HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to )

BY

Mohammad Saad Shahid 12002001-008

Amna Hafeez 12002001-013

RESARCH SUPERVISOR Altamash Pervaiz

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 1

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HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan)

By

Mohammad Saad Shahid 12002001-008

Amna Hafeez 12002001-013

Research Supervisor: Altamash Pervaiz

A Research Project

Submitted to the Aviation Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the

Bachelor of Science in Aviation Management Degree

University of Management and Technology

February 2016

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ______8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ______9

INTRODUCTION ______10

THE INVENTORS AND PIONEERS OF AVIATION ______11

1. LEONARDO DA VINCI______12

1.1. Role in Aviation: ______12

2. CLEMENT ADER ______14

2.1. Role in Aviation: ______14 2.2. Success Factors:...... 15

3. SIR GEORGE CAYLEY ______16

3.1. Role in Aviation: ______16 3.2. Success factors: ...... 17

4. OTTO LILIENTHAL ______18

4.1. Role in Aviation: ______18 4.2. Success Factors:...... 19

5. SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY ______20

5.1. Role in Aviation: ______20

6. OCTAVE CHANUTE ______22

6.1. Role in Aviation: ______22

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7. GLENN HAMMOND CURTISS ______24

7.1. Role in Aviation: ______24 7.2. Success Factors:...... 25

THE WRIGHT FAMILY ______26

8. WILBUR WRIGHT ______28

9. ORVILLE WRIGHT ______28

KATHARINE WRIGHT ______29

10. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS (WILBUR AND ORVILLE) ______29

10.1. Role in Aviation: ______30 10.2. Journey to Kitty Hawk: ...... 30 10.3. Success Factors:...... 32

CURTISS WRIGHT CORPORATION: ______33

Timeline of Curtiss Wright Corporation ______34

MILITARY AVIATION ______35

WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) ______35

GOLDEN AGE OF AVIATION ______35

WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)______36

COMMERCIAL AVIATION ______36

AIRPORTS ______36

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AVIATION IN SUB-CONTINENT (PRE-INDEPENDENCE) ______37

KALA CHAPRA ______40 AMELIA EARHART ...... 42

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION ______44

PAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ______45 Hierarchy of CAA Pakistan ...... 46

POST INDEPENDENCE (AFTER 1947) ______48

AIRLINES ______48

1. Ltd: ______48

1.1. Routes ______48 1.2. Orient Airways Domestic Air Transport Statistics Pakistan 1953 ...... 49

1.2.1. Passengers Travel ______50

1.2.2. Freight ______50

1.2.3. Mail ______51

2. PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (PIA) ______52

2.1. Previous Fleet ______52 2.2. PIA Corporation (1990-2008) ...... 54 2.2.1. Graphical Illustration: ...... 55 2.3. Pakistan International Airlines Report (1990-2008) ...... 56

3. ______61

3.1. Previous Fleet: ______61

4. SHAHEEN AIR______62

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4.1. Previous Fleet: ______62

BHOJA AIR ______63

AIRPORTS OF PAKISTAN ______64

1. Jinnah International , ______64

2. International Airport/Chaklala Airbase ______66

3. Allama Iqbal International Airport, ______66

4. International Airport ______67 4.1. Statistics of Faisalabad Airport (2004-09): ...... 67

LIST OF EXISTING AIRPORTS IN PAKISTAN ______70

LIST OF HISTORICAL (NON-OPERATIONAL) AIRPORTS IN PAKISTAN ______73

CONCLUSION: ______76

REFERENCES: ______78

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All the praises for Allah Almightyt, the Lord of the Worlds, The Most Gracious and Ever Merciful.

This study would have never been possible to accomplish without the help of our advisor, faculty members and staff. We are also thankful to the Department of Aviation, University of Management & Technology. We also feel immense pride that we are the part of this prestigious department. The knowledge we could manage to gain and the experience we earned in this university has proved our one of the assets which will definitely help us to achieve our goals of professional life we have set and will Insha’Allah lead us to the path of success.

We really appreciate the help and support we got from Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA) and Aviation Industry of Pakistan. It is pleased to express that we have gone through many experienced, kind, helpful people of Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA). Not only their help made us to complete our project in a lucrative manner but also their kindness and motivation determined us more towards our project. This is obviously an honour for us that these learned and experienced people gave their precious time to share something about the history of aviation in Pakistan. Finally, we are in a position to say that our industry of aviation is bestowed with talented, experienced, devoted and dedicated personalities.

May Allah always keep them blessed. Ameen

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This project report was commissioned to study as how flying emerged across the world. It reflects the innovations and inventors of the flying and their struggle behind it. This research also expressed aviation not only in the west, but also how it entered in the sub-continent and what were the circumstances of Flying in Pakistan.

It highlights the enthusiasm of the Inventors and also illustrates the attention of the aviation in sub-continent and how Aviation in the west became a business. Depiction of first aircraft that flown in the sub-continent and the reason behind it. British were the people who took initiative of aviation in the sub-continent. Geographical location of sub-continent drives the interest of British to start aviation in it. Sub-continent became one of the most important places for the aviation and aviators.

After the partition of sub-continent, aviation in Pakistan was in process because of only single operating at that time. The Airline has the monopoly and full government support. With the passage of time, the state owned airline was introduced which ruled the Aviation Industry of Pakistan for a long time. At that time, Aviation in Pakistan had a boom period and Pakistan got excellent recognition around the globe. The most appealing thing about this project that you will get is the number of Airports which were operated in the past. The competition has been started after a long period and then how our country improved itself in Aviation.

The main reason of selecting this project was to explore the History of Aviation and History of Aviation Industry in Pakistan. This is our dream project and we wanted to do something different for our industry and to collect and summarize the history of the world and our country in Aviation on a single platform.

It is very pleased to express that we have learned a lot of things and we are motivated enough after completing this project. This enhanced our analytical skills and critical thinking to great extent. Not only from the internet, we also got data of this project from experienced people of Civil Aviation Authority and Pakistan’s Aviation Industry. One of the big advantages that one can get from this project is awareness about the History

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INTRODUCTION

Flying in air was considered as a natural phenomenon. Birds in air became an inspiration for the mankind to fly. Flying in air attracts many people towards it. It is not like that a man came from somewhere and started flying in the air. There is a history behind the flying. Basically, the concept of flying has emerged from the birds. First of all, kites were invented. It used to fly in air in different special occasions and it became appealing factors for the people. Kites were invented by the Chinese in earlier days. Kites were being flown in the air for religious events and also for the sake of fun. Then, different colors of kites were made. With the passage of time, kites were used by the people to check the weather conditions. People were getting more towards flying then they started studying the principles on which birds flew. People wanted to fly in air and their desire became aspiration. After having a deep study in how birds fly. People made different handmade wings of feathers and flew in the air from the top of the hill and result was disastrous. There was a huge difference in the mechanism of bird’s flight because human body cannot move the way a bird’s body move. So, this experiment was a complete failure but still people tried this many times and the result remained same.

As, the time passed people came to know more about flying in the air and made hot-balloon. The experiment of balloon was become successful and people used balloon to fly in air. After having success in balloon flying people became more conscious that flying in air can be achieved and they started working more hard. Even, some people lost their lives in different experiments. This shows that in the past, there were some people who were very passionate and they were very daring and ready to accept any kind of challenge only to proof that humans can also fly in air. Then, people became more sober and were started thinking about the powered flight (heavier- than-air-flight). Hence, at last due to hard work and sacrifices of many great personalities, today we are flying in the air.

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THE INVENTORS AND PIONEERS OF AVIATION

In early days, people have a desire to fly in air. No invention had given another look to the world but the invention of the aircraft and field of Aviation. The people who participated in the invention of aircrafts, anticipated their theories, flew the first engine aircraft in air are known as Inventors and Pioneer of Aviation. Their theories leaded the Aviation industry to grow and today our Aviation Industry is a tribute to our Pioneers and Inventors. They were the people who gave different ideas and invention to this field and today those ideas and inventions are in use. From the kites flying in air to the hot balloons, gliders in the air, powered glider and then powered- engine aircraft flying, this gave a road map to the field of Aviation. Some people had a craze of flying like birds in the air, so they made wings of feathers and attached them to their bodies and jumped from the top of the mountain and hill. This showed their passion and how much they were enthusiastic towards flying. Pioneers were the normal people like us; they just put forward their efforts and their ideas to create a flying machine. Some died in their experiments but they are still alive in the history of Aviation. Just because of their efforts and sacrifices, today humans are flying in air and also have reached to the moon.

The inventors and pioneers are not only famous for their contribution in Aviation but they were also well-known by their inventions and different famous experiments other than the field of Aviation. They made a strong foundation of flying in air and flying machines, which leads to the different types of aircrafts. Today our aviation industry is divided into two parts: Military aviation and Commercial Aviation. This is all because of the efforts made by our Pioneers and Inventions. Some of the companies from the history are still in used and they are providing their services to this field. Some of the Pioneers and Inventors will be discussed further.

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1. LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

He was born in April 15, 1452 in the heart of Renaissanc in Europe. The father of Leonardo was Ser Pierro Da Vinci. He was very quick and intelligent in arithmetic and interested in music in his childhood. At the age of 17 he became the student of Andrea Del Verrocchio and learned painting. Andrea Del Verrocchio was a great artist. Leonardo Da Vinci studied and sketched rock formations, caves and fossils. During his education he found his interest at inventing machines like the diving suit, helicopter and submarine when he finished his education, he stayed for a short time assisting Andrea Del Verrocchio. (The FLYING MACHINES Web Site, 2016)

1.1.Role in Aviation:

Leonardo Da Vinci was the first man in Europe who was involved in a solution to flight. He formed a mass of mechanical things including parachutes. Leonardo’s man focus was birds and how they fly in air. The structure of birds fascinated him a lot and it also became the reason of his continuous interest in making human fly in air. He also made a plan in which human can fly named as Ornithopter in 1485. We may conclude that flying air was derived from the flying of birds. (The Glider » Leonardo Da Vinci's Inventions, 2016)

Sketch of Ornithopter by Leonardo in 1485

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Sketch of a Wing which reflects Device in 1485

Ornithopter made by Leonardo in 1485

Leonardo’s proof of flying in air in 1485

(The FLYING MACHINES Web Site, 2016)

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2. CLEMENT ADER (1841-1925)

Clement Ader was born in Muret, France. He was an inventor and engineer. He was basically electrical engineer and also invented many things in his field. One of the main achievement of Ader was that improved some features of Telephone invented by Abraham Graham Bell which gave him a lot of success in the engineering field. All of the inventions in his life, he never asked anyone for the financial help.

2.1.Role in Aviation:

Ader designed different aircraft in his era. He was well-liked because of his early powered-flight. He was considered as a Pioneer of development of Aviation. He gave many ideas for aircraft carrier, flat flight deck, elevators and a hangar bay. He also made some patent designs which gave him success and fame and named as “Eole”. These designs are still in record. This design was inspired from the design of bird and its flying. (CLEMENT ADER AND THE AEROPLANE, 1925)

Clement Ader's 'Eole' Patent Drawings

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He worked in the field of aviation by putting his theories and different aircraft models. He named his aircraft models as AVION that means heavier-than-air. He worked on the principle of heavier-than-air. He made AVION and AVION III. According to the Ader, his invention AVION III had flown in the air for 300 meters. This was a very controversial story about its flying. There were some people who agreed and accepted its flying but later on, it became an issue. After having investigation, world did not believe in its flying and his claim was disprove later. Because there were no proper proofs and eye-witnessed of his flight, which proved his claim true. His Avion III is still placed in the museum of Paris.

2.2.Success Factors:

Ader was a famous man of his era because of his engineering skills and his role in the field of aviation. The greatest invention of Ader was AVION III which was also known as a “Bat”. It was a critical design by Ader and still appreciated by the historians. Its design was unique in itself; this became the reason of his fame.

Clement Ader's Avion III

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3. SIR GEORGE CAYLEY (1773-1857)

He was born in Yorkshire, England. He was an English scientist. He also served the Royal Polytechnic Institution as a Chairman for many years, now it is University of Westminster. Cayley also did some remarkable projects in the engineering side and also known well for them. According to the historians, Cayley was one of the most famous scientists of the world. He mad e his invention in his actual field: in engineering side (George Cayley, 2016). He made automatic signals for railway crossings, internal combustion engines, caterpillar tractors, life boats. These all are his remarkable projects in the engineering history.

3.1. Role in Aviation:

Cayley is known as Father of Aviation. He studied the bird flying in depth and stated that humans cannot fly like birds in air. He investigated the difference between the measurement of human muscles and birds muscles. This was the reason that it was impossible for the human body to fly in air. Then, Cayley gave the idea of fixed-wings. He is known as the pioneer of Aeronautics because he suggested the four forces of flight. His theory brought a big change in the Aviation and also cleared some blur aspects. According to Cayley, there are four forces; weight, lift, drag and thrust act on the flying machine. His theory of aerodynamic forces is still being used in the industry. He invented the first piloted glider and also continued his experiments in the Aviation. His flying machines were the implementation of the theories he presented. (The Pioneers : An Anthology : Sir George Cayley Bt. (1773 - 1857), 2016)

Due to success in his theories, Cayley continued his experiments and discovered many other aspects of the flying which are still in used today. In 1804, the modern glider was flown by the Cayley. The glider was shaped as a kite. His glider was consisted of horizontal and vertical stabilizer and also worked on the theory of center of gravity. One of the biggest achievements of Cayley was that he was one of those scientists whose name was used in the universities. Hall of Residence was named after him. There is also flying club named after him in Yorkshire.

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A Yorkshire Museum, Cayley’s Glider

3.2. Success factors:

The reason behind his success was his efforts towards the different fields. He did not stick to one field. He served different engineering fields and the field of Aviation. Cayley, served the fields of prosthetics, optics and land reclamation air engines, electricity, theatre architecture, ballistics and held the idea that all these innovations should be liberally available. The theories of four forces given by Cayley showed the direction to Aviation Industry and these theories are still in use and it modified this field. The successful completion of glider was another reason of his success. The model of his glider is still placed in the museum in England (FLYING MACHINES - Sir George Cayley, 2016). He was also a famous personality of the parliament and there were different institutes which were named after him. Cayley was appreciated by different other Pioneers and the success of Flying in the air.

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4. OTTO LILIENTHAL (1848-1896)

Otto Lilienthal was born in Anklam, Germany. Lilienthal belonged to a middle-class family. His parents had eight children but few survived. One of them was Lilienthal. His siblings Gustav and Marie were very supportive throughout his life. Lilienthal got married at the age of 30. His wife also supported him a lot, as they both had a very good chemistry among them. She supported his career as well. They had four children. Otto Lilienthal was an engineer by profession. He served the field of engineering with a great passion. He was also considered very passionate towards his profession (Otto Lilienthal, 2016).

4.1.Role in Aviation:

Otto Lilienthal played a very important role in grooming the field of Aviation by putting forward his ideas and inventions. He studied the theory of birds flying in depth, especially storks; he used various diagrams to describe the aerodynamics of birds and their wings. After that he started making the gliders, inspired from the birds. Lilienthal made various designs of the glider and he also made artificial hills for the experiments of his gliders. He contributed a lot in the field of heavier-than-air flights. Not only from the artificial hills had he made, he had also done his flying from the hills near Berlin, Germany. He made a record of 250 meters long flight and this record remained till his death. After the success in his flying of glider, he started making the models of gliders (Donovan). The reason of his success in flying was his jumping from the various hills. He was very courageous to attempt those jumps.

Otto Lilienthal got fame because of his determination towards flying and his determination leaded him to the path of success, but his luck did not support him. On 10th August, 1896 during his flight, his glider stalled badly and he could not able to regain the glider and ultimately it crashed. Due to some major injuries, Otto Lilienthal died. He did not die right after the crash and he was taken to the Berlin and died after the 36 hours of crash. This crash took the life of Lilienthal.

This flight is also known as the final flight of Lilienthal. But this flight did not last part of Lilienthal. Last words by Otto Lilienthal were, “Sacrifice must be made.” Actually, he got extra

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 18 renowned after his death and many other pioneers of Aviation after his time also appreciated his work and also got information from his invention.

4.2.Success Factors:

Otto Lilienthal got famous when his pictures of glider flying were spread all over the world. He was given the title of, “Father of Aviation”. Lilienthal acquired successful control over his invention and wanted to enhance his invention and the also to grow in the field of Aviation. At that time, the famous personalities and many other people appreciated Lilienthal and they started expecting something more from him (Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam, 2016). After his success flight in 1891, Lilienthal became the cover page of every magazine and newspaper. He was invited to every occasion and being appreciated. He was one of those pioneers, who had a lot of photography with his invention. Otto Lilienthal was one of the famous pioneers of Aviation of his time and every one appreciated him a lot.

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5. SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY (1834-1906)

He was born in 1834 in Roxbury Massachusetts. His parents were Samuel Langley and Mary Williams. His father was a merchant in Boston.

Samuel Langley started his education at Boston Latin School and graduated from Boston high school. He was fond of new inventions therefore he went to many museums and many other places. He was interested in developing telescopes and his brother also supported him in his activities. He became Assistant at the Harvard College observatory. After a year he left Harvard and join US Naval academy as a professor of mathematics (WALCOTT, 1912).

5.1.Role in Aviation:

Samuel Langley is best remembered as an aviation pioneer. After the discussion of flying machine problem at 1886 meeting of the American Association he started experiments to create the physical conditions for flight. Samuel Langley’s report, “mechanical flight is achievable with engines we now have” Aerodynamics (1891). After that Langley applied the data he collected to design the actual flying machines. Small models motorized by twisted rubber strands driving propellers were the first aircraft of Samuel Langley (Samuel P. Langley: Aviation Pioneer). In 1891, he planned larger models, having the wingspans of fourteen feet which would be operated by the lightweight steam engines.

Langley spent a lot of time and money into the construction and design of his models. On 6 may 1896 he got success when Smithsonian workmen catapulted Aerodrome No.5 into the air from the roof of houseboat fixed in the Potomac River. On that day aircraft accomplished two successful flights which covered distance of 3,300 feet. There were other successful flights with the same models between 1896 and 1902.

Langley was granted with $50,000 from US Army Board of Ordnance and Fortification to develop a full size aerodrome accomplished of flight with on board pilot. Airframe of large aircraft was modeled after the small aerodromes which were flown in 1896 (WALCOTT, 1912).

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According to some historians, Samuel Langley spent a lot of years for the development of flying machine that never flew. He spent many hours on studying and observing the flight of birds and he searched on the physics of air movement. Samuel Langley tried to work on his Aerodrome and struggled to introduce it on different occasions, but he had no success. Samuel Langley provided material on aeronautics to Wright Brother’s and he was depressed when the Wright’s got success with the world’s first airplane (FLYING MACHINES - Samuel P. Langley).

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6. OCTAVE CHANUTE (1832-1910)

Octave Chanute was born on February 18, 1832. He was a Frenh born American and brilliant civil engineer and aviation pioneer. His father was Josrph Chaute who was a professor and in 1838 Octave Chanute travelled with his father to the United States.Octave Chanute started teaching inprivate schools of Newyork. He started his training as a civil engineer and considered to be as splendid in the engineering profession He was the one who designed the first bridge (Hannibal Bridge). It was over the Missouri River in Kansas City. He was the inventor of stock yards which became the bigest invention of his time named as Chicago Stock yard and Kanas City Stock Yards. Chanute was also a designer and he designed many bridges of his time. (Octave Chanute).

6.1.Role in Aviation:

Octave Chanute was attracted towords aviation when he watched a balloon take off in Peoria in 1856. In 1883, after the retirement from his career, he indulged himself in the field f Aviation. As he had an engineering background, Chanute utilizes his engineering skills and collected data from flight experimenters around all over the world and merged it with the knowledge he got from civil engineering.

In 1889 he moved to Chicago and start working on explaning “the problem of the ages” heavier than air flight. Octave Chanute wrote a series of article in 1891 and these articles were republished in the book. Advancement in flying machine made him the world’s first aviation historian. He published a collection of early aviation experiments, in 1894 “Progress in Flying Machines” which was read an appreciatedfar and wide.

Octave Chanute’s Katydid glider

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In 1896, Ocatve Chanute became more energetic contributor, commissoning several creaft which were made in William Avery’s shop. Katydid was his favourite it consisit of multiple wings that could moved on the fuselage to expedite experimentation (Octave Chanute: Chicago. Aeronautical Pioneer, Engineer and Teacher > )

Chanute/Herring Biplane was a second machine built in 1896 which was a small but comparatively secure glider. Both Chanute and Herring work on this project, which proved influential.This was the basic structure of the glider which Wright brother copied to their experiments

In 1896, these aircraft were tested in the dunes of Indiana. He also supported the work of others which include Albatross by Bustiv and a paper tube glider which was destroyed by a rainstorm before it could tested (Octave Chanute).

The Wright brothers started a long association with Octave Chanute when Wilbur Wright turned his abilities to the invention of the aircraft in 1899. The Wright Brothers communicated with him on the routine basis with all the assidous detail. Octave Chanute had curtailed understanding with there efforts, but his inspiration helped the Wright Brothers alot. Octave Chanute perceived many early flights of Wright Brothers which include 1902 glider and 1904 and 1905 powered flyer. Octave Chanute became separated from Wright Brothers during their great effort to sell their airplane and he guided the brothers to sell their ideas at a bargain price (THE CENTURY MAGAZINE, 1908). The Wright Brothers, were fully aware of the significance of their work. About the time of Octave Chanute’s death, Wright Brothers and Chanute were working on an appeasement. Octave Chanute dedicated his time to the aviation until his death in 1910. He was acknowledged as the Father of Aviation (Chanute, KS - Official Website).

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7. GLENN HAMMOND CURTISS (1878-1930)

He was born in a small village named Hammondsport near New York City. His father had a harness business and he died when Curtiss was only 4 years old. His mother brought him up but she also died after 2 years. Curtiss was left behind with her deaf sister and they both continued their education and supported their family. After the death of his parents, her sister became his biggest support. Curtiss got married at the age of 19 and he spent a happy married life throughout. But after the death of Curtiss’s son they both got very concerned and they became the strong point of each other. Curtiss and his wife both put their struggle to make their business successful (Langley).

Curtiss was very intelligent according to his age. He was very interested in bicycles and had its business. Curtiss always wanted to create something new. Curtiss made his business his passion of life. He had a business of manufacturing and selling of bicycles. One of the biggest inventions of Curtiss was V-twin motorcycle and he also won the hill climb race because of this invention. He considered this day a Memorial Day of his life. Later he invented motorcycles by adding engines to the cycles. This invention became the reason of his growth. He was very down towards his passion. Curtiss became one of the leading motor builders in USA.

7.1.Role in Aviation:

One of the pioneers of Aviation Industry was Glenn Hammond Curtiss, he was known by his pioneering work in Aviation. His career in aviation started when the famous personalities of America came to know about him and his efficiency in engines. Thomas Scott Baldwin the well- known balloonist appreciated his work and flew balloon in California with engine. That engine was made by the Curtiss. Thomas was the one who drove Curtiss interest in the field of Aviation.

After that, Curtiss started building balloons with the engines and his interest in the Aviation also started to grow. Curtiss joined Aerial Experiment Association founded by the Abraham Graham Bell and he has decided to build his own flying machine as he was become well aware of the

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 24 engines and how to make them more efficient. Curtiss was a very hard working, once he had decided to do something, he accomplished that task anyhow. This leaded him to make his own invention and at last he made his own glider with engine. Curtiss was becoming famous day by day (Rinek, 1994).

The engines made by the Curtiss ware very effective and long lasting and he decided to build his own aircraft and he did so. His designs were totally different from the others and he focused on the ailerons. He also invented the flaps and by the movement of flaps, the aircraft got stability. Curtiss innovation is still in used. With the help of his fellows he made the flying machine and his experiment was also successful. He started offering many other companies to buy his engines. This made him financially strong as well. Glenn Curtiss was very daring. He went to the first scientific aircraft contest. He attended the contest as a participant and flew his aircraft which was crashed just a day before. He took the biggest risk of his life, just to prove himself.

7.2.Success Factors:

Curtiss was one of the strongest Pioneers of Aviation who made the world astonished by his different inventions and continuous success. He was given by the name of “Fastest man in the world”, because of his V-8 Motorcycle invention. He introduced internal combustion engines. Curtiss made the “Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company”, which became one of the most demanding companies’ of America. The invention of powered flight helped him to lead the path of success. He provided the training to different Naval and Militants Pilots of U.S. in World War I, the aircrafts and the engines were also used from his company. Not only in America, Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company provided its service to the Europe and different states of Canada. After that, Curtiss’s Company also started to make the propellers and different equipment for the Helicopters (Rinek, 1994).

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THE WRIGHT FAMILY

Source: (Engler)

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The Wright Family was not the ordinary family. The ancestors of Wilbur and Orville Wright were the important personalities of Europe and America. They took part in the settlement of North America from Great Britain. At last, they got independence and became a independent state. The Wright family was the very active family of America. In 19th century they were involved in many different reforms and activities held in America like the elimination of slaves, restraint, and women’s rights. In the history of America, they played an important role. In 1630s, Samuel Wright migrated from Europe to America and took part in different reforms. Dan Wright the great-great-grandson of Samuel Wright served in the American army in 1757. Then the Wright family settled down in America and the state started to expand very fast. The source of earning for the Wright Family was farming and many of them were carpenters by profession (Engler).

Dan and Catherine were the grandparents of Orville and Wilbur Wright. Their father Milton and mother Susan were also settled in Ohio, America. They both were very strong and respectful in the history of Wright family. There was no doubt that Milton Wright was very hard working and had an inspiring personality. After full day of hard work in the farms, he indulge himself in different other activities. One of his favorite pastimes was studies. He always looked at every aspect of life and world critically and this is the thing which made him successful and renowned. He joined United Brethren and put forward his views of slavery, alcohol and also about some moral and political issues. Due to his great efforts towards the nation, Milton raised very quickly in the Hierarchy of Church. He became itinerant minister (The Wright Brothers | Milton Wright).

Susan Wright was a wife of Milton Wright, she always supported her husband throughout his life and she was also very innovative. Susan was little bit different from his husband, she was mechanical minded. She spent her childhood in farms and with his father. She was very much interested in making of different tools and she had the caliber also. They were very generous and kind hearted and they have 5 children. Rouchlin, Lorin, Wilbur, Orville, Katharine. The generosity, ethics, values, love, kind nature and talent was transferred to Wilbur and Orville from their parents. Their parents were very motivating all the time. Whenever they both need any assistance in mechanical, they always refer their mother Susan (The Wright Brothers | Susan Wright).

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8. WILBUR WRIGHT (1867-1912)

One of our pioneers of Aviation was born in Indiana on 26th April, 1867. Wilbur was very quiet by nature but he was always confident in himself. He was also the favorite child of his father because of his extraordinary capabilities. He had an extraordinary memory, good at studies and intellectually strong. He was also very good athlete. He studied in Richmond High school but due to his father transfer in Dayton, he could not able to complete his studies (The Wright Brothers | Wilbur Wright). On the other side, Wilbur wanted to become a teacher by profession. Wilbur had a very calm and controlled nature. He never lost his temper in any situation. This was the reason which made him more generous among his siblings. Wilbur was a good reader, a brilliant writer and nature gifted him a speaking power. He had a quality of adjusting in every situation and according to the circumstances. At the age of 13, Wilbur got injured while playing ice hockey with his friends. This accident had a very severe impact on Wilbur’s health. His physical health effect badly, not only physically he got disturbed mentally. He lost his confident and lost his wish for becoming a teacher (Biography.com).

9. ORVILLE WRIGHT (1871-1948)

The better half of Wilbur Wright was born in Dayton on 19th April, 1871. Orville was very interested in technology and science in his early life. He was always performing different experiments and he was very conscious about how things worked. He was always dismantling things. He was very different in nature from his elder brother Wilbur. He was also known as born inventor because he always showed his interest in different activities. He was very quick in his activities and always came up with new inventions (The Wright Brothers | Orville Wright). Orville was a technical minded and he solved many technical issues during his early age. Orville was also a bright student like his elder brother Wilbur, but he was considered to be a mischievous student. The sad thing was that he never graduated because some reasons. Orville had a very charming personality; he used

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 28 to be funny when he was around his family and friends. There was another side of Orville, which came out when he was with strangers. He was shy by nature. (Biography.com).

KATHARINE WRIGHT (1874-1929)

Katharine Wright was born in Dayton. She was the only female child in his family. Katharine was 15 years old when their mother died because of Tuberculosis. She continued her studies with great keen and at the same time she was taking care of her family. Katharine was a hardworking student of her school. Among her siblings, she was the only one who graduated. She did her graduation from Oberlin College. She admired her family as well as sustained her studies with great effort. Her family also supported a lot for excelling in her career. After the death of her mother, the only female left behind in Wright family was Katharine. She started her professional career by teaching in Dayton High School, Dayton. Katharine had a great affection with Wilbur and Orville. In their twenties, when they were in the age of getting committed to someone. They showed no interest in marriage because there were so close to each other that they never found any one else to be in their lives (The Wright Brothers | Katharine Wright).

10. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS (WILBUR AND ORVILLE)

Thirty-two years old Wilbur Wright and his younger brother Orville Wright were having a quiet life, spending their days and night in repairing of bicycle. The two brothers had an inventing mind, but Orville was a technical minded from his childhood. Between the two brothers it was a terrific team because Wilbur had very remarkable insights and Orville can build almost everything. One may say that one brother gave his idea and the other one make it real. For Wilbur bicycles are not enough. Geniuses are always like ordinary people, they possess the same problem what other people have but there is only one thing that separates them from ordinary people is their vision. This tremendously impossible goal, something that is unattainable but they said it to themselves that’s what I wanted to do. I wanted to do that’s impossible.

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10.1. Role in Aviation:

Well, some innovators had invented the aircraft but they did not manage to lift the aircraft from the ground make a proper balance and no one was able to control it yet. Wilbur saw that the birds shifted their wing tips during flight in order to bank. What Wilbur recognized and no one else did was that an aircraft in order to become stable had to be inherently unstable. It was the single most significant factor that allowed a controlled flight. Wilbur’s theory was assembled and be able to twist the aircraft’s wing in air in order to control the flight. It was come to be known as wing warping. Everybody likes to say that science did this, science is people. People use the process of science to make observations and come up with hypothesis and tried and change the world with the process. Experiments of the kites are something different but get the person in the air will have to put his life on sake. So, its design has to be flawless (The Wright Brothers - First Flight, 1903).

10.2. Journey to Kitty Hawk:

For the next three years Wilbur and Orville turned their intention to build gliders. Wilbur recognized that you need to fly in wind and they looked for a place which is sandy and they went to a place known as Kitty Hawk and had their first experiment. The important thing that Wrights all the time did was that they always experiment the gliders as kite and then perform next. The first experiment was not that much successful, it leaded to a crash. Wilbur survived the crash but the Wright brothers were going to be the first powered man fly and they rethink their design of the aircraft. The race of first in to the air has been started. After spending thousands of dollars, the Wright brothers turned back to the beach for the test of their new design. To gain more control they not only enhanced the rudder system, Orville and Wilbur installed 12 horse-powered engines. On December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers did the impossible. They achieve the first controlled and powered human flight (Renstrom, 2003).

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On forth try of the day Wilbur travelled record breaking 852 feet and he was airborne for 59 seconds.

The Wright brothers were not the first one to build gliders but they were the first one to put it all together. The Wright brothers left Kitty Hawk and filed the patent that gave them a monopoly not only for the wing warping but also for the anything that alters the margins of wing. As the Wrights filed on the patent, the news of their successful flight started to spread. Glenn Curtiss offered his engines to the Wrights but they denied and right after a week the patent of Wrights was approved. Only Wright Brothers, Wilbur and Orville prevent any competitors to build aircrafts.

Likewise, Wright Brothers attracted the US army and they wanted the army to become their foremost customers. They got a contract and had to show a test flight to them. Thomas Selfridge was boarded with Orville. They took-off and after a while, the aircraft crashed and Thomas Selfridge died. Orville got some major injuries but he survived. This news became the headline for months and this news was used against the Wright Brothers. After passage of sometime, Orville came back with more enthusiasm, because he did not want their name to be counted as a negative personalities and that accident to ruin their fame. Wright Brothers got an opportunity to prove them once again. This time they had decided that they will show their talent to the civilians. In 1909, there was a huge festival in the New York and one of the big deal is going to be a Flying exhibition. Wilbur flew over the Hudson to the George Bridges and back. This was

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 31 the most important public flight in front of civilian in America up till then. 90% of the people who were there had not seen an aircraft flying in the air before. It was also a big day for the Wright Brothers.

The Wright brothers started negotiating with the US government in 1905 to buy the Flyer by them. Due to the bad experience of US Government with various pioneers of Aviation, they usually refused. In 1909, the US government officially bought the flyer. Wright brothers also helped the Europeans. Wilbur served in US and Orville went to France to help them in making military aircrafts. In late 1909, they made a new model for the US army and Army bought that aircraft and started training of young pilots (Garrigus).

10.3. Success Factors:

Wright Bicycle Co. was the start of Wright Brothers success. They repaired and mend the bicycles and had a very quiet earning. In 1899, Wright Brothers thought of making their own bicycle. After that, they transferred their interests towards the invention of aircrafts. First of all, they studied the invention of Sir George Cayley, Otto Lilienthal and Leonardo Di Vinci. They started working on their theories and designs but they found some drawbacks. Despite of all the material available, they made a new design, which leaded them to success. After having the approval of their patent. Wright Brothers started serving the Europe and America. They made a successful cross-country flight of 10 miles with the passengers. The Wright Brothers achieved another milestone of their life (Smith).

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CURTISS WRIGHT CORPORATION

Competition is everywhere, if we talk about the history, we will come to know that in the past there were also a severe rivalry among two most important companies of the aviation. The company of Glenn Hammond Curtiss named as Curtiss Aero plane and Motor Company and the company of Wright Brothers named as Wright Aeronautical Corp. The intense rivalry was started when the Wrights had successfully completed their first flight and they had known as Pioneers of First powered engine controlled flight. After the successful flight in 1908 by the Wright brothers in front of civilians, Curtiss offered them cooperation among their companies. Curtiss wanted a merger between them and they want a fortune. But Wright Brothers always denied. There were many similarities among the Wright Brother and Glenn Curtiss. They both started from the bicycle companies. Wright brothers sued the Glenn Curtiss. Curtiss Company was going through bankruptcy and then he was visited by the famous person of America named as Henry Ford. Henry Ford was the owner of the renowned vehicle company of the America. He helped Curtiss to recover from bankruptcy. He also helped him legally to get out of the case that was filed by the Wrights. Their rivalry continued for a long time. At the age of 45, Typhoid fever took the life of Wilbur. In 1914, The Wright Brothers were declared as The “PIONEER OF AIRCRAFTS”. In 1929, Curtiss Wright Corporation had emerged in the field of Aviation and this company played a vital role in World War II. This company is still a leading aviation company in the world, which made engines for the aircrafts and various other parts of the aircrafts ( Curtiss-Wright Corporation - Company - History).

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Timeline of Curtiss Wright Corporation

Wilbur Orville Wright Wright

Wright Wright Brothers Company (1909-1916)

Wright Glenn L. Company Martin

Reformed (1916)

Wright Aeronautical (1916-1929)

Merger

5 July, 1929

Glenn Curtis Wright Source: (Wright Company) Company Aeronautical

Source: (Wright Aeronautical) Curtis-Wright Company (1929- till now)

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MILITARY AVIATION

Wright Military Flyer was the first military aircraft that was made by the Wright Brothers and in 1909; US army purchased that aircraft and owned it officially. That aircraft was then used by the militants training and army trained many young pilots. In 1911, that aircraft was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. They made another aircraft as per the requirement of the Army. The speed of that aircraft was 42.5 miles per hour, it also carried some passengers and the price of the aircraft was $30,000 (1909-1910 Wright "Transitional" Model A).

WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)

Aircrafts gave another look the war because one can destroy the enemy from the air and got rid of it. Apparently, it looked very disastrous because new technologies were being used. In the war fighter planes were used which flew over the enemy place with massive bombers. Technologies like tethered balloons and kites were used on the frontage to gain an advantage. Aircrafts became more threat full. So, anti-aircraft weapons and devices were invented (WW1 Aircraft, 2016). During the World War I, Germany, France, Russia were leading in the manufacturing of aircrafts. Germany started making metal aircrafts after the World War I (Aviation in World War I, 2016).

GOLDEN AGE OF AVIATION

Right after the World War I, aviation gained its boom period here came a time which was known as Golden Age of Aviation because in this specific period of time the aviation industry started expanding. From the fiber aircrafts to the metallic body and streamlined aircrafts is the proof of advancement in Aviation. New and advanced aircrafts were emerged in the sky. It was a revolutionary period for the Aviation. During this period many commercial aviation had also emerged and luxury travel became the part of life.

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WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)

The aviation has developed a lot not only in terms of flying but also in terms of ground activities. New and advanced technologies were used during the war (Aviation in World War II, 2016). Well-equipped fighter jets were introduced and it became the cause of a large disaster in the whole world. It was a boom period for the German Aviation because they made the most innovative fighter jet in the World War II. The name of that aircraft was Heinkel He 178. Not only had the planes the bomber aircrafts made also their name in the history of World War II. Helicopters also emerged in the era of World War II (A History of WW2 in 25 Airplanes).

COMMERCIAL AVIATION

The era of postwar was the era of commercial aviation. It was started growing very rapidly and a lot of commercial aircrafts were being made. With the military aircrafts, commercial aircrafts were also manufactured at that time. Commercial airlines were also being started in this era. The first commercial flight was started in 1914 in USA. (Airline, 2016) Aircrafts were used not only for the travel of passengers but also for the cargo purposes. Now, commercial aviation became a business tool for every country. DC-3, Havilland Comet were discovered by the world. Aeroflot was the pioneer among the airlines. However, passengers and cargo travel became a new trend in the world. Another means of transportation had made its place around the globe.

AIRPORTS

In the past, airports which were used were grassy land. The pilot can easily land on any side especially which suits him the best regarding wind. After the passage of sometime, concrete was used and there were some developments which was seen in terms of airports. In 1909, Wright Brothers established a College Park Airport in Maryland, America. It served only general aviation. The first International airport was Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona. Later many airports were opened in different cities of America and Europe which also served in World War II.

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AVIATION IN SUB-CONTINENT (Pre-Independence)

In 1910, the first service of Aviation in sub-continent was started. Humber Company wanted to expand their business all around the world and after visiting India in 1910 they had decided to start operations immediately. Therefore, they came to Allahabad in 1910 and assemble their aircraft in 5 days. Allahabad had a distinction of having first in the Asia continent to operate such new scientific invention. The aircraft was named as Humber Sommer (1911 in India).

In 1911, the first cover that flown in aerial pot, Allahabad Source: (Airmail, 2016)

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Aviation in the sub-continent had already been started. In 1912, the first route that was operated by the sub-continent was between Karachi and . This was the agreement between the sub- continent and the Imperial airways, . Tata Sons Ltd had started operating airmail services after 3 years. (Chakravarty)

They operated in between Karachi and Madras. At the time of partition 9 Airline companies were operating in the sub- continent including both passengers and cargo services and they were Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air service of India, Deccan Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways and Mistry Airways and Orient Airways (Chakravarty). In 1933, Tata Airlines had flown 160,000 miles, 10.71 tones of mail and carried 155 passengers. In 1946, Air India replaced the name of Tata Airlines.

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Imperial Airship Scheme 1930-1935

Source: (Airshipsonline : Airships : Imperial Airship Service, 2016)

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KALA CHAPRA

During the British reign, in 1924, they wanted to use large giant airships for connection between sub-continent and England. A contract was given to Airship Guarantee Company to build an airship R-100 that could transfer up to 200 passengers another contract was given to Royal Airships to build R-101 that worked under the British Air Ministry (PakistaniAviation.com).

Construction of Kala Chapra in Karachi Source: Airshipsonline.com

In 1929, it became operational. It became the largest flying machine ever built in the world. Its length was 777 ft. it has given the title of “Titanic of Air”. In 1924-1930, Imperial Airship Scheme was made to connect the far most places of the world. From Montreal in Canada to Wellington in New Zealand and Karachi was considered as main stopover. During World Wars the airstrip in Karachi was already being used. In 1927, the British had started the construction of airship pole. The construction was started in the area named as Kala Chapra. The hangar was 859 ft in length, 200 ft Width and 170 ft in height ( Airships of Karachi.The ships that never came). The airship (R-101) was about to come to Karachi at Kala Chapra but unfortunately it crashed on its way and never reached Karachi. A lot people died in that crash. The airship R-101 took off from Cardington, England and heading towards the Karachi. On it way, when it reached the northern side of France it lost control and stalled badly, the pilots could

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 40 not regain the control and it crashed and caught fire. 48 people died in that crash and some of them survived.

How R-101 Airship crashed

Source:Airshipsonline.com

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AMELIA EARHART

Amelia Earhart was the American National; she was the first female pilot of the world. She was also the first female pilot to fly solo cross Atlantic. The important thing about Amelia is that she also came to Pakistan during her solo Flight. For Pakistan, it was an honor that one of the female pioneers landed on our land.

She also wrote abook on Aviation and also remained teacher Purdue University.

Source: (Amy Williams: assignment 1)

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License of Amelia Earhart

Source: (1 May 1930 - This Day in Aviation)

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INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION In 1903, International Commission of Air Navigation was founded in Berlin, Germany. International Civil Aviation Organization was successor of it.

On 7th December, 1944 International Civil Aviation Organization was established. The reason of establishing ICAO was to make a platform for the civil aviation and to ensure safe and efficient operations of Aviation. The first convention of ICAO was held in Chicago in 1944, there were 52 countries which took part in this Convention. ICAO played a significant in the development of Aviation around the globe. In 1947, ICAO became an important part of United Nations. The Headquarter of ICAO is in Montreal, Canada ( Foundation of the International Civil Aviation Organization). ICAO is a regulatory body which controls all the Civil Aviation of the world. It provides a proper structure to the Civil Aviation. All the countries which are member of ICAO are known as its signatory countries. All the countries have to pursue and maintain the rules and regulations of ICAO (About ICAO). The main purpose of ICAO is to provide a platform to every state and ensure effective and safe operation of Civil Aviation. ICAO has made different Annex and introduced them to all its signatory countries. Like all other countries, Pakistan is also a signatory country of ICAO. Pakistan’s Civil Aviation Authority also follows all the rules and regulations provided by ICAO.

ICAO

SIGNATORY SIGNATORY PAKISTAN COUNTRY COUNTRY

NATIONAL CIVIL

AVIATION AUTHORITY

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PAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY Pakistan came into being on 14th August, 1947. After independence, Pakistan got only 1 Airline from sub-continent. This showed that Aviation in Pakistan existed after independence. To manage all the activities of Civil Aviation of Pakistan, Civil Aviation Department was established. CAD managed all the operations and worked under the Ministry of Defense of Pakistan. It was only a small department who was regulating all the Airlines, Airports, Airspace and all activities of Civil Aviation working in Pakistan.

On 7th December, 1982 an autonomous body for regulating the Civil Aviation was established named as Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA). Pakistan applied for the membership of ICAO in late 1947 and became member. So, it cleared that CAD was also working under the rules and regulations of ICAO ( PCAA | Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority). The main purpose of establishing CAA was to develop and enhance the operations of the Civil Aviation of Pakistan.After establishment of CAA, Pakistan’s Aviation Industry has improved a lot. It has its own rules and regulations followed by ICAO. (PCAA | Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority).

CAA is a regulatory body which operates various functions. It regulates all the airports and airstrips in Pakistan. All the Airlines which operate in Pakistan as well as which use the airspace of Pakistan are regulated by CAA Pakistan. There are many developments which have done under the shade of CAA. There are 2 IFRs of Pakistan’s airspace. One is Karachi IFR and the other is Lahore IFR. Some of them are listed below:

i. 1953-operations started ii. 1983- Partially Radar coverage up to 50 nautical miles iii. 1990- Radar coverage of Karachi up to 100 nautical miles iv. 1992- Radar coverage of Karachi increased up to 200 nautical miles v. 1993- Karachi IFR was fully radar covered vi. 1995- Lahore IFR was fully radar covered (Khan, 2015)

Not only in terms of technological advancements, CAA Pakistan has also done many developments in terms of airports, airspaces agreements, regulations and improved various functions. New National policy has been introduced which helped a lot in many sectors of aviation.

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Pioneer of CAA Pakistan:

Air Marshal (R) Khursheed Anwar Mirza belonged to a very enthusiastic family. His seven generations served the Pak Army. Then he made the foundation of Civil Aviation Authority and also became the first Director General of CAA Pakistan. He remained the DG-CAA for 5 years from 1982-1986. He was the one who took initiative for the CAA and spent 5-7 Billions on the development of different airports and other mega projects. He development 24 airports of Pakistan and made them activated. (Hussain, 2006)

Hierarchy of CAA Pakistan

Source: ( PCAA | Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority) 2016

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Source: ( PCAA | Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority) 2016

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POST INDEPENDENCE (After 1947) Pakistan came into being on 14th august, 1947. At that time, Aviation industry was already exists in the sub-continent. Almost 9 airlines were operating. One of them was Orient Airways. Orient Airways was owned by Muslims before partition.

AIRLINES

1. Orient Airways Ltd:

It was the only Airline of Pakistan. It was established in 1946 by Mirza Ahmad Ispahani (Chairman). It was based in Calcutta and . The Managing Director of Orient Airways was Mirza Abol Hassan. After partition, Karachi became the Headquarter. The skeleton of Orient after independence was only 2 DC-3, 12 mechanics and 3 crew members. Later on in 1949, it expanded its operations and owned 10 DC-3 and 3 Convair 240 aircrafts. Orient operated on the following routes (Orient Airways, 2016).

1.1.Routes The following return routes were advised by the Board (1948): 2. Karachi--Lahore 3. Karachi-Ahmadabad-Bombay 4. Karachi-Lahore-Rawalpindi- 5. Karachi-Quetta-Zahidan-Meshad-Tehran 6. Karachi-Delhi-Allahabad-Calcutta-Dacca-Chittagong (ref: Flight Global July 1948)

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1.2.Orient Airways Domestic Air Transport Statistics Pakistan 1953

1953 Passengers Freight Mail Total (Month) load Miles Passengers Ton/miles Weight Ton/miles Weight Ton/miles ton/miles flown number lbs lbs

January 220,283 6,579 256,940 659,076 135,994 34,350 16,953 409,887

February 199,190 6,163 236,818 544,846 111,782 33,130 16,747 365,347

March 202,259 6,404 237,087 479,343 123,016 40,036 21,159 381,262

April 204,252 5,480 180,622 639,015 171,972 32,249 16,338 369,932

May 179,963 4,707 175,354 536,395 128,454 31,562 16,748 320,556

June 176,542 3,958 132,549 604,282 144,271 27,993 14,879 291,699

July 212,937 4,762 202,951 535,895 129,491 31,957 17,565 350,007

August 208,570 4,559 195,344 444,172 124,618 28,167 15,062 335,024

September 176,568 4,339 155,176 675,344 148,766 27,188 14,922 318,864

October 168,237 5,414 190,667 373,294 103,982 30,788 17,024 311,673

November 157,516 4,988 181,144 369,491 96,545 28,886 16,067 293,756

December 167,143 5,653 192,016 317,721 92,252 33,561 18,740 303,008

Total 2,273,460 63,006 2,336,668 6,232,874 1,511,143 379,867 202,204 4,051,015

Domestic statistics for 1953 (US Embassy)Source: National Archives of USA

(Zafar, 2013)

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1.2.1. Passengers Travel

December November October September August

July Ton/miles June Passengers number May Miles flown April March February January

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

In 1953, the Passenger travel of Orient Airways

In the above mentioned graph, we may see that the passengers travel in orient airways was high in January 1953 and it gradually decreased in December 1953.

1.2.2. Freight

900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Ton/miles 300,000 Weight lbs 200,000 100,000 0

Orient Airways, Freight travel year 1953

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1.2.3. Mail

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000 Ton/miles 20,000 Weight lbs

10,000

0

Mail of Orient Airways, 1953

Like in any business, Orient Airways also had transition period in its time. This chart explains to what extent mail had transferred from Orient. In the end of year 1953, it started increasing.

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2. PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES CORPORATION (PIA)

After independence, the founder of Pakistan felt a need of its flag carrier. Though the financial condition of Pakistan was not appropriate at all but he requested Mirza Ahmad Ispahani and Adam jee Haji Dawood to support our flag carrier. They were the wealthiest people of Pakistan at that time. These people support a lot. Later after some time, in 1955, the merged with Orient Airways with Pakistan International Airlines. The first international route by the PIA was Karachi to London via Cairo and Rome. PIA was one of the successful airlines. In 1960, PIA was at its peak and the Managing Director was Air Marshal . PIA wet-leased B-707 from Pan-AM and become the first in Asia who operated jet aircrafts (Pakistan International Airlines, 2016).

We may say that the boom period of PIA has been started in 1960. PIA bought several new and advanced aircrafts to operate domestically and internationally. PIA was considered the best airlines of the Asia and Karachi was Headquarter of PIA (Airlines Operating in Pakistan, 2012). As per history, Karachi remained the major stop over for many major airlines and for the historical people who travelled the world as tour. Karachi was one of their stopovers.

2.1. Previous Fleet

Aircrafts Introduced Retired

Lockheed L.1049C super Constellation 1954 1969

Douglas DC-3 1955 1967

Convair CV-240-5/7 1955 1959

Vickers Viscount 815 1956 1966

Lockheed L.1049H super Constellation 1958 1969

Boeing 707-340C 1960 1998

Fokker F27 Friendship 1961 2006

Boeing 720 B 1962 1986

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Sikorsky S-61 N 1963 1967

Hawker Siddeley Trident 1E 1966 1970

Lockheed L-100-382B-4C Hercules 1966 1966

De Havilland Canada=6 Twin Otter 1970 2001

MC-Donnell Douglas DC-10-30 1974 1986

Boeing 747-200B 1976 2000

Boeing 747-200B Combi 1979 2011

Airbus A300 B4-200 1980 2005

Boeing 737-300 1985 2015

Bieing 747-300 1999 2015

MiL Mi-8MTV-1 1995 1997

Tupoley Tu-154 1996 1996

Airbus A321 2006 2007

Boeing 737-800 2014 2015

Airbus A330-200 2015 2015

(Pakistan International Airlines, 2016)

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2.2.PIA Corporation (1990-2008)

Available Revenue Revenue Revenue Passenger Route Revenue seat Fiscal year kilometers passengers passengers load factor kilometers hours flown kilometers flown(000) carried kilometers % (min)

1990-91 255,336 60,255 116,616 5,033 8,998 13,401 67.1

1991-92 258,558 66,570 127,423 5,584 9,925 15,066 65.9

1992-93 270,536 69,377 132,775 5,780 10,102 15,733 64.2

1993-94 303,321 69,024 131,122 5,645 10,108 15,159 66.7

1994-95 353,221 72,544 134,683 5,517 10,382 15,848 65.5

1995-96 310,205 74,288 138,014 5,399 10,592 16,573 63.9

1996-97 336,230 78,796 143,686 5,883 11,661 17,528 66.5

1997-98 325,744 73,663 136,104 5,531 11,147 16,952 65.8

1998-99 335,348 70,697 129,379 5,086 10,722 16,752 64.0

1999 332,417 75,483 135,136 4,914 10,653 17,839 59.7

2000 317,213 76,212 134,066 5,297 12,056 18,692 64.5

2001 324,815 40,158 65,615 2,729 6,305 9,885 63.8

2001-02 291,428 62,974 110,136 4,290 10,843 15,778 68.7

2002-03 311,152 63,863 108,942 4,391 11,276 16,624 69.3

2003-04 294,082 58,146 96,765 4,796 12,769 18,299 69.8

2004-05 354,664 80,699 131,262 5,132 13,634 20,348 67.0

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2005-06 343,525 87,273 141,666 5,828 15,260 21,991 69.4

2006-07 446,570 80,302 141,479 5,732 15,124 22,092 68.5

2007-08 683,574 80,759 132,416 5,415 13,680 20,313.3 67.4

Annual Reports of PIA (1990-2008) Source: (Askari)

2.2.1. Graphical Illustration:

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000 Route kilometers Revenue kilometers flown(000) 400,000 Revenue hours flown Revenue passengers carried 300,000 Revenue passengers kilometers Available seat kilometers 200,000 Passenger load factor %

100,000

0 93 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 - 1999 2000 2001 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 -

The illustration of air travel of PIA from 1990 to 2008

The graph clearly explains the smooth operations of PIA from 1990 onwards but due to the incident of 9/11 the whole world faced crisis and many problems. The Aviation Industry throughout the globe had suffered a lot in that period of time and so do PIA. After passage of some years it again started to

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 55 increased. This is not only the case with PIA but every airline operating at that time had faced bitter realities.

2.3. Pakistan International Airlines Report (1990-2008)

Operating Operating PIA fleet Passenger Revenue ton Revenue load revenue expenses Fiscal year No. of Load kilometers factor % (Million (Million Planes Factor % Rupees) rupees)

1990-91 1,228 60.0 16,849 16,966 44 67.1

1991-92 1,304 57.6 20,441 18,861 45 65.9

1992-93 1,333 56.7 21,970 21,347 45 64.2

1993-94 1,365 58.2 23,631 22,713 47 66.7

1994-95 1,408 57.4 25,471 24,199 47 65.5

1995-96 1,402 55.5 27,505 27,150 47 63.9

1996-97 1,495 56.4 32,732 32,809 47 66.5

1997-98 1,425 58.5 -- - 47 65.8

1998-99 1,313 54.6 -- -- 45 64.0

1999 1,307 51.0 35,492 36,395 51 59.7

2000 1,452 55.2 39,228 42,033 46 64.5

2001 769 53.5 21,966 23,296 45 63.8

2001-02 1,325 58.4 42,844 39,377 44 68.7

2002-03 1,389 57.8 45,442 39,125 43 69.3

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 56

2003-04 1,456 55.0 51,041 47,197 42 69.8

2004-05 1,657 54.6 61,308 62,360 42 67.0

2005-06 1,818 55.1 67,574 73,074 42 69.4

2006-07 1,801 53.5 70,587 79,164 39 68.5

2007-08 1,593 51.0 70,480 76,416 42 67.4

The table of PIA revenue, expenses and fleets (Askari)

Revenue tone kilometers 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 Revenue tone kilometers 600 400 200 0

The graphical illustration of Revenue tone km of PIA (1990-2008)

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 57

160,000 140,000

120,000 Operating expenses 100,000 (Million rupees) 16,966 18,861 21,347 22,713 80,000 24,199 27,150 32,809 - - - 60,000 Operating revenue 40,000 (Million Rupees) 16,849 20,000 20,441 21,970 23,631 25,471 27,505 32,732 -- 0 --

The illustration of Operating expenses and operating revenue of PIA (1990-2008)

This graph explains how operating expenses increased and PIA was started facing crisis and many problems in its operations.

Revenue load factor % 62 60 58 56 54

52 Revenue load factor % 50 48 46 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 1999 2000 2001 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 -

The transition in Revenue load factor in % of PIA (1990-2008)

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 58

PIA fleet No. of Planes 60

50

40

30

20 PIA fleet No. of Planes

10

0 91 93 08 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 02 03 04 05 06 07 - - - 1999 2000 2001 1990 1991 - 1992 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007

The number of planes used by PIA (1990-2008)

This shows the fleet of PIA from 1990 to 2008 but the most shocking thing we can get from this graph is the increased number of fleet during the era in which the Aviation World was facing crisis.

Passenger Load Factor % 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 Passenger Load Factor % 58 56 54

PIA (1990-2008) Passenger load Factor %

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2.4.PIA Revenue and Passenger traffic (2009-2015) Revenue in Passenger load Fiscal Year Rupees factor % 2009 94,564 70 2010 107,532 74 2011 116,551 72 2012 97,438 70 2013 95,771 70 2014 99,519 72 2015 69,249

Source: (Pakistan International Airlines, 2015)

Revenue in Rupees 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 Revenue in Rupees 40,000 20,000 0

The illustration of the PIA annual report from 2009-2015 and the Revenue of PIA in Rupees Million

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Passenger load factor % 75 74 73 72 71 Passenger load factor 70 % 69 68

PIA (2009-2015) Passenger load factor %

3. AIRBLUE

Airblue is the fastest growing airline of Pakistan. It was founded in 2003. Its Headquarter is in Islamabad. It started its operations on 18th June, 2004. IATA code PA & ICAO code ABQ

Airblue was inaugurated by the Zafarullah Khan Jamal (PM of Pakistan at that time). Initially it started operating in Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad. After successful operations of 1 year, Airblue was expanding very fast. It became a competitor of other airlines operating in Pakistan at that time. Further, Airblue expanded towards Peshawar, and Quetta and became the most desirable airline in Pakistan. Only only in Pakistan, it started its flights in different International cities, like on 14th August, 2005, it started operating in . It also started its flight in Manchester, on 4th June, 2007. Therefore, Airblue has expanded its business domestically and internationally.

3.1. Fleet:

Airblue has started its operations with few fleets like:

i. 4 -100 ii. 2 -300

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 61 iii. ATR 72-600 (Airlines Operating in Pakistan, 2012) iv. 4 Airbus 319-100 (Ali, 2012) v. 3 Airbus 320-200 vi. 5 Airbus 321-200 vii. 1 Airbus 330-200 (Airblue, 2015)

Now-a-days Airblue is operating Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Islamabad domestically and , Dubai, , , and Manchester (Ali, 2012). With a successful start, Airblue leaded in the sky of Pakistan. It has also become the profitable Airline in Pakistan (Airblue shows profit, 2006).

4.

Shaheen Air was founded back in 1993 and it started its operation in 1994. It was founded by Khalid Mehmood Sehbai.IATA code NL & ICAO code SAI

It was based in Jinnah International Airport. It is its primary hub. Its secondary hubs are International. Islamabad and Allama Iqbal International, Lahore. Shaheen Air focused its operations in Northern areas of Pakistan rather than Karachi. Shaheen air had a successful start in Pakistan. Domestically it started operated in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, DG Khan and Peshawar. Shaheen Air is also operating internationally on various routes like Dubai, Muscat, Abu Dhabi, , , and . Shaheen Air also own is maintenance organization named as Shaheen Engineering and Aircraft Maintenance Services (Airlines Operating in Pakistan, 2012).

4.1. Fleet:

It operated various aircrafts in the past.

i. Airbus A300B4-203 ii. Airbus A310-300 iii. -200

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 62

iv. Boeing 737-200 v. Boeing 737-800 vi. Boeing 767-200ER vii. Tupolev Tu-154M viii. Yakovlev Yak-42D (Shaheen Air, 2016) ix. 1 Airbus 310-300 x. 11 Boeing 737-200 xi. 3 Boeing 737-300 xii. 3 Boeing 737-800 (Ali, 2012) xiii. 10 Boeing 737-400 (Shaheen Air, 2015)

Shaheen Air has started expanding its operations not only in Pakistan but also internationally. Shaheen’s main focus is Gulf countries as it mainly operates in , , Dubai, Al Ain, Kuwait, Muscat and Sharjah (Ali, 2012).

BHOJA AIR

It was founded in 1993. It was owned by Bhoja Group of Companies. Its head office was in Karachi. It started domestically with leased aircrafts Boeing 737-200. It operated in Karachi, Lahore and Quetta. Later in 1998, it expanded its operation in Dubai, UAE. A Karachi-Dubai flight was inaugurated. In 2000, due to poor financial conditions, Bhoja Air ceased its operations.

After passage of some time, it again took initiated in 2012. On 20th April, 2012, it operated its first flight from Karachi to Islamabad and resulted in crash killing 127 people on board, including crew and passengers. It again suspended its operations after 2 days (Airlines Operating in Pakistan, 2012).

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AIRPORTS OF PAKISTAN

1. Jinnah International Airport, Karachi

In 1924, an aerodrome was already exists at Karachi. British used that airstrip. It was main entrance for British in sub-continent.

The first Airstrip of Karachi (Jinnah International Airport - JIAP Timeline)

In 1925, British Empire completed the first air route was Cairo-Karachi. It gave an honor to Karachi for being first. Later in 1927, British built Black Hangar for the largest airship of that time R-101. This was very sad to describe that, the airship never came to Karachi because it crashed on the way. On 7th April, 1929 Karachi had made the first International Airport of South Asia. The first flight that landed at Karachi International Airport was of Imperial Airways from London-Karachi. During 1929-1933, further more air routes were adopted by British via Karachi. For example to Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore etc.

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 64

In 1938, the terminal building of Karachi airport was built and operated officially for the operations of flight. The British government sent a letter to the British people in sub-continent.

The picture of Air Mail that came to Karachi Airstrip

Source: (Jinnah International Airport - JIAP Timeline)

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2. Islamabad International Airport/Chaklala Airbase:

Chaklala Airbase was the airport operating in Islamabad in 1930. The hangar and airstrip was built and the airstrip was used as standby strip in World War-II for the British. In 1948, Orient Airways operated its DC-3 aircrafts at this aerodrome. Civil Aviation provided all the terminal facilities to the Airlines who operated at this aerodrome. It accommodated almost 40 passengers at a time. In 1958, when Islamabad was declared as the Capital city of Pakistan, it gained more attention of the government in terms of development of various aspects. It was a joint user airport. It was used for both military and commercial purposes. 1963, PIA has started its International flights from this airport. In 1984, separate Haji Lounge was made because of increased passenger traffic. In the end of 1984, ILS system was also introduced. Now-a-days Benazir Bhutto International is one of the busiest airports of Pakistan both in terms of domestic and international flights (Benazir Bhutto International Airport - BBIAP Timeline).

During 2008-09, Benazir Bhutto International was visited by 3,136,664 and 34,025 aircrafts were operated (Benazir Bhutto International Airport).

3. Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore

Allama Iqbal International Airport is situated in Lahore, Pakistan. It is one of the busiest airports of Pakistan. The history of Lahore airport started back before partition. Till 1962, Civil Operations were conducted at Walton Aerodrome. Orient Airways PIA operated their aircrafts at this aerodrome. In 1962, all the civil aircrafts operations shifted to the Lahore Airport. The up gradation of airstrip was done for B-707. The length of the runway was also extended from 7000ft to 9000ft in 1969. In 1989 new runway was constructed for the operations of B-747. Due to increase in passenger traffic, in 1990, Hajji Lounge was constructed. On 17th March 2003, new terminal was made and it was activated on 18th March, 2003.

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4. Faisalabad International Airport

In 1892, the city of Faisalabad was originated by SIR CHARLES JAMES LYALL and the city was named after him as Lyallpur. Faisalabad has a good geographical location. In 1942, during British rule, the government had decided to build an airstrip. The old name of the airport was Lyallpur airfield. In 1979, in honor of King Faisal (late), the city was renamed as Faisalabad. In 1979, the airport was known as Faisalabad airport ( Faislabad International Airport).

4.1. Statistics of Faisalabad Airport (2004-09):

Passenger Aircraft Mail Handled Cargo Handled Year (International Movements Tones Tones &Domestic)

2004-2005 2,610 182,966 27.80 1,233

2005-2006 2,832 189,339 30.70 971

2006-2007 2,534 185,900 26.265 896

2008-2009 1,994 149,036 22.82 676

Source: (Faisalabad International Airport)

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Aircraft movements 3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500 Aircraft movements 1,000

500

0 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

The figure of the aircraft movement of Faisalabad International Airport, Pakistan (2004- 2009)

Passengers (Intl & Domestic) 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000

100,000 Passengers (Intl & 80,000 Domestic) 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

The figure of International and Domestic flow of passengers at Faisalabad International Airport (2004-2009)

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 68

Cargo handled (M. Tons) 1,400

1,200

1,000

800 Cargo handled (M. 600 Tons) 400

200

0 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

The figure of Cargo handled at Faisalabad International Airport (2004-2009)

Mail handled (M. Tons) 35

30

25

20 Mail handled (M. 15 Tons) 10

5

0 2004-05 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

The figure of Mail handled at Faisalabad International Airport (2004-2009)

This graphical illustration shows the increase in mail handled and then sudden decrease from 2007 onwards.

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 69

LIST OF EXISTING AIRPORTS IN PAKISTAN ICAO IATA Name Location Time Runway Code Code Bhurban Airport Bhurban BHC

Bhagatanwala Airport Sargodha BHW

Bannu Airport Bannu OPBN BNP

Bahawalpur Airport OPBW BHV UTC+5 08/26

Chilas Airport Chilas OPCL CHB

Chitral Airport Chitral OPCH CJL UTC+5 02/20 Dera Ghazi Dera Ghazi Khan Airport OPDG DEA UTC+5 18/36 Khan Dalbandin Dalbandin OPDB DBA UTC+5 13/31

Dadu Airport Dadu OPDD DDU

Dera Ismail Dera Ismail Khan Airport OPDI DSK Khan

Dhamial Army Airbase Rawalpindi OPQS Faisalabad International Faisalabad OPFA LYP UTC+5 03/21 Airport 07/25 Airport Gilgit OPGT GIL UTC_5 09/27 Gawadar International Airport Gawadar OPGD GWD UTC+5 06/24

Hyderabad Airport Hyderabad OPKD HDD UTC+5 02/20 Islamabad International Islamabad OPRN ISB UTC+5 12/30 Airport/Chaklala Airbase Airport Jacobabad OPJA JAG UTC+5

Jiwani Airport Jiwani OPJI JIW UTC+5

Khuzdar Airport Khuzdar OPKH KDD UTC=5

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 70

Kohat Airbase Kohat OPKT OHT UTC+5 UTC+5 Mangla Airport Mangla OPMA XJM 14/32 (+6DT) 04/22 Masroor Airbase Karachi OPMR UTC+5 09/27 06L/24R Miawali Airbase Miawali OPMI MWD UTC+5 06R/24L Minhas,Kamara Airbase Kamra OPMS MNS UTC+5

UTC+ Moenjodaro Airport Moenjodaro OPMJ MJD 08/26 % International Airport Multan OPMT MUX UTC+5 18/36

Mushaf Airbase Sargodha OPSR SGI UTC+5

Muzaffarabad Airport Muzaffarabad OPMF MFG UTC+5

Nawabshah Airport Nawabshah OPNH WNS UTC+5 02/20

Ormara Airport Ormara OPOR ORW UTC+5

Panjgur Airport Panjgur OPPG PJG UTC+5 13/31

Parachinar Airport Parachinar OPPC PAJ UTC+5

Pasni Airport Pasni City OPPI PSJ UTC+5 06/24

Peshawar Airport Peshawar OPPS PEW UTC+5 17/35

13L/31R Quetta International Airport Quetta OPQT UET UTC+5 13R/31L

Rafiqui Airbase Shorkot OPRQ

Rawalakot Airport Rawalakot OPRT RAZ

Sahiwal Airport Sahiwal OPSW SWN

Saidu Sharif Airport Saidu Sharif OPSS SDT UTC+5 05/23

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 71

Sehwan Sehwan Sharif Airport OPSN SYW UTC+5 Sharif Shaikh Zayed International Rahim Yar OPRK RYK UTC+5 01/19 Airport Khan

Sialkot Imterntional Airport OPST SKT UTC+5 04/22

Sibi Airport Sibi OPSB SBQ UTC+5 Sindhri Sindhri Airport OPMP MPD UTC+5 Tharparkar UTC+5 14/32 Airport Skardu OPSD KDU (+6DT) 15/33

Sui Airport Sui OPSU SUL

Sukkur Airport OPSK SKZ UTC+5 14/32 UTC+5 Talhar Airport Badin OPTH BDN (6DT)

Tarbela Dam Airport Terbela OPTA TLB UTC+5

Turbat Airport Turbat OPTU TUK UTC+5 08/26

Walton Airport Lahore OPLH UTC+5 14/32

Zhob Airport Zhob OPZB PZH UTC+5

Source: (World airport database - Airport Codes in Pakistan (PK))

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 72

LIST OF HISTORICAL (Non-Operational) AIRPORTS IN PAKISTAN

Runway Latitude/ Airport Name ICAO Code Province Information Longitude 4/22 is 9120 ft N27° 50.23' / Bandari (Bandari City) OP12 Balochistan long E65° 9.08' 13/31 is 6450 ft N33*31.61' / Basal (Basal City) OP0O Punjab long E72*15.61' 2/20 is 4910 ft N30° 20.76' / Belab (Belab City) OP14 Punjab long E70° 33.58' 05/23 is 7851 ft 32° 4' 40" N / Chandhar (Chandhar City) OP1Y Punjab long 73° 47' 25" E 3/24 is 3500 ft N32° 25.33' / Chashma (Chashma City) OP19 Mianwali long E71° 27.22' 6/24 is 2800 ft N29° 59.63' / Dera Ghazi Khan New Z24F Punjab long E70° 34.83' 15/33 is 8100 ft N29° 54.98' / Dingar OP28 Balochistan long E66° 45.03' 30/12 is 3028 ft N32° 52.76' / Gurha Salim OP25 Punjab long E73° 36.25' 36/18 is 5015 ft N29° 2.03' / Juzzak OP35 Balochistan long E61° 38.84' 3/23 is 3862 ft N28° 16.29' / Khandkot OP33 Balochistan long E69° 16.26' 3/21 is 3768 ft N28*28.23' / Kashmor OP31 Balochistan long E69*35.94' 7/25 is 3000 ft N28*02.16' / OP32 long E69*40.49' Khanpur OP29 12/30 is 4833 ft N27*12.03' / Punjab

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 73

long E69*09.23' 34/16 is 2945 ft N28° 35.61' / Kharan OPKN Balochistan long E65° 25.44' 3/21 is 5086 ft N28*37.67' / Kharan east OP0N Balochistan long E65*28.18' 34/16 is 3552 ft N32° 37.48' / Khewra OP26 Punjab long E73° 1.46' 6/24 is 3935 ft N24° 47.07' / Khorewah OP16 Sindh long E68° 33.14' 17/35 is 3405 ft N30° 29.44' / Kot Addu OP18 Punjab long E70° 58.30' 8/26 is 7875 ft N28° 21.28' / Mad Juma OP13 Punjab long E70° 35.30' 2/20 is 2903 ft N32*36.08 / Mandi bahudin OP24 Punjab long E73*30.50' 7/25 is 4595 ft N32° 55.05' / Mari indus East OP0T Sindh long E71° 41.14' 30/12 is 10050 N33° 51.80' / Minhas OP20 Punjab ft long E72° 24.85' 10/28 is 2313 ft N31° 11.33' / Mir Baz OP11 KPK long E70° 11.05' 32/14 is 8940 N32° 54.10' / Murid OP0K Punjab long E72° 47.07' 35/17 is 3577 ft N28° 48.87' / Nok Kundi OP34 Balochistan long E62° 43.88' 34/16 is 2830 ft N30° 14.79' / Ozkani OP15 Punjab long E70° 14.26' 32/14 is 6010 ft N27° 48.42' / Pano Aqil Southeast OP37 Sindh long E69° 10.37' Rahwali OP27 5/23 is 6256 ft N32° 14.02' / Punjab

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 74

long E74° 7.41' 2/22 is 10000 ft N29° 15.12' / Ranjanpur OP22 Punjab long E70° 10.80' 2/20 is 4945 ft N26° 14.78' / Robray OP36 Punjab long E63° 7.68' 7/25 is 5600 ft N33° 58.95' / Tarbela dam OPTA Punjab long E72° 36.20' 2/20 is 4525 ft N33° 22.76' / Robray OP23 Punjab long E70° 35.01' 12/30 is 4833 ft N27° 11.84' / Thar OP10 Sindh long E69° 9.90' 15/35 is 10283 N30° 4.68' / Vehari OP21 Punjab ft long E72° 9.42' 9/27 is 2993 ft N32° 18.27' / Wana OPWN FATA long E69° 34.51' 8/26 is 5975 ft N24° 51.88' / Wateji OP1F Sindh long E67° 24.05'

Source: Microsoft X Flight Simulator 2007

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 75

Conclusion:

The personalities of our Aviation Industry and their work and struggle motivated others. Not only their struggle but also the hardship they faced and some of them lost their lives in making the flying successful made the world to be proud of them and their services. Today our industry, inventions and technological advancement is a tribute to our pioneers. Today, 853 passengers and tones of cargo load is being transferred from one place to the other in a single plane is a big success of our Aviation Industry (A380 - A380 photos, pictures, A380 videos, A380 3D view | Airbus | Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer, 2016).

In the sub-continent, when British government was established, Aviation entered. British were the people who introduced Aviation in the sub-continent. After having some flights, the people of Sub-continent were also getting enthusiastic about this field. They have started many Airlines and the Aviation Industry expanded in the sub-continent. After partition, when Pakistan was given only 1 Airline to operate, it was a challenge of our country to stand up on its feet in the Aviation Industry of the world and make them known for the globe. In this case, Pakistan gets succeeded because at that time people were enthusiastic and they were eager to be known by the world. With the passage of time many airports and airlines were operating in the Pakistan. The challenge was fulfilled greatly but there came a time in the Aviation Industry of Pakistan when our Industry was started going into the loss. Being a Muslim country, impact of 9/11 also clouded over our country. Poor impacts of terrorism also lead our industry to the failure.

Now, we can see the expansion in our industry because of new airlines operating in our country also the increase in number of International flights. New airports are being developed with advancements of technology. Our airports are equipped with latest technologies. Though we are very far behind as compared to the west but we can achieve the height of success. Also the study of aviation has also introduced in our country, which will also played a positive role in the success. Awareness of aviation was a need in Pakistan, now it was introduced. Knowledge is the gateway to success.

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 76

A lot of advancements have being taken in terms of new airports, technologies and induction of new fleets. If we look at the growing industry of our country, we may be able to get that there would be a lot of potential for new comers and also for low cost carriers. In the past a lot of International carriers had stopped operating in our country but now gradually many International Airlines have started their operations. This will definitely increase the traffic in our country which ultimately will give business to Aviation in Pakistan.

May Allah bless Pakistan with success and prosperity (Amin).

HISTORY OF AVIATION (Kitty Hawk to Pakistan) Page 77

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