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To Build in a New Land: Ethnic Landscapes in North America

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To Build in a New Land: Ethnic Landscapes in North America To Ethnic Build Landscapes • . ID a zn New North Land America edited by Allen G. Noble The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London © 1992 The j ohns Hopkins University Prc.:ss All rights reserved Primed in the UniLed States of Americn The Johns Hopkins University Press 701Wesc40th Street. Baltimore, ~ l aryland 212 11-2190 The Johns Hopkins Press Ltd., London The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Primed Library ~lacerials, ANSI Z39.48-19S~. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data To build in a new land : ethnic landscapes in :\onh America I edited by Allen G. Noble. p. cm. - (Creating che North Amcrica11 l:indscape) Includes bibliographical references 0 11cl index. ISBN 0-8018-41 88-7. - ISBN 0-80 18-'11 89·5 (pbk.} l. Ethnology-United States. 2. l:'.thnology- Canada. 3. Material culture-United States. ..J ••\laterial culture-Canada. 5. Human geography-United States. 6. Human geography-Canada. 7. t..:niiecl States- Geography. 8. Canada-Geography. I. Noble, Allen George. 1930- 11. Series El84.AIT6 1992 970' .004-dc20 91-20753 Conten"ls Preface and Acknowledgments ix Part I: Introduction 1 Migration to North America: Before, during, and afrer the Nineteenth Cemury Allen G. Noble 3 Part II: lVortheastern North America 2 Acadians in Maritime Canada Peter Ennals 29 3 The Irish, English, and Scots in Ontario Brian Coffey 44 4 Germans in Ohio Hubert G. H. Wilhelm 60 5 The Welsh in Ohio Michael T. Struble and Hubert G. H. Wilhelm 79 Part III: Southeastern North America 6 T he Scotch-Irish and English in Appalachia john B. Rehder 95 1 American Indians in the Eastern United States Frank W. Porter III 119 v 8 French Creoles on the Gulf Coasl Philippe Oszuscik 136 9 African-Americans in the American South Philippe Oszuscik 157 10 Cajuns in Louisiana Malcolm L. Comeaux 177 Part IV: Central North America 11 Belgians in Wisconsin William C. Laatsch and Charles F. Calkins 195 12 Danes in Iowa and Minnesota Signe T. >lielsen Betsinger 211 13 Nonvegians in Wisconsin William H. T ishler 226 14 Finns in the Lake Superior Region Matti Enn Kaups 242 15 German-Russian Mennonites in Manitoba Allen G . Noble 268 16 Czechs in South Dakota John E. Rau 285 Part V: Western North America 17 Ukrainians in Western Canada John C. Lehr 309 18 T he Navajo in the American Southwest 111/enls Slephen C.Jett 331 Vl 19 Spanish Americans in New yfexico's Rio Arriba Alvar W. Carlson 345 20 Germans in Texas Gerlinde Leiding 362 21 Basques in the American West William A. Douglass 379 Part VI: Conclusion 22 The Immigrant Experience in the Nineteenth Century and Afterwards Allen G. Noble 399 Glossary 407 Notes 409 References 421 Contributors 445 Index 447 Con ten ls vii 11 Belgians in Wisconsin William G. Laatsch and Charles F Calkins HE TITLE of the book Old Worl.d Wisconsin: Around Europe in the Badger State, published abom forty years ago, suggests the importance of ethnic Tislands in th e settlement fabric of Wisconsin. I Evidence of ethnic islands and their associated cultural landscapes remains throughout much of the state. One such island, setcled by Walloon-speaking Belgians, can be found in northeastern Wisconsin's Door Peninsula, which is composed of pans of Door, Kewaunee, and Brown counties. The Belgian lvl.igration Belgian immigrants were attracted to this area between 1853 and 1857 from their homes, primarily in the south central provinces of Brabant, Hanauc, and Namur. The push from che homeland was stimulated by crop failure in the 1840s and ear ly 1850s, the decline of local and regional indus­ tries as industrialization and transportation became more centralized, and the pressures of continued population growth.2 T he primary magnet draw­ ing the Belgians to northeastern Wisconsin was land at the government price of $1.25 an acre. Moving was vigorously encouraged by Antwerpen ship­ own ers, whose agents actively sought passengers among the rural fol k, and recruiters who, armed with guides and handbooks, advocated Wisconsin as a place co settle. However, the major exodus was relatively short lived. Restric-. tions by the Belgian government, because of falling Belgian land values. in­ creased wage demands, th e accions of corrupt and careless shipowners, and discouraging letters from previous emigrants, abruptly curtailed the mass migration in 185 7. The Belgian pioneers did not come directly to the Door Peninsula. Ar­ riving in New York City they cook che Albany-Buffalo road, sailed co Detroit, and cook the train to St. Joseph, on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. After crossing the lake co Milwaukee they chose a place some fifty miles north, near the city of Sheboygan. However, this area, occupied by Dutch and Ger­ mans, was unattractive co these Walloon-speakers, because of the language differences. Resident French-speaking im migrants informed them of the French Canadian population that Jived in the lower Fox Ri\'er Valley in che vicinity of Green Bay. It was here that the Belgians accidently encountered Father Edouard Daems, who was in charge of the Bay Settlement parish on 195 lhe Door Peninsula. a fe"· miles norchcasl of lhe citv of Green Bav. ll was, thus. lhrough the presence and assislance of a \ \'ailoon-speaking Belgian priest thal lhe Belgians began lO acquire land and escablish a Belgian setcle­ rnenc region. The Belgian Seitlemenl. By 1860, there were 3,812 foreign-born Belgians in lhe lhree-councy area; lhis figure represemed 33.7 percent of lhe coral foreign-born popula­ lion residing in Door, Kewaunee, and Brown councies at this time. Of these 3,812 Belgians, approximately 2,900, or 70 percenc, had settled in the area lhat was co evolve inco the rural Belgian ethnic island. T he remainder had more of an urban orientation and were to be found in or very close co the city of Green Bay, which had a population of 2,275 in 1860. Census data from as early as 1860 and current fie ld research reveal a well-defined and persistent Belgian cultural area (Fig. 11-1). Within the area delineated on the map 80 percent of the farmland is in the hands of Bel­ gians. This amoums lO approximately 150 square miles with a population eslimated at 10,000 persons. The Belgian cultural region is bounded by other ethnic groups.3 The sharpest line is t0 the southeast in Kewaunee County, where a well-defined Bohemian commun ity is located. To the cast and north the ethnicity \s more varied, but Gennans predominate. A Norwegian and a more dislinct Ger­ man community form a northeastern boundary. ln terms of language, espe­ cially, these Teutanic and Slavic groups provide sharp contrasl with the Romanic French Walloons. A variety of material and nonmaterial elemencs can be idencified that belong to the Belgians. Even t0 the untrained ear the English spoken by the locals can be recognized as being different from most "Midwesterneze." If one were to visit a Belgian home or join in a picnic at the local Roman Cath­ olic parish, some of the food such as jun, crippe. kasec, booyah, and Belgian pie would be unfamiliar. Some of the place names- Brussels, Namur, Thiry Daems-and common surnames such as LeMense, Baudhuin , Massart, and Jeanquart evoke European roots. Smee Highway 57 cuts through the region, linking lhe city of Green Bay, and points south or west, to the Door Peninsula. Ac rimes during summer the highway carries bumper-to-bumper vacation traffic as city people are at­ tracted to the physical and cultural features of Door County.~ The vast majority of these people, imem on arriving at their destination swiftly and safely, pay little regard to the unique region through which they pass, giving the settlements of Namur and Brussels only passing recognition. Off the William G. highway are a dozen or so villages having common components arranged Laatsch linearly along a section line road. The village ensemble includes a Roman and Catholic church, adjacent cemetery and rectory, a cavern or two, a two-room Charles F. public school, a general store, cheese factory, mill, and a handful of resi­ dences, often situated above rhe commercial structures. Calkins Around these small service centers are the dair y farms, which are rela­ tively small by today's standards- 80, 120, 160 acres. The pattern their fields exhibit is a checkerboard of rectangular plots. reflecting lhe U.S. public land 196 survey system. The area has been surveyed some cwemr rears before the • SETTLEMENTS FROM I00-1000 o SETTLEMENTS FROM IOOO- 5000 .-·) BELGIAN SETTLEMENT AREA 2 ) 4 ) .; M\.ES -=-' Z 3 4 S & 1 8 9<JLQ.AET£AS .. ·~~ . ..... :; . .. :' • Maplewood ,. :... ' "::.~...,_ 0 c '"/:;,.,, • Foiestvil Ie -{ ~--R_os~ie_re_ :'.'X_<Q221_<:£L . _____ _ ll<E 'ltAUHEE c;o l ~ :.;~ \ ~ -~.. """ :-·::··. ~, - ~ · _........_ ___,__ _ _.__Lin_c_al.. n-r-- .... Euren '.~{ ~~ Thiry Daems .~~l . ;/ii'" ~ ~ (, Fig. 11-1 Belgian seulemenc in northeastern Wisconsin. Eighty percent of the farmland within the stippled area is owned by ethnic Belgians. (Map by W. Laatsch, 1977-78.) arrival of the Belgians. The resulting landscape, while not dramatic, is ar­ rractive, with the land surface form dominated by resistant Niagara dol­ omite, sculpted by glacial erosion, and later covered with a thin layer of till deposited as the glacial ice wasted away. The rolling land slopes gently to the east, following the Niagara cuesta as it dips under Lake Michigan. Interrupt­ ing the regular geomerry of the countryside are low densely treed swamps and rough areas where the bedrock appears at the surface.
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