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Magdeburg Experiments of Otto Von Guericke Archives Internationales D'histoire Des Idees International Archives of the History of Ideas THE NEW (SO-CALLED) MAGDEBURG EXPERIMENTS OF OTTO VON GUERICKE ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS 137 OTTO VON GUERICKE THE NEW (SO-CALLED) MAGDEBURG EXPERIMENTS OF OTTO VON GUERICKE Directors: P. Dibon (Paris) and R. Popkin (Washington University, St. Louis and UCLA) Editorial Board: J.F. Battail (Paris); F. Duchesneau (Montreal); A. Gabbey (New York); T. Gregory (Rome); S. Hutton (University of Hertfordshire); J.D. North (Groningen); M.J. Petry (Rotterdam); J. Popkin (Lexington) Advisory Editorial Board: J. Aubin (Paris); A. Crombie (Oxford); H. de la Fontaine Verwey (Amsterdam); H. Gadamer (Heidelberg); H. Gouhier (Paris); K. Hanada (Hok­ kaido University); W. Kusop (Melbourne); P.O. Kristeller (Columbia University); Elisab­ eth Labrousse (Paris); A. Lossky (Los Angeles); J. Malarczyk (Lublin); E. de Olaso (C.LF. Buenos Aires); J. Orcibal (Paris); Wolfgang Rod (Munchen); G. Rousseau (Los Angeles); H. Rowen (Rutgers University, N.J.); J.P. Schobinger (Zurich); J. Tans (Groningen) THE NEW (SO-CALLED) MAGDEBURG EXPERIMENTS OF OTIO VON GUERICKE by OTIO YON GUERICKE Translation and Preface by MARGARET GLOYER FOLEY AMES SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.Y. OTTO Dc GUERICKE Sercni[s: u PotentiG: :elector: Brandcb: ConJiliarius " Civit.'l.t: ~1.8dcb.Con(ul : THE NE'\oT ( S 0 - C A L"L ED) MAG nEB U R G E X PER I MEN T S 0 F OTT 0 VON G U E RIC K E ONE M P T Y SPA C E First published by the Reverend Father Kaspar Schott, S. J. Professor of Mathematics at the University of lolurzburg and in the present more complete edition by the author himself who has included a number of additional experiments in the text. At the same time certain other subjects have been added to this edition concerning the Weight of Air around the Earth, the tfun­ dane Virtues, the Planetary System as well as the Fixed Stars and Immense Space which extends within as well as beyond them. A M S T E R DAM PRINTED BY JOHANNES JANSSON OF l-lAESBERG 1672 THROUGH THE PRIVILEGE OF HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY OTTONIS DE GUERICKE EXPERIMENTA Nova (utvocantur) MAG DEBURGICA VB VACUO SPATIO Primum a R. P. GaJPare'Schotto, e Societate Jefu, & Herbipolitan<£ Academia! Mathefeos Profdfore: Nunc vero ab ipfo AuCl:ore PeifeEtiits edita, varii/que aliis Experimentir auRa. Q!!ibus accdrcrunt fimul certa qua:dam Ve Aeru Pondere circa 'Terram; de rjrtutibU4~undanu ,& SyJlc­ mate Mundi Planetario; fieNt f!J de Stellil Fixls) ae Spatio illo Immel/fa, qllod lam illlra qU41n extra eM funditur. d M S .T E L 0 D d M J, Apud J Q ANN E M JAN S SON I U Ml W A E S B E 11. G E) ANNO I 67'l. Cum PrivilegiD S. CiI!f. Majeflatis. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guerlcke, Otto von, 1602-1686. [Experlmenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburglca de vacuo spatlo. Engllshl The new (so-called) Magdeburg experiments of Otto von Guerlcke ! translation and preface by Margaret Glover Foley Ames. p. cm. (Archives Internationales d'hlstolre des Idees 137) Translation of Experlmenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburglca de vacuo spatlo. Inc 1udes Index. ISBN 978-94-010-4888-0 ISBN 978-94-011-2010-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2010-4 1. Physlcal sclences--Early werks to 1800. 2, Astronomy--Early werks ta 1800. 3. Pneumatics--'Early werks ta 1800. 4. Madgeburg experiments. I. Ames, Margaret Glover Feley. II. Title. III, Series. Q155.G9313 1993 500--dc20 93-5121 ISBN 978-94-010-4888-0 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994 No part of the material protected by this copyright notiee may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanieal, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xvii Short Biography of O. von Guericke xxiii BOOK I THE SYSTEM OF THE WORLD, ACCORDING TO THE MORE COMMON PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES Chapter 1. What the World Is, or What Is Usually Understood 1 by the Term, World Chapter 2. The Motion of Stars, the Wanderers or Planets, as 5 well as the Stationary or Fixed Stars Chapter 3. The Two Systems of the Ancients: That Based upon 7 the Presumed Inactivity of the Earth and That Based upon Its Movement Chapter 4. A Brief Resume of the System of the World Based 9 upon Ptolemy's Theory of the Immovability of the Earth Chapter 5. A Revised Pythagorean System of the World 12 Wherein, According to Copernicus, the Sun Is Held To Be in Its Center Chapter 6. The Daily and Annual Movement of the Earth 14 According to Copernicus Chapter 7. Objections of the Astronomers and Natural 15 Philosophers to the Copernican System Chapter 8. Objections to the Copernican Theory from the Sacred 17 Scriptures and their Refutations Chapter 9. The World System According to Tycho Brahe, the 26 Noble Dane. He Assigns the Earth to the Center of the World and the Sun to the Center of the Planets Which Revolve around It (with the Exception of the Moon) Chapter 10. Another System Wherein the Earth Is Situated in the 29 Center of the World and Moves about Its own Axis in the Space of Twenty-four Hours Chapter 11. The Corrected and Improved Copernican Theory of 31 the World Chapter 12. The Sun 31 ix x Table of Contents Chapter 13. The Sun Spots 32 Chapter 14. Mercury 34 Chapter 15. Venus 35 Chapter 16. The Earth and the Moon 36 Chapter 17. Mars 36 Chapter 18. Jupiter 39 Chapter 19. Saturn and Planets in General 40 Chapter 20. A General Discussion of the Distances of the Stars 41 Chapter 21. The Distance of the Moon from the Center of the 45 Earth Chapter 22. The Size of the Moon 47 Chapter 23.· The Distance of the Sun from the Earth 48 Chapter 24. The Size of the Sun 52 Chapter 25 . The Distances of the Planets from the Earth and 55 their Magnitudes Chapter 26. The Height or Distance of the Fixed Stars from our 57 Earth, According to the Followers of Ptolemy and Aristotle Chapter 27. The Height or Distance of the Fixed Stars from the 59 Earth According to the Followers of Tycho Chapter 28. The Distance of the Stars According to the Followers 61 of Pythagoras or Copernicus Who Locate the Sun in the Center of the World Chapter 29. The Number of Fixed Stars and the Revelations of 64 Telescopes in this Century as to their Great Extent Chapter 30. The Magnitude of the Fixed Stars 66 Chapter 31. Heaven or the Heavens as well as the Atmosphere 68 and Celestial Matter Chapter 32. The Firmament and the Waters above It, According 72 to the Sacred Scriptures Chapter 33 . The Empyrean Heaven 74 Chapter 34. Are there any other Worlds Beyond This of Ours, 77 and if there Are, Can They be Counted, or Are They Uncountable? Chapter 35. Imaginary Space Outside the World 78 BOOK II EMPTY SPACE Chapter 1. Why the Author Was Led to Investigate the Vacuum 83 Chapter 2. Space and Time 84 Chapter 3. Empty Space 86 Table of Contents xi Chapter 4. Space 89 Chapter 5. The Space Existing between the Earth Bodies Is 91 Commonly Called Sky Chapter 6. Is Space, The Universal Container of All Things, 93 Finite or Infinite? Chapter 7. That Which Is and That Which Is Said not to Be 97 Chapter 8. Is Space, the Universal Container of All Things, 99 Created, or Uncreated? Chapter 9. Infinity, Immensity, and Eternity 102 Chapter 10. Numbers 104 Chapter 11. The Heaven Which Is Called the Abode of the 107 Blessed Chapter 12. The Greatest and the Smallest 109 BOOK III INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS Chapter 1. Concerning the Origin, Nature, and Characteristics of 111 Air Chapter 2. The First Vacuum Experiment Performed through 114 the Extraction of Water Chapter 3. The Second Vacuum Experiment Performed through 115 the Extraction of Air Chapter 4. The Construction of a Special Type of Apparatus for 117 Producing a Vacuum Chapter 5. The Third Experiment Demonstrating a Vacuum 120 Chapter 6. The Fourth Experiment: the Productidn of a Vacuum 121 through the Extraction of Water from a Glass Vessel Chapter 7. A Fifth and More Accurate Method of Producing a 123 Vacuum Chapter 8. The Sixth Experiment to Obtain the Best Possible 125 Vacuum Chapter 9. Does a Vacuum Exist in Nature, or Not? 130 Chapter 10. Experiments Concerned with Exhalation and 134 Fermentation Chapter 11. The Experiment in Which Clouds and Wind and the 135 Colors of the Rainbow Can Be Produced in Glasses Chapter 12. Fire in a: Vacuum 138 Chapter 13. An Experiment in Which Air Is Consumed by Fire 139 Chapter 14. Light in a Vacuum 140 xii Table of Contents Chapter 15. Sound in a Vacuum 141 Chapter 16. Experiments Performed with Animals in a Vacuum 143 Chapter 17. The Construction of a Kind of Hydraulic-pneumatic 144 Apparatus Which Can Be Used not only for Carrying out Numerous Experiments but also Used as a Source of Mental Recreation and Study Chapter 18. The Use and Operation of the Aforementioned 145 Apparatus Chapter 19. A New Discovery through the Use of this Apparatus 149 Which Indicates the Weight of the Atmosphere Chapter 20. Other Experiments of this Kind Which Demonstrate 151 the Weight of the Atmosphere as well as the Limit to Which'Aversion of a Vacuum Extends Chapter 21.
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