DOCSLIB.ORG

2011.10.00 Pakistans Law Enforcement Response Final.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2011.10.00 Pakistans Law Enforcement Response Final.Pdf 1 Telephone: +92-51-2601461-2 Fax: +92-51-2601469 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org This report was produced by the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, Country Office, Pakistan. This is not an official document of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers and boundaries. The information contained in this report has been sourced from publications, websites, as well as formal and informal consultations. The analysis is not definitive. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................5 About the Authors ..................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................7 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 8 Key findings ....................................................................................................................... 8 Key recommendations ....................................................................................................... 8 Part I: Outline and Introduction ................................................................................. 10 1 Background ................................................................................................................... 10 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)...................................................... 10 2 Purpose, Concept, and Objectives ................................................................................ 11 2.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Concept & Methodology ....................................................................................... 11 2.3 Obstacles & Limitations ......................................................................................... 15 Part II: Assessment .................................................................................................... 16 1 Enforcement Agencies .................................................................................................. 16 1.1 Enforcement Mandates ......................................................................................... 16 1.2 Legislative frameworks .......................................................................................... 24 1.3 Management of investigations .............................................................................. 28 1.4 National Coordination and Partnerships ............................................................... 30 1.5 NGO and community involvement ........................................................................ 36 2 Human Resources ......................................................................................................... 40 2.1 Staffing ................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Recruitment ........................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Training: Availability & Delivery............................................................................. 46 2.4 Training: Contents ................................................................................................. 52 3 Criminal Intelligence .................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Intelligence Gathering and Exchange .................................................................... 58 3.2 Covert Investigation Techniques ........................................................................... 62 3.3 Informants ............................................................................................................. 67 3.4 Patrols and physical surveillance ........................................................................... 70 3.5 Proactive Investigations......................................................................................... 71 4 Enforcement Powers..................................................................................................... 75 4.1 Sources of Enforcement Powers ........................................................................... 75 4.2 Types of Investigative Powers ............................................................................... 77 4.3 Exercise of Enforcement Powers ........................................................................... 79 4.4 Facilities & Equipment ........................................................................................... 81 5 Investigation Procedures & Techniques ....................................................................... 86 5.1 Reporting Crime ..................................................................................................... 86 5.2 Case Management and Data Storage .................................................................... 91 5.3 Information and Evidence Gathering .................................................................... 94 5.4 Border Control ....................................................................................................... 97 5.5 Crime Scene Work ............................................................................................... 103 5.6 Forensics .............................................................................................................. 107 5.7 Identification of Suspects .................................................................................... 109 5.8 Interviewing and Treatment of Suspects............................................................. 111 5.9 Financial Investigations ....................................................................................... 114 3 5.10 Confiscation of Assets .......................................................................................... 117 6 Victims & Witnesses ................................................................................................... 120 6.1 Identifying Victims ............................................................................................... 120 6.2 Interviewing Victims & Witnesses ....................................................................... 123 6.3 Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Persons ................................................... 126 6.4 Protection of Smuggled Migrants ........................................................................ 132 6.5 Witness Protection .............................................................................................. 137 Appendix: FIA Immigration and Anti-Human Trafficking Offices .................................... 142 List of References ......................................................................................................... 144 Reports, articles, and other literature ........................................................................... 144 Expert consultation ....................................................................................................... 145 4 Abbreviations AFPIS Automated Finger Print Impression System AHTC Anti-Human Trafficking Circles (FIA), Pakistan ATU Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (FIA), Pakistan CMS Case Monitoring System CSI Crime Scene Investigation DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid FIA Federal Investigation Agency, Pakistan FIU Financial Intelligence Unit FMU Financial Monitoring Unit, Pakistan HUTIS Human Trafficking Information System IATF Inter-Agency Taskforce IB Intelligence Bureau, Pakistan IBMS Integrated Border Management System ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights IIU Immigration Intelligence Unit, FIA IOM International Organisation for Migration ISI Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan MoU Memorandum of Understanding NFSA National Forensic Science Agency, Pakistan NAS Narcotics Affairs Section (US Department of State) NDRA National Database & Registration Authority, Ministry of Interior, Pakistan NGO Non-Government Organisation PISCES Personal Identification Secure Comparison and Evaluation System SOCA Serious and Organised Crime Agency, United Kingdom UN United Nations UN.GIFT United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US United States of America USD United States Dollar 5 About the Authors Dr Andreas Schloenhardt PhD (Law) (Adelaide), Associate Professor The University of Queensland, TC Beirne School of Law, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia ph: +61-7-3365 6191, [email protected] Andreas Schloenhardt is Associate Professor/Reader at The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law in Brisbane, Australia. His principal areas of research include criminal law, organised crime, narcotrafficking,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Snakeheadsnepal Pakistan − (Pisces,India Channidae) PACIFIC OCEAN a Biologicalmyanmar Synopsis Vietnam
    Mongolia North Korea Afghan- China South Japan istan Korea Iran SnakeheadsNepal Pakistan − (Pisces,India Channidae) PACIFIC OCEAN A BiologicalMyanmar Synopsis Vietnam and Risk Assessment Philippines Thailand Malaysia INDIAN OCEAN Indonesia Indonesia U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1251 SNAKEHEADS (Pisces, Channidae)— A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment By Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., and James D. Williams U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1251 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Copyrighted material reprinted with permission. 2004 For additional information write to: Walter R. Courtenay, Jr. Florida Integrated Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 7920 N.W. 71st Street Gainesville, Florida 32653 For additional copies please contact: U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Box 25286 Denver, Colorado 80225-0286 Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., and James D. Williams Snakeheads (Pisces, Channidae)—A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment / by Walter R. Courtenay, Jr., and James D. Williams p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey circular ; 1251) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN.0-607-93720 (alk. paper) 1. Snakeheads — Pisces, Channidae— Invasive Species 2. Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. Title. II. Series. QL653.N8D64 2004 597.8’09768’89—dc22 CONTENTS Abstract . 1 Introduction . 2 Literature Review and Background Information . 4 Taxonomy and Synonymy .
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty, Inequality, Political Instability and Property Crimes in Pakistan a Time Series Analysis
    Poverty, Inequality, Political Instability and Property Crimes in Pakistan A Time Series Analysis Shabib Haider Syed* Eatzaz Ahmad∗ ABSTRACT In a formal econometric analysis of crime statistics in Pakistan, this paper estimates five systems of equations determining crime rates against property, conviction rates and police and justice input using time series annual data. The study finds substantial empirical support for the model of crime, punishment and deterrence based on economic theory. The main conclusion of the study is that in the fight against crime Pakistan needs to divert resources from provision of legal justice through various deterrence measures, like large police force, conviction and punishment, towards the provision of social justice in the form of fight against poverty, inequality and unemployment and maintenance of political stability, especially by controlling sect and ethnic based terrorists activities. Resources also need to be diverted from punishments to apprehension of criminals. Keywords: crime deterrence, inequality, Pakistan, political instability, poverty. JEL: K42 * Shabib Haider Syed -Associate Professor- Department of Economics, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road Lahore-56400, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Tel: 92- 3004215159 ∗ Eatzaz Ahmad – Professor- Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Tel: 92-51-90643044, 92-51-90643020. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Crime is a complex socio-economic phenomenon, which needs to be addressed by social scientists as well as policy makers at the regional and global levels. The extensive research on the causes of crime has resulted in rich theoretical foundations. In the first formal treatment of economics of crime, Becker (1968) emphasized that criminals act as rational maximizing agents while making choices, keeping in view the expected benefits and costs of committing crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoping the Illegal Economy in Pakistan
    DISCLAIMER The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, SDPI or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of nay opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities of concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iii EXPLANATORY NOTES ....................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... ix 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Scope of the research ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Methodology .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Socio-Economic and Political Factors on the Crime Rate in Pakistan
    Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 23, Issue - 1, 2016, 183:206 Effects of Socio-Economic and Political Factors on the Crime Rate in Pakistan Nabila Asghar, Shazia Qureshi and Muhammad Nadeem* Abstract The present study is an attempt to explore the impact of social, economic and political factors and the event of 9/11 on crimes in Pakistan for the period 1984-2013. Three models have been estimated for political, economic and social factors separately. The political factors like corruption, law and order, 9/11 event, have been found to increase crimes, whereas government stability reduces the crimes. The economic factors such as poverty increase crimes whereas foreign remittances and external debt reduce crimes. In social factors human rights, human capital, income inequality and population density increase crimes. In short run, error correction terms indicate that there is convergence towards the equilibrium in all the models in case of any shock. Various diagnostic tests have been applied to confirm the reliability of results which indicate that there is no problem of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the models. The study suggests that in order to mitigate criminal activities policy makers should focus on political, social and economic problems faced by Pakistan. Keywords: Law and order, Human rights, Government stability, ARDL, Socio- economic and political factors JEL Classification: A13, C01, H01, J83, K00, P47 I. Introduction Any illegal act or activity that is punishable by law is crime. Crime is an act of human conduct that is harmful to others and the state is bound to prevent it. Crime renders the person liable to punishment as a result of proceeding instigated by the state organs assigned to ascertain the nature, the extent and the legal consequences of the person’s wrongness” (for detail see Auolak, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Police Organisations in Pakistan
    HRCP/CHRI 2010 POLICE ORGANISATIONS IN PAKISTAN Human Rights Commission CHRI of Pakistan Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative working for the practical realisation of human rights in the countries of the Commonwealth Human Rights Commission of Pakistan The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) is an independent, non-governmental organisation registered under the law. It is non-political and non-profit-making. Its main office is in Lahore. It started functioning in 1987. The highest organ of HRCP is the general body comprising all members. The general body meets at least once every year. Executive authority of this organisation vests in the Council elected every three years. The Council elects the organisation's office-bearers - Chairperson, a Co-Chairperson, not more than five Vice-Chairpersons, and a Treasurer. No office holder in government or a political party (at national or provincial level) can be an office bearer of HRCP. The Council meets at least twice every year. Besides monitoring human rights violations and seeking redress through public campaigns, lobbying and intervention in courts, HRCP organises seminars, workshops and fact-finding missions. It also issues monthly Jehd-i-Haq in Urdu and an annual report on the state of human rights in the country, both in English and Urdu. The HRCP Secretariat is headed by its Secretary General I. A. Rehman. The main office of the Secretariat is in Lahore and branch offices are in Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta. A Special Task Force is located in Hyderabad (Sindh) and another in Multan (Punjab), HRCP also runs a Centre for Democratic Development in Islamabad and is supported by correspondents and activists across the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Procurement Plan FY 2019-20
    ANNUAL PROCUREMENT PLAN FY 2019- 20: PAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY Procurement of Goods & Services Tentative Estimated Tentative Date of Tentative Cost Procurement Date of Remarks S# Name of Procurement (Description) Procurement Date of (PKR in Method Award of (If any) Notice Completion Mil) Contract Publication Procurement Agency: Logistics (APS) HQ CAA, Karachi Open Competitive 1 Revamping of LAN & WiFi Infrastructure of JIAP 35 Jan, 2020 Feb, 2020 Jul, 2020 Bidding Procurement of various softwares (i.e. NMS, MS- Open Competitive 2 Exchange, MS-Office, Operating System, Auto 14 Sep, 2019 Oct, 2019 Jan, 2020 Bidding CAD, 3D Max & etc) Procurement of computer equipment (i.e. Desktop / Open Competitive 3 35 Aug, 2019 Oct, 2019 Jan, 2020 VDI, Laptop, Printers, Scanners and Desktop UPS Bidding Electronics Document Management System for HR Open Competitive 4 30 Sep, 2019 Nov, 2019 Jun, 2020 & other section of CAA Bidding Open Competitive 5 Up-gradation / enhancement of Enterprise Storage 10 Urgent Sep, 2019 Dec, 2019 Bidding Open Competitive 6 Establishment of Primary Data Centre at HQCAA 150 Aug, 2019 Sep, 2019 Jan, 2020 Bidding Open Competitive 7 Procurement of Fire & Safety Equipment 8 Aug, 2019 Nov, 2019 Mar, 2020 Bidding Open Competitive 8 Procurement of Rescue Equipment 3 Sep, 2019 Dec, 2019 Apr, 2020 Bidding Procurement of Misc. facilitation and E/M Open Competitive 9 20 Aug, 2019 Oct, 2019 Jun, 2020 equipment Bidding Replacement of Split & Window type Air Open Competitive 10 2 Aug, 2019 Oct, 2019 Jun, 2020 Conditioners for CAA
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Pakistan Engagement: the War on Terrorism and Beyond
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 1200 17th Street NW • Washington, DC 20036 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Touqir Hussain While the war on terrorism may have provided the rationale for the latest U.S. engagement with Pakistan, the present relationship between the United States and Pakistan is at the crossroads of many other issues, such as Pakistan’s own U.S.-Pakistan reform efforts, America’s evolving strategic relationship with South Asia, democracy in the Muslim world, and the dual problems of religious extremism and nuclear proliferation. As a result, Engagement the two countries have a complex relationship that presents a unique challenge to their respective policymaking communities. The War on Terrorism and Beyond This report examines the history and present state of U.S.-Pakistan relations, addresses the key challenges the two countries face, and concludes with specific policy recommendations Summary for ensuring the relationship meets the needs • The current U.S. engagement with Pakistan may be focused on the war on terrorism, of both the United States and Pakistan. It was written by Touqir Hussain, a senior fellow at the but it is not confined to it. It also addresses several other issues of concern to the United States Institute of Peace and a former United States: national and global security, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, economic senior diplomat from Pakistan, who served as and strategic opportunities in South Asia, democracy, and anti-Americanism in the ambassador to Japan, Spain, and Brazil. Muslim world. • The current U.S. engagement with Pakistan offers certain lessons for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Karo Kari : the Murder of Honour in Sindh Pakistan : an Ethnographic Study
    Karo Kari : the murder of honour in Sindh Pakistan : an ethnographic study BHANBHRO, Sadiq <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-8130>, WASSAN, M Rafique, SHAH, Muhbat, TALPUR, Ashfaq A and WASSAN, Aijaz Ali Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/7287/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version BHANBHRO, Sadiq, WASSAN, M Rafique, SHAH, Muhbat, TALPUR, Ashfaq A and WASSAN, Aijaz Ali (2013). Karo Kari : the murder of honour in Sindh Pakistan : an ethnographic study. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3 (7), 1467-1484. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2013, 3(7):1467-1484 International Journal of Asian Social Science journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5007 KARO KARI-THE MURDER OF HONOUR IN SINDH PAKISTAN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY Sadiq Bhanbhro* Sheffield Hallam University Montgomery House, Collegiate Crescent Sheffield, United Kingdom M Rafique Wassan Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan Muhbat Ali Shah Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan Ashfaq A Talpur University of Sheffield, Vickers Road Firth Park, Sheffield Aijaz Ali Wassan Department of Sociology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the wider context, in which honour murders occur, the social structures which contribute to the occurrence and perpetuation of the practice of honour murders.
    [Show full text]
  • STATEMENT for the RECORD NATHAN A. SALES Ambassador-At
    STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD NATHAN A. SALES Ambassador-at-Large and Coordinator for Counterterrorism U.S. Department of State HOUSE FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE Subcommittee on Middle East, North Africa, and International Terrorism FY 2020 Budget: State Department Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism Bureau July 24, 2019 2:00 p.m. Chairman Deutch, Ranking Member Wilson, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, I am pleased to be here today to talk about the Trump Administration’s counterterrorism priorities and discuss the Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 resources we need to protect America’s security at home and interests abroad from terrorist threats. The Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism focuses on combatting the wide range of terrorist threats confronting the United States and our allies, including ISIS, al- Qa’ida, Hizballah, and other terrorist groups and state sponsors of terrorism, such as Iran. At last year’s hearing, I laid out the Administration’s National Strategy for Counterterrorism and the important role for the State Department in leveraging diplomatic and foreign assistance tools. We are making progress implementing that strategy, and I am here today to explain how the resources we seek will build on our initial successes. The Administration’s FY 2020 budget request for the CT Bureau includes more than $241 million to sustain the Counterterrorism Partnerships Fund (CTPF), the Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program, the Terrorist Interdiction Program (TIP), and programs on countering violent extremism (CVE). This request prioritizes funding to advance our long-term capacity-building goals and directly support top counterterrorism priorities laid out in the Administration’s counterterrorism strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling
    Title Page Research and Analysis Centre - a UNODC and FIA Collaboration UNODC's program on illicit trafficking and border management (Sub-Program1) enhances the core capacities of Pakistan's law enforcement agencies to reduce illicit trafficking and manage borders primarily through the provision of specialized training and equipment. Law enforcement agencies struggle to interdict trafficking and smuggling of various kinds and scales, which poses a challenge to the governance, development, and security of the country. In January 2014 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between UNODC COPAK and the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) to establish a Research and Analysis Centre at FIA Headquarters in Islamabad. The purpose of this initiative was to enhance legal, regulatory, and enforcement frameworks on human trafficking and migrant smuggling. It added to knowledge and skills within the migration-related law enforcement agencies and improved information collection, analysis, and coordination of migration-related crimes. The Research and Analysis Centre (RAC) was officially inaugurated on 1 May 2014. Currently three researchers from UNODC and two from the FIA have been placed at the Centre, with necessary equipment and software provided by UNODC. The findings of this report are based on research conducted at RAC over the past year. Abbreviations AHTC Anti Human Trafficking Circle AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir BL Black List CIS Centre for Immigration Studies DFD Deported on Forged Document ECL Exit Control List FATA Federally Administered
    [Show full text]
  • 9-11 and Terrorist Travel- Full
    AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 9/11 AND TERRORIST TRAVEL Staff Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States By Thomas R. Eldridge Susan Ginsburg Walter T. Hempel II Janice L. Kephart Kelly Moore and Joanne M. Accolla, Staff Assistant Alice Falk, Editor Note from the Executive Director The Commission staff organized its work around specialized studies, or monographs, prepared by each of the teams. We used some of the evolving draft material for these studies in preparing the seventeen staff statements delivered in conjunction with the Commission’s 2004 public hearings. We used more of this material in preparing draft sections of the Commission’s final report. Some of the specialized staff work, while not appropriate for inclusion in the report, nonetheless offered substantial information or analysis that was not well represented in the Commission’s report. In a few cases this supplemental work could be prepared to a publishable standard, either in an unclassified or classified form, before the Commission expired. This study is on immigration, border security and terrorist travel issues. It was prepared principally by Thomas Eldridge, Susan Ginsburg, Walter T. Hempel II, Janice Kephart, and Kelly Moore, with assistance from Joanne Accolla, and editing assistance from Alice Falk. As in all staff studies, they often relied on work done by their colleagues. This is a study by Commission staff. While the Commissioners have been briefed on the work and have had the opportunity to review earlier drafts of some of this work, they have not approved this text and it does not necessarily reflect their views.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: First Information Reports (Firs) (2010-December 2013) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa
    Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 8 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. 10 January 2014 PAK104714.E Pakistan: First Information Reports (FIRs) (2010-December 2013) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Definition and Function Sources report that the First Information Report (FIR) is the "basic document" used to report a crime (USIP May 2013, 7) or the "first step to launching the criminal investigation process" (Pakistan 11 Dec. 2013). Specifically, the Punjab Police website defines an FIR as "an account of a cognizable (i.e. over which police has jurisdiction) offence that is entered in a particular format in a register at the police station" (Punjab n.d.c). Similarly, the Islamabad-based Centre for Peace and Development Initiatives-Pakistan (CPDI-Pakistan), an independent and non-partisan group that promotes citizenship rights in Pakistan (CPDI [2006], 4), produced a booklet in 2006 titled First Information Reports (FIR) (A Guide for Citizens) that explains that the FIR is the "written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence," usually lodged by the victim or someone on their behalf (ibid., 1).
    [Show full text]