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Category: Default - (50 questions) Who was Edward B. Taylor (1832-1917) - wrote some the founding texts in anthropology and held Oxford University's first position in anthropology Who was Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) pioneered anthropology in United States Who was Franz Boas (1858-1942) founded modern American anthropology and provided enduring principle of cultural relativity Who was: Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) Polish born, studied in Austria; studied the Trobriand islanders off the east coast of New Guinea. Who was Margaret Mead (1901-1978) became the public face of anthropology. She studied the Somoan society and published her findings in Coming of Age in Samoa. Who is Richard Dawkins sociobiologist who coined the phrase "the selfish gene" Who was Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) a part time linguist (anthropology) and fire insurance investigator who developed hypothesis around how language structures the way we look at things. Who was Claudius Ptolemy 2 AD - ancient Greek astronomer and geographer. Wrote Almagest which was a treatise on astronomy that put Earth at center of universe. Wrote Geography which was a compilation of everything known about geography in Roman empire Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (lay' ven huk) (1632-1723) Man who first discovered microbes by developing microscopes What is the Coppenhagen interpretation of nature, at the most fundamental level, is quantum mechanics probabilistic, not deterministic Define: use of spectrometer identifies the frequencies of light Define: use of interferometer allows scientists to measure extremely small distances What did the color-corrected microscope enabled high-power magnification without allow scientists to do blurring Define: dynamism the notion that change is a normal state What 3 papers did Einstein write in 1905 1.) paper on Brownian motion where he convinced many of reality of atoms 2.) photoelectric effect - explained the phenomenon that certain materials that when exposed to light, give off electrons. Set foundation for quantum theory 3.) special theory of relativity - time and space are relations

What 2 principles are foundation of Einstein's 1.) Relativity of motion - for 2 observers who Special Theory of Relativity and conclusion are traveling at uniform speed and subject to uniform laws, the laws of physics will be the same2.) Accept that the speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of their motions. Conclusions: space and time are relationships, not things. Matter is convertible to energy and visa-versa Describe Einstein's General Theory of 1.)The mass of an object is, in some way, Relativity dependent on the total distribution of mass in the universe. 2.) When a star explodes, that event changes the shape of space throughout the universe. 3.) Space has a shape; it is not featureless in all directions. The shape is a function of the distribution of matter and energy in space. 4.) Space is not infinite. What major contribution did Max Planck solved the blackbody radiation problem by make to physics proposing that electromagnetic energy could be emitted or absorbed only in discrete "packets" What major contribution did Niels Bohr make Postulated that orbital electrons do not to quantum theory radiate electromagnetic energy. They radiate only when they change orbits. Further, electrons can occupy only specific orbits around the nucleus of a given atom; In other words, their orbital energy is quantitized. How does quantum mechanics describe has both particle-like characteristics and electromagnetic energy wave-like characteristics What did Einstein and Bohr argue about they are random orbital transitions by electrons What was significance of Louis de Broglie predicts that matter, like electromagnetic 1923 paper to physics energy, has a dual character and may behave as both a particle and a wave Describe the products of radioactivity alpha, beta, and gamma raysalpha rays - stripped helium atoms - combinations of 2 protons and 2 neutrons beta rays - actually released electrons when a radioactive nucleus splits gamma rays - extremely high-energy photons What is QED in physics quantum electrodynamics - a quantum version of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory consistent with the special theory of relativity What 2 fundamental scientific concepts were 1.) concept of causality - at the quantum challenged by QED level, events occured that had no assignable cause. Introduced randomness into fundamental natural processes. 2.)concept of continuity - insists that natural phenomena are discrete not continous. What is the unit used to discuss the energy electron volt of particles the energy equivalent of an electron is about 500,000 ev

What is the quantum idea of tunneling a phenomenon where there is a small but nontrivial probability that a weak particle can get past an energy barrier Define: cyclotron particle accelerator that works by moving the particle in a circle and applying energy in resonance to boost speeds Define: synchro-cyclotron particle accelerators that generates pulses of protons rather than a continous beam Define: QCD in physics quantum chromodynamics - reduces all material particles to one of 2 elementary types and drops protons and neutrons from the ranks of elementary particles. What are 2 elementary particle types under leptons - which include electrons QCD hadrons - various combinations of 6 truly elementary particles called quarks and antiquarks, bound by mass-less particles called gluons What are the 4 fundamental forces of gravitationalelectromagneticweak force universe in physics associated with nuclear processes, such as decay of neutron into a proton, electron, and neutrinostrong force that holds atomic nucleus together How many quarks are there and what are up, down names strange, charm bottom, top

What did Sheldon Glashow predict as the 3 particles called intermediate vector bosons carrier of weak force in physics (IVBs) one would have a positive charge, one would have a negative charge and one is neutral; all 3 have mass Define: IVBs in physics intermediate vector bosons - 3 particles that act as the carrier of weak force What is the standard-model of matter-energy unification of the electro-weak theory and in physics QCD in this view, photons and IVBs become the assymetric "debris" of a the collapse of an earlier force now called the Higgs field Contribution of Paul Berg performed the first successful recombinant DNA experiment in 1972 When were X-rays discovered 1896 by Roentgen Contribution of Auguste Comte 19th century figure that invented the word sociology, and beginning in the 1820s formulated a truly grand theory of humanity's cognitive evolution within whichhis theory of society found its basis. Contribution of Emile Durkeim stands out as the first "modern" sociologist. Society was a name for the network of relationships that caused the members of that society to behave in specific ways. Further, a primary objective of every society was to communicate to its members a sense of solidarity. Society is a much more concrete entity. Network of relationships can excercise forces on people in subtle ways. Define: holism systems have properties that do not exist at the level of individual elements of the system Jean Lamark French biologist who proposed that evolution occurred because animals had an "inner need" to change and that acquired characteristics were passed to offspring. His theory of use and disuse was true, but the passing of acquired characteristics to offspring was not supported by evolutionary evidence. Matthias Schleiden German botanist who stated that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodor Schwann Discovered that all animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow First proposed that every cell comes from another living cell What did Kurt Godel prove in mathematics that any axiomatic system necessarily generated statements that could not be proven to be either true or false within that system What mathematical proof did Alan Turing do that no effective decision procedure existed for solving all problems in mathematics What was Edwin Hubble's contribution Discovered the universe had many galaxies. Discovered the universe was expanding. Where did genetic testing put origin of man all current humans descend from just 3 lineages within a breeding population of, perhaps, 2000 Homo Sapiens living in eastern Africa some 150,000 years ago Who is Thomas Young (1773-1829) British polymath, was a medical doctor whose most famous work was in optics. Most important contribution was to revive and defend the wave theory of light in 1800 and to formulate the principle of the interference of light. Category: Default1 - (7 questions) Who is William Whewell (1794-1866) British scientist, philosopher and historian of science. Put forward what is called Whewell's Hypothetico-Deductivism. Wrote The History of the Inductive Sciences and The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. Define: Whewell's Hypothetico-Deductivism Step 1 - discovery of the hypothesis by colligation of the facts Step 2 - 3 conditions which justify the inference of the truth of the hypothesis 1. hypothesis should explain both observed phenomenon but predict unobserved phenomenon 2. Explain and predict phenomenon that are different from the kind used to form the hypothesis 3. The theory should be more coherent over time versus more fragmented to explain all known phenomenon. Who is Karl Popper (1902-1994) British/Austrian philosopher of science. Put forward the theory that science is defined by it's emperical falsifiability. If you can't test a theory by empirical observations then it is not science. Define: geodesy branch of geology applying mathematics to determine the shape and size of the Earth and its varying magnetism and gravity Who was DanielBurnoulli (Groningen, February 8, 1700 – Basel, March 17, 1782) was a Dutch-born mathematician who spent much of his life in Basel, Switzerland. He worked with Leonhard Euler on the equations bearing their names. Bernoulli's principle is of critical use in aerodynamics. It is applicable to steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, along a streamline. Who was Rudolf Clausius (January 2, 1822 - August 24, 1888), was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy.

What did Count von Rumford do? born in MA in 1753 First to elucidate the principles of convection of fluids and the circulation of ocean currents. He invented a drip coffemaker, thermal underwear, and type of range known as Rumford furnace.