Pilgrimage Through the History of German Natural Science, University
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Great Physicists
Great Physicists Great Physicists The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking William H. Cropper 1 2001 1 Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota´ Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright ᭧ 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cropper, William H. Great Physicists: the life and times of leadingphysicists from Galileo to Hawking/ William H. Cropper. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–19–513748–5 1. Physicists—Biography. I. Title. QC15 .C76 2001 530'.092'2—dc21 [B] 2001021611 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi I. Mechanics Historical Synopsis 3 1. How the Heavens Go 5 Galileo Galilei 2. A Man Obsessed 18 Isaac Newton II. Thermodynamics Historical Synopsis 41 3. A Tale of Two Revolutions 43 Sadi Carnot 4. On the Dark Side 51 Robert Mayer 5. A Holy Undertaking59 James Joule 6. Unities and a Unifier 71 Hermann Helmholtz 7. The Scientist as Virtuoso 78 William Thomson 8. -
ROCK STARS: Johannes Walther, P. 12
ROCK STARS: Johannes Walther, p. 12 VOL. 21, NO. 8 A PUBLICATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA AUGUST 2011 Inside: L 2010–2011 Congressional Science Fellow Report: Interesting Times, Part 2, p. 18 L 2011 GSA Annual Meeting & Exposition Lunchtime Lecture Highlights, p. 22 L Groundwork: Revisiting the geoscience concept inventory: A call to the community, p. 26 Not Just Software. RockWare. For Over 28 Years. RockWorks® Visual PetraSim™ LogPlot™ MODFLOW™ 3D Data Management, A Preprocessor and Powerful, Flexible, Analysis and Visualization 3D Groundwater Flow, Postprocessor for TOUGH2, Easy-to-Use Borehole and • Powerful measured-section/ Heat and Contaminant T2VOC, TMVOC, TOUGHREACT Well Log Software borehole database for Transport Modeling and TOUGH-FX/HYDRATE • Dozens of templates managing: • Interfaces to MODFLOW • Model multi-component available or design your - Lithology - Geophysics (2000 and 2005), MODPATH, fl uid fl ow, heat transfer and own in the drawing-style - Stratigraphy - Fractures MT3D (MS and 99), RT3D, reactive transport processes log designer window - Hydrology - and more PHT3D and SEAWAT • Saturated and unsaturated • Tabbed data sheets - Hydrochemistry (e.g. Contaminants) • Automatic calibration conditions • Import/Export data from • Create striplogs, cross- and sensitivity analysis • Fractured and porous media LAS, Excel, RockWorks sections, fence diagrams, using WinPEST • Mesh generation, parameter • Paginated and continuous and block models • Superior 3D graphics using defi nition, and display of results logs at -
GEOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU ■ R ,‘- • • ' ' *,I ^ ** ' 1 ZEITSCHRIFT FUR Allgfemeine Geologfle ' R#’ ■' I , - R '■* ' •
© Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Diverse Berichte © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at ZEITSCHRIFT FIE ALLGEMEINE GEOLOGIE UNTER MITWIRKUNG DER DEUTSCHEN GEOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT HERAUSGEGEBEN YON DEE GEOLOGISCHEN G. STEINMANN (BONN) W. SALOMON O. WILCKENS (HEIDELBERG) (JENA) DRITTER BAND MIT 44 FIGUREN IM TEXT UND 7 TAFELN LEIPZIG YERLAG YON WILHELM ENGELMANN 1912 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Es warden atisgegeben: Heft 1 am 27. Februar 1912 Heft 2 » 16. April 1912 Heft 3 * 21. Mai 1912 Heft 4 > 9. Juli 1912 Heft 5/6 » 15. Oktober 3912 Heft 7 » 19. November 1912 Heft 8 » 20. Dezember 1912 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at INHALT I. Aufsatze imd Mitteilungen: Seite R. Lepsius, Uber die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwiscben dis- kordanten and konkordanten Granitstocken und zwiscben Kontakt- and Regional-Metamorphose der Granite .... 1 0. Schlagintweit, Die Mieminger-Wetterstein-Uberschiebung. Mit 2 Textfiguren und Tafel I und II ........ 73 S. Arrhenius und R. Lachmann, Die physikalisch-chemischen Bedingungen bei der Bildung der Salzlagerstatten und ihre Anwendung auf geologische Probleme.139 R. Lepsius, Keine diluviale Eiszeit in Japan.157 E. Wertli, Zur Fohrdenfrage ..164 J. Stiny, Fortschritte des Tiefensckurfes in der Gegenwart . 166 F. Gillman, Zur Biegsamkeit der Gesteine. (Mit 1 Textfigur) 169 A. Hamberg, Die schwedische Hochgebirgsfrage und die Haufig- keit der Uberschiebungen. 219 J. Koenigsberger, Uber Gneisbildung und Aufschmelzungs- zonen der Erdkruste in Europa. (Mit 1 Textfigur) . 297 M. Staub, Beobachtungen am Ostende des Erstfeldermassivs. (Mit 1 Textfigur und Tafel IV).. 310 J. Koenigsberger, Uber Analogien zwiscben der ersten Zone der Westalpen und benachbarten Massiven . -
Questions for Science
www.YoYoBrain.com - Accelerators for Memory and Learning Questions for science Category: Default - (50 questions) Who was Edward B. Taylor (1832-1917) - wrote some the founding texts in anthropology and held Oxford University's first position in anthropology Who was Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) pioneered anthropology in United States Who was Franz Boas (1858-1942) founded modern American anthropology and provided enduring principle of cultural relativity Who was: Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) Polish born, studied in Austria; studied the Trobriand islanders off the east coast of New Guinea. Who was Margaret Mead (1901-1978) became the public face of anthropology. She studied the Somoan society and published her findings in Coming of Age in Samoa. Who is Richard Dawkins sociobiologist who coined the phrase "the selfish gene" Who was Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) a part time linguist (anthropology) and fire insurance investigator who developed hypothesis around how language structures the way we look at things. Who was Claudius Ptolemy 2 AD - ancient Greek astronomer and geographer. Wrote Almagest which was a treatise on astronomy that put Earth at center of universe. Wrote Geography which was a compilation of everything known about geography in Roman empire Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (lay' ven huk) (1632-1723) Man who first discovered microbes by developing microscopes What is the Coppenhagen interpretation of nature, at the most fundamental level, is quantum mechanics probabilistic, not deterministic Define: use of spectrometer identifies the frequencies of light Define: use of interferometer allows scientists to measure extremely small distances What did the color-corrected microscope enabled high-power magnification without allow scientists to do blurring Define: dynamism the notion that change is a normal state What 3 papers did Einstein write in 1905 1.) paper on Brownian motion where he convinced many of reality of atoms 2.) photoelectric effect - explained the phenomenon that certain materials that when exposed to light, give off electrons. -
Microsoft Powerpoint
2011/10/11 ICHST in Budapest 2009.07.28 Microscopic Petrology Aspects of the role of • Polarizing microscope is the instrument of microscopes in the history of researching rocks, utilizing properties of petrology in Japan polarization of minerals. • Petrology advanced in accordance with good use of microscopes. Upper polarizing plate Thin section of rocks Tokyo Medical and Dental University Lower polarizing plate Michiko YAJIMA 1980s Short History of How to make and use polarizing microscopes My talk is neither history of making microscopes, ・The concept of polarization nor history of invention of microscopes ・Polarizing prism 1828 invented by William Nicol (1768?–1851), England made polarizing prism from thin section of fossilized wood and calcite 1851 Henry Clifton Sorby (1826‐1908) used in graduate thesis 1860 Ferdinand Zirkel (1838-1912 ), Bonn learned from Sorby 1873 Zirkel wrote a textbook 1881 Bunjiro KOTO learned from Zirkel (Reibzich) Toyokichi HARADA learned from Harry Rosenbusch (Heiderberg) 1873 Rosenbusch wrote a textbook 1932 Edwin Herbert Land discovered Polaroid (polarizing plate) 1940s Yasushi HOSHINO in Japan studied man-made polarizing plate but aspects of the role of microscopes ・Universal Stage 1890s E.von Fedorow (Russia) in the history of petrology in Japan 5 episodes 1. “We are scientists because we Japanese has microscopes” Late of the 19th Century, 1. “We are scientists because we 2. From import to home-made Japanese has microscopes” Late of the 19th Century to the beginning of 20th Century Late of the 19th Century, -
18. the 2Nd & 3Rd Laws of Thermodynamics
18. The 2nd & 3rd Laws of Thermodynamics Introduction and Summary The oldest statement of the 2nd Law comes from the German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius. He said that "heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object; heat does not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object." (P.416 Giancoli and also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of _thermodynamics) At first glance, this appears to be a restatement of the 0th Law but it is in fact a little different. Heat can be made to flow from a cold object to a warm object--for example, in a refrigerator or with an air conditioner. However, this does not happen spontaneously--that is, by itself--since work must be done for this to happen. The 2nd Law is a little strange since it is a statement about something that does not happen. 2 18. The 2nd & 3rd Laws of Thermo dynamics Rev2.nb Another statement of the 2nd Law, made by the English physicist Lord Kelvin, is that a quantity of heat Q cannot be converted entirely into work W. 18. The 2nd & 3rd Laws of Thermo dynamics Rev2.nb 3 Some of the heat must leave the engine and be expelled into the environment as waste heat. Since efficiency equals the work done divided by the heat put in, the 2nd Law says a heat engine cannot be 100% efficient. It is perhaps surprising, that if you assume the Clausius statement of the 2nd Law is true, then you can prove that the Kelvin statement is also true and vice-versa. -
Dutch Pioneers of the Earth Sciences
Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic insti- tutions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series . Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, -. , --- . Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur- lehre an der Universität Leiden, -. , --- . Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave (-). Calvinist chemist and physician. , --- . Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes, , --- . Jacques L.R. Touret and Robert P.W. Visser, editors, Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences, , --- Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University Dutch pioneers of the earth sciences Edited by Jacques L.R. Touret and Robert P.W. Visser Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences P.O. Box , GC Amsterdam, the Netherlands T + - F+ - E [email protected] www.knaw.nl --- The paper in this publication meets the requirements of « iso-norm () for permanence © Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. -
Thermodynamics of Life
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Research Articles Thermodynamics of Life Citation: Henry M. (2021) Thermodynam- ics of Life. Substantia 5(1) : 43-71. doi: Marc Henry 10.36253/Substantia-959 Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Etat Solide, UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, Received: Jun 02, 2020 France E-mail: [email protected] Revised: Aug 25, 2020 Just Accepted Online: Aug 26, 2020 Abstract. Biology is currently plagued by several fossil concepts that may be responsi- ble for the current stagnation in medicine. Through a careful screening of the origins Published: Mar 01, 2021 of thermodynamics, such fossils concepts have been identified: assumption that heat is Copyright: © 2021 Henry M. This is an a form of energy, assimilation of entropy to disorder, assimilation of death to states of open access, peer-reviewed article maximum entropy, assimilation of ATP to the energy currency of living cells, non-rec- published by Firenze University Press ognition of entropy as a state function of the whole universe, belief that free energies are (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) another kind of energy, self-referencing in the definition of life, ignorance of basic princi- and distributed under the terms of the ples of quantum physics and more particularly of the importance of intrinsic spin, confu- Creative Commons Attribution License, sion between three different forms of reversibility, non-recognition that irreversibility is which permits unrestricted use, distri- at the heart of living systems. After stowing of these concepts in the cabinet of useless bution, and reproduction in any medi- um, provided the original author and and nasty notions, a fresh new look is proposed showing how life is deep-rooted trough source are credited. -
Conceptualizing Energy
EHIND B TH Y E Conceptualizing Energy R S O C T I Conservation of Mechanical Energy E S N E C E H and the Introduction of Potential Energy T William Thomson Most students who have taken high school chemistry or century, many French engineers had realized that the total physics know the First Law of Thermodynamics: “Energy work a moving body could perform was equal to half of its can neither be created nor destroyed.” But at the vis viva.These engineers redefined “work” as ½ mv2 . beginning of the nineteenth century, physicists had not yet formulated this fundamental law of nature. Moreover, at One of the most important French engineers of the early this time the term “energy” did not have a precise scientific nineteenth century was a man named Sadi Carnot (1796- definition, and most physicists thought matter and force 1832). As a young man, Carnot watched his home country were the only concepts needed to understand the natural lose the Napoleonic Wars to England. He was convinced world. that England's military superiority was due entirely to its industrial superiority, in particular its steam engines. The idea that mechanical energy is conserved and the Carnot became interested in how France could improve its introduction of potential energy transformed the study of own steam engines, and began thinking about the physics energy into one of the most important and exciting areas of behind the way engines worked. nineteenth-century physics. But assigning credit for developing these principles is difficult. The great Scottish ! physicist William Thomson (1824-1907) is generally given Science and technology are not the same, but credit for stating the first law, but to do so he drew on the they do significantly impact one another. -
The Concept of Entropy, from Its Origins to Teachers
EDUCATION Revista Mexicana de F´ısica E 61 (2015) 69–80 JULY–DECEMBER 2015 The concept of entropy, from its origins to teachers F. Flores Camachoa, N. Ulloa Lugob, and H. Covarrubias Mart´ıneza aCentro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnologico,´ Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ 04510 Mexico,´ D.F., Mexico.´ bFacultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ 54090 Tlalnepantla, Edo. de Mexico,´ Mexico.´ Received 10 April 2015; accepted 3 June 2015 Research on alternative conceptions shows that the entropy concept is among the most difficult for students to understand. Entropy is a concept with a complex history and has been the subject of diverse reconstructions and interpretations. This paper presents a brief review of the origin of the concept (Clausius and Boltzmann), a description of some influential textbooks (Planck, Fermi and Gibbs) and a comparative review on textbooks and how the concept of entropy is conceived and taught by university teachers. The results show that there is a great variety in the descriptions and meanings of entropy provided in textbooks, confusing students and teachers. A brief discussion focuses on new conceptual approaches to entropy. We conclude by suggesting how history can contribute to teachers and students’ awareness about changes in the meaning of entropy and their acceptance of a more relevant commitment in their understanding of physical concepts. Keywords: Entropy in education; science in school. PACS: 01.40 E-; 01.40.fk 1. Introduction persion in its conceptualization. Considering all of these fac- tors, we can formulate some questions: What remains of the At virtually all education levels, research on thermodynamics original interpretations of entropy and its historical develop- concepts indicates that students have difficulties understand- ment? How have original ideas of entropy been transformed ing them. -
Zirkelite (Ca, Th, Ce)Zr(Zr, Ti)2O7 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Zirkelite (Ca, Th, Ce)Zr(Zr, Ti)2O7 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic; commonly metamict. Point Group: 4/m 32/m. Crystals are flattened octahedra, to 3 cm. Twinning: On {111}, very common, as complex fourlings and polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Fracture: Conchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 5.5 D(meas.) = 4.741 D(calc.) = n.d. Commonly radioactive. Optical Properties: Opaque, transparent in very thin fragments. Color: Black; reddish brown to dark brown in transmitted light. Luster: Resinous. Optical Class: Isotropic. n = 2.19(1) Cell Data: Space Group: Fm3m. a = 5.02–5.06 Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Arbarastkh massif, Russia; after heating at 700–800 ◦C. 2.98 (100), 1.82 (50), 2.53 (30), 1.75 (30), 2.84 (20), 2.30 (10), 1.51 (10) Chemistry: (1) TiO2 14.95 ZrO2 52.89 ThO2 7.31 UO2 1.40 Y2O3 0.21 CeO2 2.64 FeO 7.72 MgO 0.22 CaO 10.79 LOI 1.02 Total 99.15 (1) Jacupiranga, Brazil; corresponds to [(Ca, Na)0.82Th0.12RE0.07U0.02]Σ=1.03 [Zr1.84Ti0.80(Fe, Mn, Mg, Al)0.48]Σ=3.12O7. Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with calciobetafite. Occurrence: In a magnetite-pyroxenite carbonatite (Jacupiranga, Brazil); a late-stage differentiate in a layered intrusion (Rhum, Scotland). Association: Perovskite, baddeleyite. Distribution: From the Jacupiranga carbonatite, S˜aoPaulo, Brazil. On St. Kilda, Outer Hebrides, and Rhum, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. In Russia, in the Vouriyarvi and Kovdor massifs, and in the Sevlyavr carbonatite complex, Kola Peninsula; from the Arbarastkh massif, Aldan Shield, Sakha. -
Arnold Hague
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS PART OF VOLUME IX BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF ARNOLD HAGUE 1840-1917 BY JOSEPH P. IDD1NGS PRESENTED TO THE ACADEMY AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1919 CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES May, 1919 ARNOLD HAGUE* 1(840-1917 BY IOSJSPH T. 1DDINGS ARNOLD HAGUE was born in Boston, Mass., on the 3d of December, 1840. His father, Rev. Dr. William Hague, was a Baptist minister, as was also his great-great-grandfather, Wil- liam Hague, who was active in his pulpit at the age of 85, in his home in Scarborough, England. William Hague, the father of Arnold, was born near Pelham Manor, New Rochelle, N. Y., being a descendant, on the maternal side, of a Huguenot family which left France for Martinique, and later moved to New York State, and settled in the place afterward called New Rochelle. He was also descended from David Nimham, a North American Indian, who acted as guide for Washington's troops through the forests of Westchester, N. Y. Arnold Hague's mother was Mary Bowditch Moriarty, of Salem, Mass., a granddaughter of Deborah Bowditch and a relative of Nathaniel Bowditch, the mathematician. The family lived in Salem for three or four generations. When Arnold was twelve years of age the family moved to Albany, N. Y., where his father was pastor of the North Pearl Street Baptist Church. In Albany Arnold attended the Albany Boys' Academy, from which he graduated in 1854, in his four- teenth year. He frequently attended meetings of the State legislature and took an interest in their proceedings, so that with a number of boy friends he took part in an amateur senate of their own and discussed questions that were interesting from the boys' point of view.