and Tayassu pecari) in Peru 63 Carlos Cornejo Arana Chapter 5 Harvesting windfalls: the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) economy in the Bolivian Amazon 83 Dietmar Stoian iv Chapter 6 What Goes Up Must Come Down: The Economy of Palm Heart (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) In the Northern Bolivian Amazon 111 Dietmar Stoian Chapter 7 Palm heart (Euterpe edulis Martius) in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest: a vanishing resource 135 Alfredo Celso Fantini, Raymond Paul Guries and Ronaldo José Ribeiro Chapter 8 The babassu palm (Orbignya phalerata Martius) and its exploitation in the Cocais region of Maranhão, north-eastern Brazil 157 Claudio Urbano B. Pinheiro Chapter 9 Underutilization of pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae) in Central Amazonia: history, production-to-consumption system, implications for development and conservation 175 Charles R. Clement and Johannes van Leeuwen Chapter 10 Bacuri (Platonia Insignis Martius), the Amazonian fruit that has become gold 195 Gabriel Medina and Socorro Ferreira Chapter 11 Poor Man’s Fruit Turns Profitable: Endopleura uchi in managed groves near Belém, Brazil 211 Patricia Shanley and Gloria Gaia MEDICINES Chapter 12 Use of resin from Pinus caribaea morelet var. caribaea Barrett and Golfari 233 Ynocente Betancourt Figueras, Juan Francisco Pastor Bustamante, Maria Josefa Vilalba Fonte, and Saray Nuñez Gonzalez Chapter 13 Ipecac [Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brotero) Stokes] root: A non-timber forest product cultivated within the Huetar Norte forest, Costa Rica 247 Rafael A. Ocampo Sánchez v Chapter 14 Camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh] From the river plains of the Peruvian Amazon 263 Mario Pinedo Panduro and Wil de Jong Chapter 15 Potentials and Perspective of Cat’s Claw [Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Ex Roem. & Schult) DC.] 281 Walter Nalvarte Armas and Wil de Jong Chapter 16 In search of sustainable management of carqueja (Baccharis trimera Lers) in the central region of Paraná, southern Brazil 299 Walter Steenbock Chapter 17 Espinheira–santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss) production in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil 313 Marianne Christina Scheffer Chapter 18 Fáfia [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen], the Brazilian ginseng 331 Cirino Corrêa Júnior and Lin Chau Ming WOOD AND FIBERS Chapter 19 The Use of Guano Palm (Sabal yapa C. Wright ex Becc.) Leaf in the Quintana Roo Tourist Industry, Mexico 345 Javier Caballero, María Teresa Pulido and Andrea Martínez-Ballesté Chapter 20 Amate, Mexican bark paper: resourceful harvest strategies to meet market demands 365 Citlalli López Chapter 21 Bursera Woodcarving in Oaxaca, Mexico 391 Silvia E. Purata, Michael Chibnik, Berry J. Brosi and Ana María Lopez Chapter 22 Linaloe [Bursera aloexylon (Schiede) Engl.]: An Aromatic Wood Caught Between Tradition and Economic Pressure 413 Paul Hersch Martínez, Robert Glass and Andrés Fierro Alvarez vi Chapter 23 Use of Paja Toquilla (Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pavon) for the Production of Panama Hats in Three Communities of Manabi Province, Ecuador 437 Rocio Alarcon Gallegos and Maria Florinda Burbano Chapter 24 ‘Vegetal Leather’: Latex (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) in style 455 Mariana Ciavatta Pantoja CITATION: Nava-Cruz, Y. and Ricker, M. 2004. Mamey Zapote [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn], A Mexican Forest Fruit of High Commercial Value. Translated from: Nava-Cruz, Y. y Ricker, M. 2004. El Zapote Mamey [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. Moore y Stearn], un fruto de la selva mexicana con alto valor comercial. En: Alexiades, M.N. y Shanley, P. (eds). Productos Forestales, Medios de Subsistencia y Conservación. Estudios de Caso sobre Sistemas de Manejo de Productos Forestales No Maderables. Volumen 3 - America Latina. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Chapter 3 Mamey Zapote [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn], A Mexican Forest Fruit of High Commercial Value Yolanda Nava-Cruz and Martín Ricker1 (Pouteria sapota) Common Product part Dominant form Degree of Commercial Geographic name used of management transformation scale distribution Mamey, Fruit Wild Low National Wide Zapote mamey 44 Mamey Zapote [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn], A Mexican Forest Fruit ABSTRACT Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn (Sapotaceae), commonly known as ‘sapote mamey’ or simply as ‘mamey’, is native to tropical Meso-America, ranging from southern Mexico to Nicaragua. Its fruits are harvested from adult trees, growing in humid rain forest, family gardens, forest fragments, or occasional remnant trees in pasture or fallow land. Fruits are sold throughout central and southern Mexico, including the supermarkets of Mexico City. This species is also grown in Guatemala, South America, Cuba, USA (Florida), the Philippines, and Indonesia. Currently, the Mexican fruits are not exported. In this chapter, we analyse mamey production in an area of 50 km2, with about 1850 people living in two communities situated in the Municipality of San Andrés Tuxtla (919 km2) on the eastern coast of Mexico. We estimate that this 50 km2 area produces about 25 tons of commercial mamey per year, about 0.6% of the 4024 tons produced in the entire country. Our study highlights (1) the under-utilization of this native forest species within the municipality of San Andrés Tuxtla, and (2) the possibility of producing high-quality fruits within a semi-natural forest system. INTRODUCTION Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn (Sapotaceae) is a rain forest tree with fruits the size of avocados. Its common name ‘sapote mamey’
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