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Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline

Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline

1500 – 1649

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) (1564-1642) Suggests that a Blaise (1623-1662) Measures height limit of cannot exist. Puy de Dôme Experiment. overhead water pump Principa Philosophiae 1644 Florin Perrier showed that the 1638 height of the column in a mercury decreased with Hero of Alexandria writes (1608-1647) altitude, confirming the prediction Pneumatias summarizing of Pascal (his brother-in-law) what is then known about 1648 , pumps, etc. c. 150 B.C.E. www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero

Translated to Italian by Giovanni Aleotti 1547

Gasparo Berti Galileo and Santorre (c. 1600-1643) Santorro (1561-1636) Produces vacuum (in Independently invent water barometer) (1602-1686) thermoscope for c. 1640 measuring Produces a vacuum c. 1612 with his air pump Torricelli c. 1640 Mercury barometer Gilles Personne de Roberval 1643 (1602-1675) Void within a void and expanding Johannes van Helmont Ferdinand II, (1579-1644) bladder experiments Grand Duke of Torricelli substitutes Defines gas (Flemish: 1648 Tuscany mercury for water in chaos) to mean an air-like -in-glass overhead pump substance distinct from thermometer 1644 ordinary air 1641 1620

1500 1600 1649 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline 1650 – 1699

Otto von Guericke hemisphere demonstration 1654 Von Guericke’s air pump Richard Townley (1628-1607) 1672 Otto von Guericke and Power (1623-1668) Experimentally establish (1602-1686 ) (1627-1691) Franciscu Linus (1595-1675) Treatise on vacuum experiments http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/ -volume relation In response to Boyle’s ideas, 1672 (Boyle’s or Mariotte’s Law) suggest the properties of a 1660 vacuum is due to invisible thread- like funiculus that strive to hold nearby objects together 1660

Boyle’s Law for compression o f gases Mayow apparatus, c.1669 1661 John Mayow (1641-1679) Suggests that air may consist of two different gases Boyle’s bell within Jean Picard 1674 a vacuum (1620-1682) 1660 Observes barometric light, Edmé Mariotte George Ernst Stahl Boyle publishes New Experiments Physio- a glow discharge induced by (c.1620-1684) (1660-1734) Mechanical, touching on the Spring of Air static when a Independently publishes Proposes phlogiston as and its Effects mercury barometer is Prince relation between the agent of burning 1660 shaken Rupert’s pressure and in and rusting 1675 water pump On the of Air 1697 1650 1676

1650 1699 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline 1700 – 1749 Francis Hauksbee the elder (1666-1713) Demonstrates that sound is not transmitted in a vacuum 1705

Anders (1701-1744) Suggests a new Jean-Antoine Nollett (1700-1770) Hawksbee temperature scale Describes falling bodies in a vacuum experiment air pump 1742 1743 1704 Carl von Linné (1707-1778) Revises Celsius scale 1745 (1700-1782) First truly statistical treatment of 1728-1733 Writes Hydrodynamica introducing concept of gas 1733-1738 Jacob Hermann (1678-1733) Postulates that pressure is proportional to density and to the square of the average Daniel Gabriel velocity of the particles in (1686-1736) motion (1663-1729) Invents mercury 1716 ‘’ driven by partial thermometer standardized vacuum produced by with ice and boiling water condensing steam 1714 1712 Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797) National Gallery, London 1700 1749 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline 1750 – 1809

John (1766-1844) Dalton’s Law of Partial Each gas in a gaseous mixture exerts the same pressure that it Jacques-Alexander César Charles would if it were alone in the same (1746-1823) container at the same temperature John Smeaton Establishes that for a given 1801 (1724 -1792 ) temperature change, different gases Improved air pump and expand the same amount “Pear” vacuum gauge Charles’ Law 1/1000 atm 1787 1751 Jacques A. C. Charles First manned -filled balloon flight Edward Nairne December 1783 (1726-1806) Studies electrical William Watson discharges in vacuo (1715-1787) 1777 Studies static electrical discharges in Torricellian vacuum 1752

Phlogiston theory Joseph Louis Guy-Lussac (1731-1810) abandoned (1778-1850) Discovers Hydrogen 1791 Gay-Lussac’s Law 1766 At a given pressure, the change in volume is proportional to the change in temperature 1802

1750 1809 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline 1810 – 1851

Humphrey Davy Image –IEEE William Thomson (1778-1829) (Lord ) Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, Studies electrical (1791-1867) (1824-1907) (1803-1877) discharges in vacuo (1776-1856) Reports on studies of gas Suggests absolute Induction coil used in Geissler 1821 Avogadro’s Law discharges temperature scale and Crookes tube experiments All gases have the same 1838 1848 1851 number of in a given volume at a specific temperature and pressure 1811 Isaiah Davies Rotary-lobe pump (Roots pump) 1848

Lucien Vidie (1805-1866) Aneroid barometer Vacuum still for 1843 concentrating sugar solutions Edward Howard 1812 Pneumatic passenger (1811-1883) train operated in Ireland Introduces concept of (1805-1869) 1840s Laws of and Mean Free Path Eugène Bourdon effusion of gases 1843 (1808-1884) c. 1829 Bourdon-tube pressure gauge 1849 1810 1851 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline 1852 – 1860

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) Introduces concept of Mean Free Path of a diffusing particle 1858 William Robert Grove Grove’s experimental apparatus (1811-1896) First description of sputtering phenomenon 1852 Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) Patents carbon incandescent lamp that operates in partial vacuum Karl Kronig 1860 (1822-1879) Suggests that gas molecules in equilibrium travel in straight linesunless they Josiah Latimer Clark (1797-1877) collide with something Vacuum Pneumatic Tube Studies stratification in 1856 Julius Plücker (1801-1868) Message System glow discharges Demonstrates that a magnetic New York City 1858 field bends what later became 1854 known as cathode rays 1858

Johann Heinrich Michael Faraday Wilhelm Geissler Reports on thermal (1814-1879) vaporization of metals Develops Geissler mercury in a vacuum , constructs the 1857 The brothers Philander and first practical vacuum discharge Francis Roots tubes (Geissler tubes), invents Invent Roots water pump -to-glass hermetic seal 1859 1855 1852 1860 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline

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