DOCSLIB.ORG

Violence Against Women (VAW) Annual Report 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Violence Against Women (VAW) Annual Report 2014 Violence Against Women (VAW) Annual Report 2014 Violence against women in Pakistan A qualitative review of reported incidents January – December 2014 i About the author Rabeea Hadi, is Director of Advocacy and EVAW at Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation, where she monitors project progress, policy and legislative discussions, debates, and developments. She is also involved in lobbying with relevant stakeholders, especially parliamentarians, WPC, NCSW and PCSWs and relevant ministries to mainstream and ensure the presence of women’s issues on all agendas. She is involved in drafting of national policy framework on Violence Against Women as well as Standard Operations Procedures of Shelters (SOPs) on shelters. She is the editor of PDM-VAW research studies on women`s social issues and works with other on-going projects, including the violence against women project, CEDAW shadow report, liaison and manager of Women Learning Partnership- related activities, and WE CAN alliance. Rabeea also provides socio-legal support to survivors of violence and produces related project reports published on a quarterly and yearly basis by Aurat Foundation. Muhammad Ullah is currently working with Aurat Foundation (AF) in its Gender Based Violence (GBV) Advocacy & Capacity Development Project as Programme officer- Monitoring & Evaluation. He has developed and implemented M&E system for the said project based on result based management principles by setting SMART indicators, user friendly data collection and analysis tools and centralized data tracking sheets. He has developed project proposal and assisted out surveys, position papers and research studies. Besides monitoring & Evaluation, his core strengths are coordination and liaison with Govt. and private sector individuals, groups and departments. He has command over SPSS data analysis, report writing and proposal development, designing Logical Framework and Result Indicator Monitoring Frameworks. He is a bronze medalist in BBA (Hons) from Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar and is currently pursuing Masters in Project Management from Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad. All rights reserved This publication is provided gratis or sold, subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent publisher. References to this report and excerpts of the report can be reproduced with due acknowledgement of the publication and Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation (AF). Published by: Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation Edited by: Benazir Jatoi Title & layout design by: Shahzad Ashraf Date of publication: January 2015 ii Table of Contents _ List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. x Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. xi Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xvii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. xix CHAPTER 1: Pakistan - Demographics and Overview of VAW Cases ................................... - 1 - 1.1 Overview of Pakistan .......................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.2 Year-wise comparison of VAW cases in Pakistan ...................................................................... - 1 - 1.3 VAW cases for the period 2008-2014 and comparisons with the last two years ..................... - 2 - 1.4 Number and percentage of major categories of VAW cases in 2014 ....................................... - 3 - 1.5 Province/region-wise breakdown of VAW cases in Pakistan .................................................... - 4 - 1.6 Percent contribution of each province/region in major categories and total/national VAW data ........................................................................................................................................................ - 4 - 1.7 Top 15 worst district of VAW crimes in 2014 ........................................................................... - 5 - CHAPTER 02: Analysis of Key Crime Categories .................................................................. - 7 - Key Crime Categories ......................................................................................................................... - 7 - 1: Analysis of Abduction/Kidnapping cases in Pakistan .................................................................. - 7 - 2: Analysis of murder cases in Pakistan ........................................................................................ - 11 - 3: Analysis of Rape/Gang Rape cases in Pakistan ......................................................................... - 15 - 4. Analysis of Suicide incidents in Pakistan ................................................................................... - 19 - 5. Analysis of ‘Honour’ killing cases in Pakistan ............................................................................ - 23 - 6. Analysis of Domestic violence cases in Pakistan ....................................................................... - 28 - 7. Analysis of sexual assault cases in Pakistan .............................................................................. - 32 - 8. Analysis of acid throwing cases in Pakistan .............................................................................. - 35 - 9. Analysis of burn related cases in Pakistan ................................................................................ - 39 - 10. Analysis of Miscellaneous cases in Pakistan ........................................................................... - 43 - Chapter 3: Demographics and FIR status of VAW victims ................................................... - 49 - 3.1 FIR status for the VAW cases in 2014 ..................................................................................... - 49 - 3.2 Marital status of survivors/victims of VAW ............................................................................ - 50 - 3.3 Age-wise distribution of survivors/victims of VAW cases ....................................................... - 51 - Chapter 4: Provincial and Regional Insights of VAW cases in 2014 ...................................... - 53 - Punjab ........................................................................................................................................... - 53 - Sindh ............................................................................................................................................. - 54 - iii Khyber Pakhthunkhwa .................................................................................................................. - 56 - Balochistan .................................................................................................................................... - 58 - Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) .................................................................................................. - 60 - FATA .............................................................................................................................................. - 62 - iv List of Tables Table 1: Offence- wise/year-wise breakdown of VAW Cases .................................................................. - 2 - Table 2: Number and percentage of major categories of VAW cases in 2014 ....................................... - 3 - Table 3: Offence- wise & Province/region - wise breakdown of VAW Cases in Pakistan .................. - 4 - Table 4: Percentage contribution of Punjab in total national VAW data................................................. - 5 - Table 5: Top 15 worst district of VAW crime ............................................................................................. - 6 - Table 6: Abduction/Kidnapping-Trends in last seven years ...................................................................... - 7 - Table 7: Abduction/kidnapping-Percent increase/decrease over the last seven years ........................... - 8 - Table 8: Abduction/kidnapping-10 worst districts in Pakistan ................................................................. - 9 - Table 9: Abduction/Kidnaping-Province and region-wise trends ........................................................... - 10 - Table 10: Murder cases-figures for the last seven years .......................................................................... - 11 - Table 11: Murder-Percent increase/decrease over the last seven years ................................................. - 12 - Table 12: Murder cases-10 worst districts in Pakistan 2014 ................................................................... - 13 - Table 13: Murder cases-Province and region-wise trends in 2014 ......................................................... - 13 - Table 14: Rape/Gang Rape-Trend in last seven years .............................................................................. - 16 - Table 15: Rape/Gang Rape-Percent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poverty, Inequality, Political Instability and Property Crimes in Pakistan a Time Series Analysis
    Poverty, Inequality, Political Instability and Property Crimes in Pakistan A Time Series Analysis Shabib Haider Syed* Eatzaz Ahmad∗ ABSTRACT In a formal econometric analysis of crime statistics in Pakistan, this paper estimates five systems of equations determining crime rates against property, conviction rates and police and justice input using time series annual data. The study finds substantial empirical support for the model of crime, punishment and deterrence based on economic theory. The main conclusion of the study is that in the fight against crime Pakistan needs to divert resources from provision of legal justice through various deterrence measures, like large police force, conviction and punishment, towards the provision of social justice in the form of fight against poverty, inequality and unemployment and maintenance of political stability, especially by controlling sect and ethnic based terrorists activities. Resources also need to be diverted from punishments to apprehension of criminals. Keywords: crime deterrence, inequality, Pakistan, political instability, poverty. JEL: K42 * Shabib Haider Syed -Associate Professor- Department of Economics, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road Lahore-56400, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Tel: 92- 3004215159 ∗ Eatzaz Ahmad – Professor- Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Email: [email protected] Tel: 92-51-90643044, 92-51-90643020. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Crime is a complex socio-economic phenomenon, which needs to be addressed by social scientists as well as policy makers at the regional and global levels. The extensive research on the causes of crime has resulted in rich theoretical foundations. In the first formal treatment of economics of crime, Becker (1968) emphasized that criminals act as rational maximizing agents while making choices, keeping in view the expected benefits and costs of committing crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoping the Illegal Economy in Pakistan
    DISCLAIMER The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, SDPI or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of nay opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities of concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iii EXPLANATORY NOTES ....................................................................................................................... v ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... ix 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Scope of the research ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Methodology .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Socio-Economic and Political Factors on the Crime Rate in Pakistan
    Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 23, Issue - 1, 2016, 183:206 Effects of Socio-Economic and Political Factors on the Crime Rate in Pakistan Nabila Asghar, Shazia Qureshi and Muhammad Nadeem* Abstract The present study is an attempt to explore the impact of social, economic and political factors and the event of 9/11 on crimes in Pakistan for the period 1984-2013. Three models have been estimated for political, economic and social factors separately. The political factors like corruption, law and order, 9/11 event, have been found to increase crimes, whereas government stability reduces the crimes. The economic factors such as poverty increase crimes whereas foreign remittances and external debt reduce crimes. In social factors human rights, human capital, income inequality and population density increase crimes. In short run, error correction terms indicate that there is convergence towards the equilibrium in all the models in case of any shock. Various diagnostic tests have been applied to confirm the reliability of results which indicate that there is no problem of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the models. The study suggests that in order to mitigate criminal activities policy makers should focus on political, social and economic problems faced by Pakistan. Keywords: Law and order, Human rights, Government stability, ARDL, Socio- economic and political factors JEL Classification: A13, C01, H01, J83, K00, P47 I. Introduction Any illegal act or activity that is punishable by law is crime. Crime is an act of human conduct that is harmful to others and the state is bound to prevent it. Crime renders the person liable to punishment as a result of proceeding instigated by the state organs assigned to ascertain the nature, the extent and the legal consequences of the person’s wrongness” (for detail see Auolak, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence of Women's Organizations and the Resistance Movement In
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 19 | Issue 6 Article 9 Aug-2018 Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview Rahat Imran Imran Munir Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Imran, Rahat and Munir, Imran (2018). Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6), 132-156. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss6/9 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2018 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Defying Marginalization: Emergence of Women’s Organizations and the Resistance Movement in Pakistan: A Historical Overview By Rahat Imran1 and Imran Munir2 Abstract In the wake of Pakistani dictator General-Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization process (1977-1988), the country experienced an unprecedented tilt towards religious fundamentalism. This initiated judicial transformations that brought in rigid Islamic Sharia laws that impacted women’s freedoms and participation in the public sphere, and gender-specific curbs and policies on the pretext of implementing a religious identity. This suffocating environment that eroded women’s rights in particular through a recourse to politicization of religion also saw the emergence of equally strong resistance, particularly by women who, for the first time in Pakistan’s history, grouped and mobilized an organized activist women’s movement to challenge Zia’s oppressive laws and authoritarian regime.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011.10.00 Pakistans Law Enforcement Response Final.Pdf
    1 Telephone: +92-51-2601461-2 Fax: +92-51-2601469 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org This report was produced by the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime, Country Office, Pakistan. This is not an official document of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers and boundaries. The information contained in this report has been sourced from publications, websites, as well as formal and informal consultations. The analysis is not definitive. 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................5 About the Authors ..................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................7 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 8 Key findings ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Karo Kari : the Murder of Honour in Sindh Pakistan : an Ethnographic Study
    Karo Kari : the murder of honour in Sindh Pakistan : an ethnographic study BHANBHRO, Sadiq <http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-8130>, WASSAN, M Rafique, SHAH, Muhbat, TALPUR, Ashfaq A and WASSAN, Aijaz Ali Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/7287/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version BHANBHRO, Sadiq, WASSAN, M Rafique, SHAH, Muhbat, TALPUR, Ashfaq A and WASSAN, Aijaz Ali (2013). Karo Kari : the murder of honour in Sindh Pakistan : an ethnographic study. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3 (7), 1467-1484. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2013, 3(7):1467-1484 International Journal of Asian Social Science journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5007 KARO KARI-THE MURDER OF HONOUR IN SINDH PAKISTAN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY Sadiq Bhanbhro* Sheffield Hallam University Montgomery House, Collegiate Crescent Sheffield, United Kingdom M Rafique Wassan Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan Muhbat Ali Shah Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan Ashfaq A Talpur University of Sheffield, Vickers Road Firth Park, Sheffield Aijaz Ali Wassan Department of Sociology University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the wider context, in which honour murders occur, the social structures which contribute to the occurrence and perpetuation of the practice of honour murders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Contribution of Pakistani Women Through Their
    The Economic Contribution Table of Contents of Pakistani Women through BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................1 Low status of women in Pakistani society ....................................1 their Unpaid Labour Education and improvements in female school attendance....2 Employment status and income .......................................................3 Women’s dependence on men ..........................................................3 Study author: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................4 Zehra Arshad RESULTS ..........................................................................................................5 Family composition, education, formal employment ...............5 Researchers: Unpaid work and the typical woman’s day .................................6 Leisure, rest, and recreation ...............................................................9 Zehra Arshad with Malki Welfare Trust Mansehra Rural-urban differentials in terms of hours worked................10 Umeed-e-Nau Organization –Rawalpindi Family decision-making ....................................................................10 Perceived importance of women’s work .....................................12 Data analysis: THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WOMEN’S WORK .........................................13 Asifa Khanum Valuing women’s unpaid household work in Pakistan .........15 Tasks that elude economic valuation ............................................18
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Our Lives: the Raising Her Voice in Pakistan Experience
    THE POLITICS OF OUR LIVES The Raising Her Voice in Pakistan Experience RAISING HER VOICE ‘Pakistan is a difficult place to be female – I have hope, we have hope, we have to have hope. I am hopeful that the challenges I have faced, that my children will not. I am hopeful that the successes I have achieved will inspire my children. I think they are more confident because of my actions.’ Haseen Mussarat, RHV Women’s Leader, Sindh Province EXECUTIVE SUMMARY How can we change the power dynamics that exclude Pakistan is a country where, in 1988, Benazir Bhutto became women from decision making? How can the barriers that the first-ever woman prime minister of a Muslim country; prevent women from exercising their rights as equals to lead, where, in 2008, Dr. Fehmida Mirza became the first woman to propose and to call to account be overcome? to be elected as speaker of a National Assembly in the Muslim world; and where 2013 saw more than 100 women ‘No nation can rise to the height of glory members enter both houses of parliament. Yet, Pakistan is unless your women are side by side with also a country where Zubaida Begum was killed because of you.’ Mohammed Ali Jinnah, speaking to her attempt to break anti-women traditions by participating the Muslim University Union Aligarh, in local elections and raising women’s awareness of their 10th March 1944 right to vote; and where, during the May 2013 elections, in violation of election rules and the agreed code of ethics, In partnership with 17 Oxfam country teams, 45 partner many women were barred from voting,1 predominantly in the organizations and 450 coalition members, the Raising Her Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.2 Voice (RHV) programme set out to find practical answers to The RHV programme entered this very complex and sensitive these questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan
    Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan How to improve their bargaining power by Nabeel A. Goheer InFocus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small EnterprisE Development International Labour Office, Geneva and ILO, Islamabad ILO South Asia Advisory Team (SAAT), New Delhi Copyright © International Labour Organization 2003 First published 2003 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; e-mail: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fax: (+1) (978) 750 4470; e-mail: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. ILO Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan: How to improve their bargaining power Geneva, International Labour Office, 2003 ISBN 92-2-113628-0 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Acid Violence in Pakistan
    Taiba Zia Acid Violence in Pakistan 47% of Pakistan’s nearly 190 million population are women.1 The country ratified CEDAW in 1996.2 More than 15 years have passed since then but Pakistan still has a dismal women’s rights record, ranking 134 out of 135 countries in the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Report of 20123. By far the most egregious of these are crimes of violence against women, which range from “honor” killings4 and rapes to domestic violence and acid crimes. The Aurat Foundation, a local women’s rights organization, reports 8539 cases of violence against women in 2011, an alarming increase of 6.49% from the previous year. Of these, sexual assault increased by 48.65%, acid throwing by 37.5%, “honor” killings by 26.57% and domestic violence by 25.51%. The organization noted 44 cases of acid violence in 2011 compared to 32 in 2010. An important point to remember here is that these are only the cases reported in the media.5 Indeed, it is widely acknowledged that most cases do not make it to the media as women tend not to come forth with the crimes for a number of reasons, such as fear, stigma, lack of rights awareness, economic dependence on the perpetrators, lack of family and societal support, and mistrust of the police and judiciary, to name a few. Collecting data from isolated rural areas is also difficult. Valerie Khan, Chair of Acid Trust Foundation Pakistan, estimates acid attacks in Pakistan number 150 each year while Shahnaz Bokhari, chief coordinator at the Progressive Women’s Association, states that her organization has documented over 8800 cases of victims burnt by acid and fire since 1994.6 Bokhari adds the caveat that her figures are only from “Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and a 200-mile radius” and not the entire country.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence Against Women in Pakistan and to Present the Results in a Comprehensive Document
    DAUGHTERS OF EVE: Violenceagainst Womenin Pakistan by Muhammad Jehanzeb Noor Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of - MASSACHUSET'7S INSTIT TE Bachelor of Science OF TECHNOLOGY at the OCT 2 8 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology LIBRARIES :.0o-,IOLc, May, 2004 © 2004 Muhammad Jehanzeb Noor ARCHIVESi All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author...,...... ............... ............................ Department of Mechanical Engineering May 7,2004 CertifiedBy. ............. .............................. H/ ecca Blevins Faery Dirtor,First-Year Writing ,, a ./ ThesisSunervisor Acceptedby ...................................................................... ........... ...... Professor Ernest G. Cravalho Chairman, Undergraduate Thesis Commrnittee I To the memoryof ZubaidaHanif o Senia To Naia 2 Daughters of Eve: Violence avainst Women in Pakistan by Jehanzeb Noor Submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering for the Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelors in Science in Mechanical Engineering Abstract The purpose of this study was to conduct extensive research on domestic violence against women in Pakistan and to present the results in a comprehensive document. Some of the issues investigated through fieldwork and covered here include the social and cultural reasons for violence against women, the ways in which the women are victimised, the extent of this violence and its implications for the victims and society at large. Emphasis was placed on the review of shortcoming of laws for protection of women. At the end, detailed recommendations were made for practical steps in which women can be given more legal protection, and society can be sensitised to the rights of women.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    CRIME OR CUSTOM? Violence Against Women in Pakistan Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 August 1999 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-241-6 Library of Congress Card Number: 99-066772 Cover photo by M. Kaursheed (Associated Press). Victims of domestic abuse Nusrat Prveet, 30, right, and Tasneen Bibi, 25, pose in a hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, September 1997. Parveen had her nose cut off by her husband and Bibi had acid thrown in her face by her in-laws. Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Addresses for Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: (212) 290-4700, Fax: (212) 736-1300, E-mail: [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20009 Tel: (202) 612-4321, Fax: (202) 612-4333, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail:[email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice.
    [Show full text]