TIMELINE OF THE GAS DISCHARGE PHYSICS by Julia Cipo & Holger Kersten Evangelista Torricelli Otto von Guericke Jean Picard Francis Hauksbee Ewald Georg von Kleist Pieter van Musschenbroek Joseph Priestley Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov Michael Faraday * October 15th, 1608 in Faenza, Italy * November 30th, 1602 in Magdeburg, Germany *July 21st, 1620 in La Flèche, France *1666 in Colchester, Great Britain * September 22nd, 1791 in Newington Butts, Surrey, England * June 10th, 1700 in Wicewo, Poland * March 14th, 1692 in Leiden, Netherlands * March 24th, 1733 in Yorkshire, Great Britain * March 24th, 1733 in Yorkshire, Great Britain † October 25th, 1647 in Florence, Italy † May 21st, 1686 in Hamburg, Germany † October 12th, 1682 in Paris, France † April/ May 1713 in London † August 25th, 1867 in Hampton Court, Surrey, England † December 11th, 1748 in Koszalin, Poland † September 19th, 1761 in Leiden † February 6th,1804 in Pennsylvania † February 6th,1804 in Pennsylvania • italian physicist, mathematician and assistant • english scientist and inventor, of Galileo Galilei • german physicist, inventor, politician • french astronomer, engineer and • british scientist, lab assistant of Isaac assistant of Humphry Davy and and one of the founders of the vacu- • german jurist, scientist and cleric • dutch scientist, a student of Isaac Newton, • english theologian, chemist, natural phi- • russian physicist and member of the • invents the Torricelli law in fl uid dynamics, priest Newton, member of the Royal Society member of the Royal Society where he describes the dependence of the um technology a friend of Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and losopher, friend of Benjamin Franklin and Russian Academy of Sciences • measures the meridian arcs • modifi es the electric machine by using • invents independently in October 1745 fl uid speed from the height of the fl uid in a a fellow of the Royal Society member of the Royal Society • invents the terms ‘anode’ and ‘ca- • invents in 1649 the piston vacuum a glass vessel instead of a sulfur ves- the Kleistian jar, which worked on the • builds the fi rst large battery, including vessel • observes in 1675 glow discharges thode’ pump sel. He reduces the air pressure inside same principle as the Leyden jar • inventor of the fi rst capacitor in 1746, cal- • improves the electric machine and disco- 4200 serial connected electric cells on the mercury barometer caused by • invents the fi rst mercury barometer in 1644, the vessel even more and fi lls it with led the “Leyden jar”, which was later used vered the conductivity of charcoal • investigates the electric current • invents in 1663 the fi rst electrostatic friction between the mercury and the • forgets to mention the grounding on the de- • was the fi rst to observe in 1803 a which would later serve for gas discharge ob- mercury by Benjamin Franklin for his kite experi- in thinned gases in the period generator: a friction machine, consis- glass particles scription of his experiment, which would • notices that the discharge of an electrifi ed continuous arc discharge by using his servations ment 1831-1835 ting of a sulfur globe, which could be • during the period 1705-1709 he make his discovery technically not functio- body did not acquire direct contact to con- large battery • founder of the fi rst nautical almanac • notices the dark space between • the old pressure unit Torr ist named after him rotated and rubbed by hand was the fi rst to study the glowing gas nable, so that van Musschenbroek remains • the Leyden jars can save the static electri- ductors; the proximity of an conductors “Connaissance des temps” in 1679 • assumed the use of voltaic batteries in the negative glow and the positive (1 Torr = 1 mm Hg) discharge inside the glass vessel of an the inventor of the fi rst capacitor city in the glass part of the vessel. While would be enough smelting, welding and producing of column, now known as the “Fara- dullophob.info grounding the jar, a sparking discharge electric machine • summarizes his results in his book “The His- pure metallic oxides -Portrait painted by Lorenzo Lippi, 1647, Now placed at the Gallery Silvano Lodi & Due, -internetdict.com Wikimedia Alchteron- Free Social Encyclopedia day dark space” -Portrait by the artist Anselm van Hulle, -uni-ulm.de between the metal layers can be achieved tory and Present State of Electricity” publis- hed in 1767 Portrait: de.academic.ru, Leyden Jar Engineering Search Engine http://emadrlc.blogspot.de/ Portrait: Scan of a print found in Wikimedia. Original is housed at the National Portrait Gallery, London, Electrical machine: Medical Historical Library of Yale University Portrait: rus-eng.org • Petrov’s Battery. “Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to energetic Condensation” by André Anders 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Edmond Halley Benjamin Franklin Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Georg Lichtenberg Humphry Davy * July 1st, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany *November 8th, 1656 in Haggerston, London *January 17th, 1706 on the Governor‘s Island, Boston * November 19th, 1711 in a village in Arkhangelsk, Russia * July 1st, 1742 in Ober-Ramstadt, Germany, † February * December 17th, 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall in England † November 14th, 1716 in Hannover, Germany † January 25th, 1742 in Greenwich † April 17th, 1790 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania † April 15th, 1765 in St. Petersburg, Russia 24th, 1799 in Göttingen, Germany † May 29th, 1829 in Genf, Switzerland • american politician, scientist, printer and • german mathematician, philosopher, • british astrophysicist, meteorologist, co-author of the Independence Declaration diplomat, historian and a friend of mathematician and member of the Ro- • russian scientist, writer and friend of Leonhard Euler • german mathematician, natural scientist, member of the Ro- • english chemist and inventor, friend of the french physicist of the U.S.A. yal Society and the fi rst german professor for experimental André-Marie Ampère and president of the Royal Society Christiaan Huygens yal Society • invents the “Law of Mass Conservation” in chemistry in 1748, which later • identifi es the lightning as electric sparks, physics • inventor of different mathematical • discovers the line profi le of the Earth’ would be complemented by Antoine Lavoiser • constructs a larger voltaic battery with an electrode area of a form of electrical discharge • was among the fi rst ones to bring the Franklin’ lightning rod 80 m2 laws, like the product rule for function magnetic fi eld and the barometric • explains the formation of icebergs in 1760 to Germany derivation or the Leibniz’ criterion for height formula • experiments with lightnings by extracting • presents in 1807 his results on experiments with electrolytes the convergence of a serie sparks from the clouds • the fi rst to start investigations in atmospheric electricity • notices in 1716 that the arc of the • used and improved the infl uence machines for his experi- with the purpose to gain pure metals and gases • assumes the existence of the electrical charges not only on the surface of ments instead of the friction electrostatic generators • generates in 1671 the fi rst electrical aurora borealis courses along the ma- • invents in 1753 the lightning rod as a pro- • notices glowing continuous arcs using his battery for melting the thunderstorm clouds as supposed till then, but also inside of the clouds spark using the electrostatic generator gnetic pole and not along the geogra- tective measure for buildings • studies the patterns left from an electrical discharge on an in- electrolysis of Guericke phic arc • constructs in the 1750s together with the german physicist Georg Wil- sulated surface such as glass; the patterns are known as the • uses the terms ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ to • invents the Davy lamp with methane, which was used as a staff.science.uu.nl helm Richmann “the thunder machine” which consisted of a lightning rod Lichtenberg fi gures describe charges safety lamp for workers in the coal mines connected with an electroscope and with its help they could study the -Portrait painted by Christoph Bernhard Francke around 1700 Now placed at the Herzog Anton-Ulrich Museum in Braunschweig, Germany • he notices the dependence of the length of the branchings lightning sparks • invents the carbon arc lamp in 1807 from the applied voltage or the surrounding air pressure • recognizes the similarity between the auroras and electrical discharges • publishes 1777 his results in his memoirs „Super Nova Me- as well as the location of auroras in the upper atmosphere thodo Naturam ac Motum Fluidi Electrici Investigandi“ Alchteron- Free Social Encyclopedia Portrait: uni-goettingen.de ( Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany) • Lichtenberg Figures: scientifi csonline.com Portrait: Popular Science Monthly Volume 14 • Davy’s Battery: Bibliothek allgemeinen und praktischen Wissens für Militäranwärter Band III, 1905 Portrait: Axia Public Relations, Kite Exp: likesuccess.com Peter Debye * March 24th, 1884 in Maastricht, Netherlands † November 2nd, 1966 in Ithaca, New York, U.S.A • dutch-american chemist, physicist and a student of Arnold Sommerfeld • winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1936 “for his contributions to the study of molecular Hannes Olof Gösta Alfven structure” * May 30th, 1908 in Norrköping, Sweden • achievements 1927 in electrochemistry, which † April 2nd, 1995 in Djursholm, Sweden could be conferred in plasmas as for example the characteristic Debye length referred to the shielding process in plasmas by entrance